CICERO S 
ORATIC 



.GUNNISON AND HA^LEY 

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Marcus Tullius Cicero 

From the bust in the Vatican 



MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 
SEVEN ORATIONS 

WITH SELECTIONS FEOM THE LETTERS, DE 
SENECTUTE, AND SALLUST'S BELLUM 
CATILINAE 

EDITED 

WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, GRAMMATICAL 
APPENDIX, AND PROSE COMPOSITION 



WALTER B. GUNNISON, Ph.D. 

PRINCIPAL OF ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL 

BROOKLYN, NEW YORK 

AND 

WALTER S. HARLEY, A.M. 

TEACHER OF LATIN, ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL 




SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY 

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 

l ) 









Copyright, 1912, by 
Silver, Burdett and Company 



©CI.A314830 



K 



PREFACE 

The great success of the plan of the previous Latin books 
of this series has been an encouragement to the authors to 
present this volume of the works of Cicero and other read- 
ing matter for the third year in college preparatory work. 
The orations selected are* those usually required for read- 
ing, 'supplemented, by selections from Cicero's Letters 
"and De Senectute and from Sallust', as recommended by the 
American Philological Association and by the Regents of 
the State of New York. ^wxX , *Mq UU^ *vL 

Jhe general arrangement of the book is that which was 
followed in the Caesar text which preceded it, — - that is, 
sufficient grammar has been furnished for the full explana- 
tion of the text, with careful references to all the standard 
grammars for fuller explanation. This is followed also 
by exercises in prose composition giving as much as usu- 
ally can be done during the year by an ordinary class. A 
very careful effort has been made to present the essential 
grammatical points of the author and the essential charac- 
teristics of hi^ style. , This, together with the full vocabulary 
and notes, it is hoped will equip the pupils fully for the read- 
ing of ffie xhim year. ^^^'^ -^c^-U^j w~<s^>c- * .c ,• — 

W£,wish to acknowledge the valuable criticism of t<he 
majnMc^T^t/n&d^ by Dr. Sum^y "^^taceyand hyuv^ 
William F.^fibrjetts. *" 



^jj%^< l^Ui w THE AUTHORS.., 

Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn, N.Y. "v-U^ £ajT^ VjL-v^Ci 



PUBLISHERS' NOTE 

For helpful suggestions in regard to the illustrations 
anafo^h^joainjOT vs^a!mefptiox^TSipM^^ p^ibnsners 

desire to express their indebtedness to Professor Adeline 
Belle Hawes, of Wellesley College ; Professor John Fran- 
cl^ureen^^ (Thrown JniversityTnpTotessbr AlexandeP^^^nx 
Rice, of Boston pniversity ; and Mrs. Harriet Peirce 
Fuller, of the English High School, Providence. Thanks 
are also due to' the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the 
Boston Public Library, and the Farnsworth Art Gallery 
at Wellesley College, for courteous permission to repro- 
duce photographs from their collections. '' ' ' 1 ^' 

*-L^J\ H W^WwS A^J try ^* ahn^Tv^ qT&ju \ 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

List of Maps viii 

List of Illustrations . . . . . ix 

Introduction: 

Marcus Tullius Cicero xvii 

Roman Oratory xxvi 

Roman Citizens xxvii 

The Popular Assemblies . . . . . xxviii 

The Senate xxx 

The Magistrates . . . ... . xxxii 

The Courts xxxvi 

Provinces . . xxxvi 

The Forum and the Public Buildings . . . xxxvii 
Works of Reference xl 

Orations : 

Oratio in Catilinam Prima 1 

Oratio in Catilinam Secunda 19 

Oratio in Catilinam Tertia 38 

Oratio in Catilinam Quarta 57 

De Imperio Cn. Pompei Oratio . . . .75 
Pro Archia Poeta Oratio 110 

Selections for Sight Reading: 

Pro M. Marcello Oratio . . . . . .129 

Epistulae Selectae . . . . . . .143 

Cato Maior De Senectute Liber . . .157 

C. Sallusti Bellum Catilinae . . . . .170 

vii 



viii CONTENTS — LIST OF MAPS 

PAGE 

Abbreviations 180 

Notes 181 

Grammatical Appendix 284 

Latin Prose Composition 346 

English-Latin Vocabulary 399 

Latin-English Vocabulary 415 



LIST OF MAPS 

PAGE 

Plan of the Forum in Cicero's Time. From Plate 
III, Ch. Huelsen, The Roman Forum, G. E. Stechert & 
Co., New York, 1909 xxxix 

Italy in Cicero's Time 20 

The Roman Empire in Greece and Asia Minor . 74 






LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



[Note. — Nearly all of the illustrations in this book have been made from photo- 
graphs. In the few exceptional cases, the publishers take pleasure in stating in this 
list the works to which they are indebted.] 

Marcus Tullius Cicero. From the bust in the Vatican, Rome. 
Brunn-Arndt photograph. [For discussion, see Bernoulli, 
v. I, pp. 138-140, T. xii ; Burckhardt, v. I, p. 165] Frontispiece 

IN THE INTRODUCTION 

PAGE 

Scenes from the life of a famous Roman. Relief from a sarcoph- 
agus in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence .... xvii 

" Cicero's Tower " at Arpinum xviii 

Antium xx 

So-called ruins of Cicero's villa at Tusculum .... xxi 
Raphael's idea of Cicero. From Raphael's sketch book in the 

Museo Civico, Venice xxvi 

The Forum in Cicero's time. Restoration according to the de- 
scriptions in Ch. Huelsen, The Boman Forum, G. E. Stechert 

& Co., New York, 1909 xxxviii 

Cicero before the Senate. From one of the Pomfret Marbles in 
the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, England. Photographed 
from the engraving by J. K. Sherwin, in Oxonii, E Typo- 
grapheo Clarendoniano, 1783 xlii 

IN THE TEXT 

Headpiece: Roman eagle and oak wreath. Ornament from 
Trajan's Forum ; now in the vestibule of the Church of the 
Santi Apostoli, Rome . 1 

The insignia of the Pontificate. From the frieze of the temple 

of Vespasian 2 

The end of a Roman bronze bed (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale, 

Naples 5 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Cicero and Catiline in the Senate. From the painting by 

Maccari 8 

A city gate. Porta Latina, in Rome, as it is to-day . . .11 

A domestic shrine. In the middle, the genius of the master of 
the house, sacrificing, holding a libation saucer and box of 
incense ; at the sides, two Lares (household gods), each 
with a drinking horn and pail ; below, a crested serpent 
about to devour the offerings ; in the pediment above, sacri- 
ficial implements. From the house of the Vettii, Pompeii . 13 

Ruins of the temple of Jupiter Stator. On the Palatine Hill, 

Rome 17 

The Roman Forum as it is to-day. View from the Tabularium, 
looking toward the Coliseum. The columns of the Temple 
of Saturn are prominent at the right. (See map, p. xxxix) 
In the distance (right) the Palatine Hill .... 18 

A gladiator's helmet, with reliefs representing an episode of the 

Trojan war (Herculaneum). Museo Nazionale, Naples . 23 

The end of a Roman banquet. From a Pompeian wall painting, 

Museo Nazionale, Naples 25 

A Roman sacrifice, showing soldiers carrying the signa militaria. 
Relief of the time of Marcus Aurelius, from the Arch of Con- 
stantine, Rome . . . 27 

Ruins of the Roman theater at Fiesole (Faesulae) ... 28 

L. Cornelius Sulla. From the head in the Vatican, Rome. (See 

Helbig, 90) 31 

The interior of the career to-day. Lower dungeon (Tullianum). 

(See Forum map and restoration, pp. xxxviii and xxxix) . 32 

A gladiator's shield and greaves. The shield is adorned with 
a head of Medusa and an olive wreath (Pompeii). Museo 
Nazionale, Naples 35 

An orator in the toga. British Museum, London ... 36 

Tailpiece : A Roman altar. The right-hand relief represents a 
goddess with a torch ; the left hand, Leda and the swan. Altar 
of the Castores, from the Lacus Juturnae, Roman Forum . 37 

Headpiece : Sacrificial animals. From a relief on a balustrade 

in the Roman Forum 38 

The Mulvian bridge. Ponte Molle, as it is now called, rests 
on the foundation of the Pons Mulvius, built by the Censor, 
M. Aemilius Scaurus, in b.c. 109. The four central arches 
are ancient 40 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi 



The Cumaean Sibyl with the Sibylline books. From the fresco 

by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican, Home . 43 

A Roman sacrifice. Showing Marcus Aurelius sacrificing before 
the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.. From a relief in the 
Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome ^fjj^t^Ji^JhJL^J <?w( Q* 47 

The Bronze Wolf of the Capitol. Palazzo deu Conservatc 



Palazzo dei • Conservatori, , 



Rome *Rju; > T&2y^u "^~ ^^uUJ^XZ <L£L* 

Jupiter. The Zeus Verospi in the Vatican, Rome. (See Helhig, 

No. 245) %CSjfT"i»f' JTT>> tej , < j^-^ i- ?> V^ 
A Roman sacrificial procession. From reliefs belonging to the 
j^ * L ^^mlrra^sin^n^palleria clegli TJffizi, Florence;*^ • fi a ^' ^ 

A Roman in the toga, .sacrificing: Vatican, Rome *.' . . 54 '■' 
A Roman aliar. t Altar of Juturna, Roman Forum ". ""."■' . 50 
A corner inajRoman house. The wall painting at the leftfshow& H%«C*»vw va*w 
■•.., • • - _ Daedalus, pointing out to Pasiphae the wooden cow that he 
-'has made. The painting at, the right represents the pnnish- 
. , , meiit of Ixion ; the prominent standing figure is that of ■•' : 

Mercury ; Juno sits on a throne at the right. From a din- 
ing-room in the house of the Vettii, Pompeii ... 58 
A Vestal Virgin. Found in the Atrium Vestae. Now in the 

Museo delle Terme Diocleziane, Rome 59 

The Atrium in the house of the Vestal Virgins. Showing the 
statues of the Vestals, and the marble-lined cisterns for 

receiving rain water 65 

A painting from a household shrine (Pompeii). In the center 
the goddess of Fortune sacrificing, while a servant brings the 
pig destined for an offering ; on the right and left, two 
Lares ; below, two serpents at the altar. Museo Nazionale, 
Naples. Photograph, G. Sommer & flglio .... 69 
Scipio Africanus, the elder. Capitoline Museum, Rome . . 70 
Marcus Tullius Cicero. From the bust in the Galleria degli 
Uffizi. Brunn-Arndt photograph. (For discussion, see Ber- 
noulli, v. I, p. 132 ; Burckhardt, pp. 524, 525 ; Dutschke, 

v. Ill, p. 293) 73 

Cn. Pompeius. From the bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples . 76 
The triumph of a Roman general. Relief from a sarcophagus 

in the Vatican, Rome ........ 78 

Medea. From the painting by N. Sichel. By courtesy of the 
Franz Hanfstaengl Fine Art Publishing House, 28 West 38th 
Street, New York 85 



xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Ostia. Showing the river and the main street bordered by ruined 

shops 90 

Cn. Pompeius Magnus. From the statue in the Palazzo Spada, 

Rome. (See Helbig, No. 953) 95 

Fortuna. From the statue in the Vatican, Rome ... 96 

M. Claudius Marcellus. From the statue in the Capitoline 

Museum, Rome. Photograph, Anderson .... 97 

Quintus Hortensius. From the herma in the Villa Albani, 

Rome. Photograph, Anderson 99 

The Appian Way. Showing the aqueduct of Claudius . . 102 

Marcus Tullius Cicero. From the bust in the Capitoline Mu- 
seum, Rome. (See Burckhardt, v. I, p. 166) . . . 109 

Headpiece : Poet and Muse. The poet is evidently reciting 
from the scroll in his left hand. Relief from a sarcophagus, 
British Museum, London 110 

Antioch personified. The mural crown distinguishes her as a 
city goddess. Below her feet the god of the Orontes issues 
from the ground. From the statue in the Vatican, Rome . 112 

A comic poet, with muse and actors' masks. On the wall above 
the table, a writing tablet. The muse is supposed to have 
held a stilus in her right hand, ready to write down the 
poet's words. From a relief in the Lateran, Rome . . 118 

Ennius. From the bust on the Scipio tomb, in the Vatican, 

Rome 119 

Orpheus, Eurydice, and Hermes. From the relief in the Villa 

Albani, Rome 120 

The bust of Ennius on the Scipio sarcophagus. The Vatican, 

Rome. (For translation of inscription, see Helbig, No. 127) 122 

Alexander the Great. From the bust in the Capitoline, Rome . 123 

Calliope, the muse of epic poetry. From the statue in the 

Vatican, Rome 125 

Thalia, muse of comedy. Vatican, Rome 126 

Tailpiece : Roman bronze lamp (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale, 

Naples 127 

IN THE SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING 

Julius Caesar. From the bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples . 128 
The Piraeus, the harbor of Athens, where Marcellus was assassi- 
nated . . 134 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii 

PAGE 

A girl with tabellae and stilus. From a Herculanean wall 

painting in the Museo Nazionale, Naples .... 143 

The harbor at Baiae . 145 

Arpinum (general view) 147 

A grain mill at Pompeii. A corner of a baker's shop, showing 

the baking oven at the left ; grain mills at the right . . 148 
A group of Roman women. From a Herculanean wall painting, 
sometimes called "The Tiring of the Bride." Museo Nazio- 
nale, Naples 149 

A Roman woman sacrificing. From the statue sometimes called 

"Livia" (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale, Naples . . . 151 

Tombs on the Appian Way 157 

Themistocles. From the bust in the Vatican, Rome . . . 160 
Appius Claudius entering the Senate. From the painting by 

Maccari 162 

Activities on shipboard. A ship entering port. From a relief 

on the end of the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche, Pompeii . .163 
Homer. From the bust in the British Museum, London . . 164 
Socrates. From the herma in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. 
Visconti has translated the Greek inscription as follows : 
" Not only now, but always, it has been my habit to follow 
the dictates of my own judgment. Mature reflection, I find, 
after strict examination, to be the best of all things" . . 165 

An ancient theater (Tusculum) 167 

Tailpiece : A cinerary urn. Vatican, Rome .... 169 

IN THE NOTES 

The temple of Jupiter Stator. Restoration from Dump's His- 
tory of Borne . 182 

The Palatine Hill as seen from the Forum. View from the 

Tabularium 184 

Caius Marius. From the bust in the Uffizi, Florence . . 187 

Subsellium. A bench about six feet long and one foot wide, 
used in the Senate house. Trollope, Illustrations of Ancient 
Art, London, 1854 193 

A Roman house. Showing the shrine (sacrarium) in place. 

House of Castor and Pollux, Pompeii 197 

The Rostra. Restoration after Fig. 30, Huelsen, The Boman 

Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, 1909 . . .203 



XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Gladiators. From a stucco relief on the tomb of Umbricius 

Scauras, Pompeii. Beal Museo Borbonico, Naples, 1824 . 207 

Cicero in the toga. (See description of cut, p. xlii) . . . 215 

Tabellae et stilus. Objects in order : tablets, double inkstand, 

stilus, inscribed parchment. Beal Museo Borbonico, 1824 . 220 

A Roman sacrifice. Showing the altar, the ram destined as an 
offering, and the person sacrificing holding the patera. 
From a relief in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . . 222 

Gladiatorial combats. Showing a vanquished gladiator holding 
up his thumb in an appeal to the populace for mercy. From 
a relief on the tomb of Umbricius Scaurus, Pompeii. Beal 
Museo Borbonico, Naples, 1824 225 

Cato (Uticensis) and Porcia (so-callfd). From the portrait 

group in the Vatican, Rome 229 

A section of the career. Showing the upper chamber and the 
lower, or Tullianum, where the conspirators were put to 
death. From Duruy's History of Borne 230 

Sella curulis. A chair about fourteen inches high, which could 
be folded together like a modern camp stool, and so could be 
carried about after the consul whenever he appeared in pub- 
lic. Trollope, Illustrations of Ancient Art, London, 1854 . 231 

Plan of a shop (Pompeii). From Man's Pompeii. By courtesy 

of the Macmillan Company . 238 

A baker's shop. From a Pompeian wall painting. Museo Nazio- 

nale, Naples 239 

Front elevation of the Rostra. Restoration after Fig. 27, Huel- 

sen, The Boman Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., 1909 . . 245 

Coin of Mithridates VI, king of Pontus (b.c. 121-63). Ban- 

meister, Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885 246 

Coin of Perseus, last Greek king of Macedon. Baumeister, 

Denkmaler cles klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885 . . 262 

A rostral column. The columna rostrata of Duillius. From the 
restoration in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. Photo- 
graph, Anderson 263 

Children at dice play. Medea with a knife, at the right. From 
a Pompeian wall painting. Museo Nazionale, Naples. Pho- 
tograph, G. Sommer & figlio, Naples 276 

Orpheus with his lyre. From a Pompeian wall painting. Mu- 
seo Nazionale, Naples 279 

Plato. From the herma in the Vatican, Rome .... 283 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

[The following authorities may prove helpful in connection with the objects pictured 
in this book, and with other monuments of the time of Cicero.] 

Amelung, Walther. Ftihrer durch die Antiken in Florenz, Munich, 
1897. 

Baumeister. Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885. 

Bernoulli, J. J. Rbinische Ikonographie, Stuttgart, 1882-1902. 

Brunn. Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Sculptur. Unter 
Leitung von Heinrich Brunn herausg. von Friedrich Bruckmann, 
Munich, 1888- 

Brunn u. Arndt. Griechische und romische Portrats. Nach Aus- 
wahl und Anordnung von Heinrich Brunn und Paul Arndt her- 
ausg. von Friedrich Bruckmann, Munich, 1891- 

Burckhardt, Jacob. Der Cicerone, Leipzig u. Berlin, 1900. 

Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiq- 
uities, in the British Museum, London, 1904. 

Dutschke. Antike Bildwerke in Oberitalien, Leipzig, 1878. 

Helbig, Wolfgang. Guide to the Public Collections of Classic Antiq- 
uities in Rome. Translated by J. F. and F. Muirhead. Leipzig, 
Karl Baedeker, 1895. 

Huelsen, Ch. The Roman Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, 
1909. 

Mau, August. Pompeii: Its Life and Art. English translation by 
F. W. Kelsey, Macmillan, 1899. 

Michaelis. Ancient Marbles in Great Britain. 

Monaco, Domenico. A complete handbook to the National Museum 
at Naples. English translation by E. Neville Rolfe, Naples, 1906. 

Trollope, Edward. Illustrations of Ancient Art, London, 1854. 




Scenes from the Life of a Famous Roman 1 



INTRODUCTION 



MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 

1. Early Life. — Marcus Tullius Cicero, the foremost Roman 
orator and writer, was born Jan. 3, 106 b.c. His birthplace was 
Arpinum, a small country town about seventy miles southeast of 
Rome, famous also as the birthplace of Marius. His father, a 
member of the equestrian order, was descended from a family 
of old standing. Quintus, a younger brother of Marcus, became 
a praetor at Rome, and afterwards won distinction as one of 
Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul. The two brothers were early taken 
to Rome and placed under the care of the best instructors. One 
of these was Archias, the Greek poet, whose citizenship the orator 
defended in later years before Quintus, when the latter was pre- 
siding judge. 

After a general training in grammar, rhetoric, and the Greek 
language, Marcus began the study of law under Mucius Scaevola, 
the greatest lawyer of his time. This study he supplemented by 
attending the courts and the Forum, listening to such advocates 
as Crassus and Antonius. Then at the age of eighteen a short 
military campaign under Pompeius Strabo, uncle of Pompey the 

1 The group at the left represents the great man's triumph. Note the 
horses, and Victory with the palm. The central group shows him sacri- 
ficing ; and the third represents his marriage. Notice that the principal 
figure is made carefully the same in all three groups ; that in the two 
first, however, he is represented in the tunic, and in the third, as wearing 
the toga. 

xvii 



XV111 



INTRODUCTION 




"Cicero's Tower" at Arpinum 



Great, gave Cicero all the experience he desired as a soldier. 
Gladly he resumed his studies, — rhetoric, logic, philosophy, and 
oratory, — pursuing them for two years, at Athens, in Asia Minor, 
and at Rhodes. At Athens he met Pomponius Atticus, who be- 
came his intimate friend and correspondent. At Rhodes, he was 
instructed by the celebrated rhetorician, Apollonius Molo, who 
also taught Caesar. It was this instructor who said, after listen- 
ing to the young orator, " You have my praise and admiration, 
Cicero, and Greece my pity and commiseration, since those arts 
and that eloquence, which are the only glories that remain to her, 
will now be transferred to Rome." 

2. Cicero as an Advocate. — Cicero's first appearance as an ad- 
vocate was in 81 B.C., in a civil suit in defense of Publius Quinc- 
tius, with the brilliant Hortensius as the opposing counsel. 
The following year he appeared in a criminal suit defending Sextus 
Roscius against a plaintiff who was a favorite of Sulla. His 
success in winning the case was therefore a special triumph. In 



MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO xix 

77, after his return from foreign study, he resumed the practice 
of law, in which he was destined soon to take the leadership. 

3. Cicero's Early Political Career. — It is significant of Cicero's 
qualifications that being a novus homo, i.e., one whose ancestors 
had never held office, he himself was elected to the four offices 
of the cursus honorum at the earliest legal age : quaestor at thirty, 
curule aedile at thirty-six, praetor at thirty-nine, and consul at 
forty-two. The quaestorship in 75 b.c. was spent in the prov- 
ince of Sicily, where his justice and impartiality endeared him to 
the people, while he greatly increased his popularity at home by 
sending grain from the province at a time of great scarcity. The 
holding of this office entitled Cicero to a seat in the Senate for fife. 
Five years later the Sicilians appealed to Cicero to prosecute 
their Roman governor Verres, for tyranny and extortion. He 
conducted the impeachment with such skill that Hortensius, the 
defendant's counsel, gave up the case and Verres voluntarily 
went into exile. 

In 69, as curule aedile, Cicero pleased the people by the public 
games which he furnished in good taste, though not with the 
lavish expenditure of his wealthier predecessors. His praetorship 
in 67 was made memorable by the passing of the Manilian Law, 
conferring upon Pompey supreme command in the war with 
Mithridates. Cicero's speech in behalf of the bill was the first 
he delivered to the people from the Rostra, an oration noted for 
its perfect form (see p. 243). By means of it he won the favor 
of Pompey, who was seen to become an important political factor, 
and, while incurring the opposition of the senatorial party, he 
secured the support of the populace. It paved the way to the 
consulship. 

4. Cicero's Consulship. — Declining the governorship of a 
province at the close of his term as praetor, Cicero devoted his 
attention to securing the highest prize, the consulship. His 
name was presented in 64 b.c, with five other candidates, includ- 
ing Antonius and Catiline. Cicero owed his election to his clean 
record, which secured for him the solid support of the equites, 
his own order, and of many patricians of the better sort. He 
was the first novus homo to be elected since Marius, his fellow 



XX INTRODUCTION 

Arpinate. Antonius, second in the contest, became his 
colleague. 

During his term he opposed the agrarian law of Servilius Rul- 
lus, defended Rabirius, an aged senator falsely accused of murder, 
and also the consul-elect, Murena, charged with bribery. But 
the main event of his consulship, and indeed of his life, was the 
suppression of the conspiracy of Catiline (see p. 181). This task 
was the more difficult because his colleague was in sympathy with 
the conspirators, and Caesar and Crassus had supported Catiline 
in his candidacy. Furthermore, there was no strong garrison in 
Rome at the time, for the legions were with Pompey in the East, 
and the nearest troops were in Cisalpine Gaul. It was the con- 
sul's prompt action that made him pater patriae, and honored 
him with a supplicatio, the first given to a civilian. 

5. Cicero in Exile. — Having passed the goal of his political 
ambition, Cicero spent the next four years as an active member 
of the Senate. In 62 b.c. he delivered his oration for the poet 




MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 




So-called Ruins of Cicero's Villa at Tusculum 



Archias, his former teacher (see p. 269). He also defended P. 
Cornelius Sulla, who was charged with complicity in the con- 
spiracy of Catiline. In private life there was much that added 
to the enjoyment of the honors he had earned. His house was on 
the Palatine Hill, the best residential section of Rome. He had 
villas or country seats at Antium, Cumae, Formiae, Pompeii, 
and Tusculum, with their libraries and works of art. 

But a cloud hung over his pleasures. On the last day of his 
consulship, as he ascended the Rostra to give an account of his 
administration, Metellus, the tribune, had tried to prevent him 
by declaring that a magistrate who had put Roman citizens to 
death without trial, should not himself speak. The gathering 
storm of opposition burst in the tribuneship of Clodius, 58 B.C. 
This profligate patrician had become the personal enemy of the 
orator because the latter had testified against his character. As 
the agent of the triumvirs whom Cicero had offended, he pro- 
posed a bill that whoever had put to death a Roman citizen with- 



XXll INTRODUCTION 

out trial should be outlawed. It was evident against, whom it 
was aimed. Failing to receive assistance from Pompey and the 
consuls, Cicero went into voluntary exile. Immediately another 
bill of Clodius was passed, declaring Cicero a public enemy, 
confiscating his property, and prohibiting him from fire and 
water within four hundred miles of the city. Cicero fled to South- 
ern Italy, thence to Greece and Thessalonica. This was about the 
time of Caesar's battle with the Helvetians. The rest of the 
year he remained crushed in spirit and hopeless, notwithstanding 
the consolation and kindness extended to him by the provin- 
cials. 

But in Rome opposition was turning to favor. Clodius had 
lost his hold. Pompey and the new consuls and tribunes of 57 
urged the return of the exile. A month after the bill recalling him 
was passed in the assembly of the people, he reached Rome. 
His homeward journey was marked with demonstrations of affec- 
tion. His entry into the city was like a triumphal procession. 
Later his house on the Palatine and his villas were rebuilt at the 
public expense. 

6. Cicero as Ex-consul. — Cicero resumed his place in the 
Senate and in the courts, but his life was one of weakened influ- 
ence. His friendship was sought by Caesar, and finally won, so 
that he wrote to Atticus, "The delightful friendship with Caesar 
is the one plank saved from my shipwreck which gives me real 
pleasure." It was after his return from exile that Cicero began 
to write upon rhetorical and philosophical subjects (see sec. 10). 
In 53 B.C., he was honored with an appointment to the college of 
augurs. In 52, while attempting to speak in behalf of Milo, 
who was clearly guilty of the murder of Clodius, he was humili- 
ated by failure, breaking down " in the presence of the drawn 
swords of the soldiers, and of the intense excitement of the by- 
standers." The oration, which was delivered only in part, was 
afterwards written out, and is one of his best. The following 
year Cicero was made governor of Cilicia, a province that had 
been grossly misruled by his predecessor. The new governor 
won the hearty gratitude of his subjects by his reforms in many 
ways, and by subduing their enemies with his legions. He was 



MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO xxiii 

proclaimed imperator, and on his return to Rome would probably 
have been awarded a triumph, had the citizens not been distracted 
by Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon. 

7. Cicero and the Civil War. — Cicero's position between 
Caesar and Pompey was indeed difficult. Both leaders had 
claims upon his friendship. Failing as a peacemaker, he finally 
took the side of Pompey, following him to Greece. After 
Caesar's victory at Pharsalus, he returned to Brundisium, await- 
ing for months the will of the conqueror, until the message came 
with a generous offer of pardon. This was in 47 b.c. With but 
little interest in politics, Cicero sought comfort in writing. Three 
busy years followed, in which he produced four works on rhetoric 
and oratory, three on ethics, two on philosophy, besides essays 
on other subjects. Domestic sorrows came. His wife Terentia 
was estranged, and finally divorced. This was followed by the 
death of his only daughter Tullia, to whom he was devotedly 
attached. 

Then came the assassination of Caesar in 44 B.C., which in the 
course of events, Cicero was more than ready to approve. Once 
again, at the age of 63, he threw his energy into the struggle for 
the freedom of the republic. He became the life and soul of the 
senatorial party, aiding the young Octavianus in his claims 
against Antony. His last oratorical efforts were called forth in 
the fourteen " Philippics," hurled against Antony, in which he 
declared the tyrant to be a public enemy, and called upon the 
Romans to maintain their liberty. But the voice of her greatest 
orator could not save the state. 

8. Cicero's Assassination. — The formation of the second 
triumvirate blasted all hopes of the patriots. Once more the 
proscription lists were made, and to satisfy Antony, the young 
Octavianus consented to sacrifice Cicero. His brother Quintus 
was also proscribed. Marcus might have made his escape, but 
was overtaken by the assassins near his villa at Formiae, Decem- 
ber 7, 43 b.c. His faithful slaves would have fought to the end, 
but he permitted no resistance. It is recorded that his head 
and hands were taken to Rome and in mockery nailed to the 
Rostra by order of Antony. 



xxiv INTRODUCTION 

9. Cicero as an Orator. — " It happened many years after," 
writes Plutarch, " that Augustus once found one of his grandsons 
with a work of Cicero's in his hands. The boy was frightened 
and hid the book under his gown ; but the emperor took it from 
him, and standing there motionless, read through a great part 
of the book; then he gave it back to the boy and said : ' This 
was a great orator, my child; a great orator, and a man who 
loved his country well.' " 

Rome was a nation of orators. Not only did Cicero hold the 
first place among them, but his influence has been recognized by 
all men of eloquence since his day. To natural ability, a com- 
manding voice and a pleasing personality, were added long and 
careful discipline and experience. It is true that he argued 
chiefly as an advocate, often exaggerating or evading facts in 
order to emphasize. He was criticised for being verbose, but 
this defect he partly corrected. With his incisive wit, his keen 
sense of humor, his wonderful mastery of words, he swayed the 
people and the Senate at his will. Of one hundred and seven 
orations attributed to Cicero, over fifty have been preserved en- 
tire, with fragments of twenty others. Most of these were re- 
vised for publication after being delivered. 

10. Cicero as a Writer. — The name of Cicero is the greatest 
in Roman literature. Mackail says, " Cicero's imperishable 
glory is that he created a language which remained for sixteen 
centuries that of the civilized world, and used that language to 
create a style which nineteen centuries have not replaced, and 
in some respects have scarcely altered. He stands in prose, like 
Virgil in poetry, as the bridge between the ancient and the 
modern world." One can hardly understand how a busy man 
could find time to write so much upon so many subjects. His 
writings, as they have come down to us, fill ten volumes, about 
five thousand pages. Besides his orations and letters we have 
his works on rhetoric and philosophy. With his broad experi- 
ence no one could write with more authority than he upon rhetoric 
and oratory. In his De Oratore, Brutus, and Orator, he treats of 
the ideal orator, his education and training, and the history of 
oratory down to his own time. 



MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO XXV 

The treatises in philosophy were written in the last years of his 
life. In 46-44 b.c. he produced fifteen works, including De 
Republica, De Legibus, De Officiis, De A?nicitia, De Senectute, De 
Finibus De Natura Deorum, and the Tusculan Disputations. 
He had studied Greek philosophy from his youth. But very little 
had been written in Latin on this subject. To reproduce the 
thoughts of the Greeks without aiming to be original, to teach the 
lessons of philosophy to his countrymen in their own tongue, this 
was his task. Of the Tusculan Disputations it was Erasmus who 
said: " I cannot doubt that the mind from which such teach- 
ings flowed was in some sense inspired by divinity. I always feel 
a better man for reading Cicero." 

11. Cicero's Letters. — To the modern world most interest- 
ing are the letters of Cicero. Of these we have over eight 
hundred, written to his family and friends (Ad Familiares), to 
his intimate friend and publisher, T. Pomponius Atticus {Ad 
Atticwn), to his brother Quintus (Ad Q. Fratrem), and to Marcus 
Brutus (Ad M. Brutum). They cover a period of twenty-five 
years, 68 to 43 b.c, and are a priceless source of information of 
the times of Cicero, the last days of the republic. And yet as 
we read these charming and natural expressions of the great 
Roman, we are impressed with their modern tone and our com- 
mon civilization. 

12. The Character of Cicero. — Historians vary greatly in 
their estimate of Cicero. Perhaps it is nearest the truth to say 
that he had many weaknesses but much strength. He was 
emotional, vain, sensitive. As a statesman he made many mis- 
takes. He failed to grasp the supreme problems of his time. He 
lacked force, will, and aim. He was vacillating in the civil war, 
but his choice of affiliation had to be made between two evils. 
That he was a patriot there can be no doubt. His greatest desire 
was to save and free the republic. That he was honest and in- 
corruptible is shown in his provincial administration. He was a 
man of peace and honor, pure in life and purpose, and sympathetic 
with the oppressed. A biographer well says : " His fidelity to 
his prudent friend Atticus, his affection to his loyal freedman Tiro, 
his unfailing courtesy toward his wife Terentia, the love he lav- 



XXVI 



INTRODUCTION 







*'NI«TVLI0> -tiiER, 



ished upon his 
daughter Tullia, his 
unworthy son Mar- 
cus, and his sturdy 
brother Quintus, 
stand forth in strik- 
ing contrast to the 
coldness of the typi- 
cal Roman of his 
day." 

ROMAN ORA- 
TORY 

13. In the time of 
Cicero there were 
two styles of ora- 
tory, the Asiatic and 
the Attic. The for- 
mer style called for 
ornamentation, and 
attention to lan- 
guage and delivery rather than to thought ; the latter was di- 
rect, simple, natural. Hortensius represented the Asiatic; Cic- 
ero, the Attic, though being a pupil of the Rhodian School, he 
was inclined to strike a mean between the two extremes. 

14. Orations were judicial, deliberative, or demonstrative. 
(1) Judicial orations, of which the Pro Archia is an example, were 
delivered in a court of justice. (2) Deliberative orations were 
delivered to the Senate or the popular assembly in the discussion 
of some public question. The oration for the Manilian Law and 
those against Catiline were of this kind. (3) Demonstrative 
orations were designed to praise or censure some one. These are 
illustrated by the oration Pro Marcello, by the portions of the 
Manilian Law eulogizing Pompey, and portions of the Catiline 
orations denouncing the conspirator. 

15. The formal outline of an oration included six parts : ( 1) the 
exordium, or introduction ; (2) the narratio, or statement of the 



Raphael's Idea of Cicero 

(From his sketch book) 



ROMAN CITIZENS XXvii 

case, including the propositio, or statement of the main theme; 
(3) the partitio, or division of the argument . (4) the confirmatio, 
or affirmative argument from the speaker's side ; (5) the refutatio, 
or rebuttal of the opponent's argument; (6) the peroratio, or 
conclusion. 

ROMAN CITIZENS 

16. The old distinction between patricians and plebeians was 
wiped out as early as 300 B.C., when both classes alike were en- 
titled to hold any office, civil or religious. But another dis- 
tinction arose, dividing the people into three classes, the sena- 
torial order, the knights, and the commons. 

17. The Senatorial Order, or Optimates. — This order in- 
cluded all who were descended from a curule magistrate (31) 
or who had themselves held office. They therefore constituted 
an hereditary nobility. They practically held a monopoly of the 
offices, for while any freeborn citizen might be a candidate, the 
power of the senatorial party was against all except the nobles. 
Senators were excluded by law from trade and banking. Their 
distinctive dress was the tunic with a broad purple stripe. 

18. The Equites, or Knights. — This term, originally applied to 
the cavalry of the state, came to be used of the men who had the 
property qualification of 400,000 sesterces, about 20,000 dollars 
(ordo equester) . They formed, therefore, an aristocracy of wealth, 
controlling capital and farming the public revenues. They had 
no constitutional privileges until the time of Gaius Gracchus, 
when they were given the exclusive right to sit on juries. The 
equites then lost their military connection and became influential 
in politics, often as rivals of the senators. The insignia of the 
order was a gold ring and two purple stripes on the tunic. 

19. The Commons. — In Cicero's time the older families had 
all become senators or knights. The great body of the people 
constituted the populus, plebs, or populares. By amassing suffi- 
cient wealth one of the inferior class could rise to the equites; 
by holding the offices , he became a senator. Such a man ennobled 
his family, and being the first to hold office, was a novus homo 
(a man without ancestry). " The condition of the commons was 



xxvm INTRODUCTION 

pitiable. The combinations of capital shut them out of commerce 
and manufacture, while the competition of slave labor almost 
closed agriculture and trade against them. Some found employ- 
ment in the colonies and provinces, some eked out a scanty living 
on their farms, some made war their trade ; but the idle and de- 
graded flocked into the capital to live on the cheap corn provided 
by the treasury, and to sell their votes to the highest bidder." 
(Johnston.) 

20. Freed slaves (liberti) and their descendants (libertini) 
were citizens and had the right to vote, but not to hold office 
until the taint of slavery was removed by two or more genera- 
tions. 

21. Municipia, or municipal towns, were conquered com- 
munities subject to taxation and military service, but without 
suffrage. Civitates foederatae were communities whose privileges 
depended on special treaty with Rome. Colonies sent from the 
city (coloniae), as a rule, enjoyed full citizenship. A praefectura 
was a town in which justice was administered by a prefect sent 
from Rome. Individual foreigners were often honored with 
citizenship by special gift, sometimes conferred by a commander. 

THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES 

There were three assemblies based on three different divisions 
of the citizens. 

22. The Comitia Curiata. — This was the old assembly of 
thirty curiae or wards. Originally its function was to confer 
imperium on the king and to decide on peace and war. In the 
time of the republic its only duty was the conferring of authority 
on the consuls and praetors as a matter of form, each curia being 
represented by a single delegate. 

23. Comitia Centuriata. — This assembly began as a military 
organization in the days of Servius Tullius, when the people were 
divided into centuries (centuriae). The century or division to 
which a man belonged was determined by the amount of his 
wealth. About 250 b.c. the assembly was reorganized into three 
hundred and seventy-three centuries. This comitia elected the 
consuls, praetors, and censors, and for a long time decided ques- 



THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES xxix 

tions of peace and war. This latter function, however, was 
transferred to the "Senate. Its power of legislation was trans- 
ferred largely to the comitia tributa, and its judicial power to the 
standing courts. It could be summoned by a consul, praetor, or 
dictator. Being military in theory, its meetings were usually 
held in the Campus Martius. 

24. Comitia Tributa. — This was an assembly of the tribes, 
thirty-five in number, growing out of the older concilium plebis. 
The assembly convened under either name according to whether 
the patricians were included (comitia tributa), or excluded (con- 
cilium plebis). Their functions were elective, legislative, and 
judicial. The comitia tributa elected curule aediles, quaestors, 
and certain lesser magistrates, and was presided over by a con- 
sul or praetor. Its enactments were known as leges. The con- 
cilium plebis, whose presiding officer was a tribune, elected the 
plebeian tribunes and aediles and came to be the chief legisla- 
tive body of the government. Its laws, known as plebiscita, 
had the same validity as the leges of the comitia tributa, and did 
not require the sanction of the Senate. Like the comitia cen- 
turiata, these tribal assemblies relegated their judicial authority 
to the standing courts, though as late as 63 B.C., Rabinius was 
tried before the tributa with Cicero as his defender. The ses- 
sions of these assemblies were held in the Campus for elections, 
and in the Forum for law-making. 

25. Methods of Voting. Adjournment. — The assemblies 
mentioned above were called for taking action not for delibera- 
tion. The voting was done by secret ballot. At legislative 
meetings each voter received an affirmative and a negative 
ballot. At meetings to elect magistrates he received a blank 
tabella, on which he wrote the name of the candidate of his 
choice. In each century or tribe the individual votes determined 
the vote of the century or tribe which was then cast as a unit, a 
majority of these divisions deciding the vote of the assembly. 
So, for example, the favoring vote of eighteen of the thirty-five 
tribes would pass a bill, though the individuals represented might 
be less than those who opposed it. If the voting was not com- 
pleted by sunset, all was void. The session might then be ad- 



xxx INTRODUCTION 

journed by the presiding officer, by his colleague, or a superior 
officer, or by the occurrence of lightning or storm. Finally the 
voting would have to be repeated if the officer failed or refused 
to announce the result. 

26. Contiones. — An assembly of citizens to listen to an ad- 
dress or to a discussion was a contio. The people came together 
as individuals. Though called together by magistrates only, the 
assembly could be addressed by private citizens. It had no 
powers, and adopted no resolutions. If action was to follow, a 
comitia had to be properly called. The second and third orations 
against Catiline and the oration for the Manilian Law were de- 
livered before contiones. 

27. Political Parties. — As in all nations, two factions sprang 
up, the aristocratic and the democratic (optimates and populares) . 
Cicero defined the former thus : "All those are optimates who, 
no matter to what class of citizens they belong, bravely defend 
the institutions of our ancestors." They formed the conservative 
class, including the nobility as the chief element. " Those who 
wish the things which they do and say to be pleasing to the 
multitude," said Cicero, " are the populates." The intense party 
strife between these factions which began with the Gracchi lasted 
till the time of Caesar, who became the successful popular cham- 
pion. 

THE SENATE 

28. Membership. — In the earlier days of the republic any 
citizen of proper age was eligible to the Senate, though the prefer- 
ence was given to ex-magistrates. After Sulla, the Senate be- 
came exclusively a body of ex-magistrates, serving ex-officio for 
life. Before admission to membership, a candidate must be 
declared worthy by the censor, must be thirty-one years old, and 
must abstain from certain occupations. While there was no 
property requirement, only men of means would be able to serve, 
as they did, without pay. The senators in a body were ad- 
dressed as patres conscripti, i.e. patres et conscripti, a phrase first 
used in 509 B.C. to include the original senators (patres) and the 
newly enrolled (conscripti) plebeians. The number of senators 



THE SENATE xxxi 

was fixed by Sulla at 600, by Caesar at 900, and afterwards re- 
duced to 600. 

29. The Session. — The regular meeting place of the Senate 
was the Curia Hostilia on the north side of the Comitium, but 
any temple might be used instead. The first oration against 
Catiline was delivered in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, the fourth 
in the Temple of Concord. A session was called generally by a 
consul, praetor, or tribune, who became the presiding officer. 
None but members were admitted, but others might listen to the 
proceedings from the entrance. 

30. Procedure. — After the senators had been summoned by 
the herald (praeco) or by proclamation, the presiding officer took 
the auspices. He then proposed the question to be considered 
(rem ad senatum referre), and called upon the members to ex- 
press their opinions (rogare sententias) . The privilege of speech 
was given first to magistrates-elect, then to ex-magistrates 
ranking as consuls, praetors, aediles, tribunes, quaestors. The 
presiding officer was entitled to speak at any stage of the 
debate. The members either spoke at length or simply ex- 
pressed agreement, or nonagreement with the motion. After 
the discussion the voting was by division. All voted except 
magistrates in office. A decision of the Senate which was not 
vetoed was called a senatus consultwn; but if vetoed by any 
magistrate having the right of veto, it was only a senatus 
auctoritas. To be valid, the decision must be reached before 
sunset. Filibustering was practised, for the opponent of a 
measure could prevent action on it by talking until sunset. 

31. Functions. — The Senate was primarily an advisory body, 
giving advice only when asked, but by reason of the dignity of its 
members, it gained in power until it controlled all legislation and 
elections. Among its special powers were the following : 

1. In religious matters the Senate ordered the consultation of 
the soothsayers or the Sibylline books, decreed a thanksgiving 
(supplicatio) , games, or holidays, and cooperated with the religious 
officers in times of peril. 

2. In financial matters the Senate controlled taxation, reve- 
nues, appropriations, and coinage. 



xxxii INTRODUCTION 

3. The Senate declared war and concluded peace, assigning 
troops and military commands, awarding the title of imperator 
and granting a triumph or a supplicatio. 

4. The Senate could enter into an alliance by treaty with a 
foreign nation, assume the protectorate of a territory, or confer 
the title of king or friend of the Roman people on a foreign poten- 
tate. Embassies from foreign nations were sent to it, and de- 
mands addressed to a foreign nation were sent by the Senate. 

5. The government of the provinces was under the jurisdiction 
of the senate, which assigned the proconsuls and the propraetors. 

6. The Senate discussed bills which were to be presented to the 
legislative assemblies. 

7. The Senate had the sole right of naming a dictator, or might 
suspend the ordinary laws by passing a senatus consultum ulti- 
mum, directing the consuls videant ne quid res publica detrimenti 
capiat. 

THE MAGISTRATES 

32. There were six ordinary magistrates in the republican 
period : consul, censor, praetor, tribune of the plebs, aedile, 
quaestor. The dictator and magister equitum were extraor- 
dinary, appointed only in critical times. The consul and 
praetor (dictator and magister equitum) were magistrates with 
imperium, i.e. with supreme executive authority, military, civil, 
and judicial, which had formerly belonged to the kings. The 
other officials were magistrates with potestas. The consul, censor, 
praetor, curule aedile (dictator and magister equitum) were curule 
magistrates, i.e. were entitled to use the sella curulis, an ivory 
chair of peculiar shape, ds a symbol of authority. Non-curule 
magistrates used a subsellium, a low wooden bench. By a law 
in 180 B.C., a cursus honor um was established, making it neces- 
sary for one to have been quaestor before becoming praetor, and 
to have been praetor before becoming consul. Furthermore, it 
was considered desirable to be aedile before being praetor, though 
not essential. Besides this sequence, a minimum age limit was 
fixed for the incumbent of each office ; for quaestor, thirty-one ; 
aedile, thirty-seven; praetor, forty; consul, forty-three. The 



THE MAGISTRATES xxxiii 

date of the elections was usually set by the Senate for July, but 
postponements might occur. Quaestors were inaugurated the 
following December 5 ; tribunes, December 10; others, January 1. 
The term of office was one year, except for the censor, who served 
eighteen months. An interval of two years was necessary be- 
tween the different offices, and one of ten years before reelection 
to the same office. Every magistrate possessed the power of veto 
over his colleague or an inferior magistrate. There was no salary 
for public officials, but an ex-magistrate found a source of gain 
in the province to which he was assigned. 

33. Consuls. — The two consuls were theoretically of equal 
power, exercising their authority on alternate months. They 
were the chief magistrates, checking by veto any other except a 
tribune. Each consul was limited by the veto power of the other 
and of the tribune, and was restrained by the fact that he would 
have to give an account of his administration to the people. In 
the transaction of foreign affairs, they presided over the Senate, 
and executed its orders. They conducted the election of the 
curule magistrates in the popular assemblies. They had the power 
to levy troops, and were nominally the commanders, but in 
Cicero's time it was unusual for them to take the field. In times 
of peril, the consuls were invested by the Senate with the power 
of a dictator. A consul whose authority was prolonged beyond 
his term of office became a proconsul and acted as governor of a 
province. The consular insignia were the toga praetexta, sella 
consults, and twelve lictors, who bore the fasces. 

34. Praetors. — In case of the absence of both consuls from 
the city, the praetors acted in their place. But their chief duty 
was to act as judges. As the government developed, their 
number was increased from one to eight, as it was in Cicero's 
time. Of these, one was the praetor urbanus, in charge of cases 
between citizens ; another was the praetor inter peregrinos, in 
charge of cases between foreigners, or between a foreigner and a 
citizen ; the remaining six presided over the standing courts for 
special offences. The praetor urbanus was the chief judge of Rome. 
At the close of his year, a praetor became propraetor, in the ca- 
pacity of provincial governor. 



XXXIV INTRODUCTION 

35. Aediles. — There were four aediles, two " curule " and 
two "plebeian." The former were chosen by the comitia 
tributa, the latter by the concilium plebis (24). Their duties 
were practically the same, the city being divided into four dis- 
tricts, one for each aedile. These duties were the care of the 
streets and public buildings, the water supply and the grain 
market, the superintending of the police, and the providing against 
fire. An important function was to provide for the public games 
and festivals. For this purpose there was a state appropriation 
of funds, but the desire to win the favor of the people often led 
the aedile to excessive expenditure which he expected to pay by 
means of later income in the provinces. 

36. Quaestors. — The quaestors were the public treasurers. 
Before the third century b.c. they also prepared evidence in 
public prosecutions (hence the name, from quaero). They col- 
lected money due the state and paid it out by order of the Senate. 
They were also custodians of the public documents such as census 
lists, contracts, and copies of laws. Their number, at first two, 
was increased by Sulla to twenty. Two of these (quaestor es 
urbani), served in the city as general financial officers, while the 
others were with the army or in the provinces as paymasters. 
Their year of office began December 5, when they drew lots for 
assignments as referred to in Cat. IV. 7. 

37. Tribunes. — The ten tribunes of the plebs were of neces- 
sity plebeian, either by birth or adoption (24). The office was 
first created to protect the people against the arbitrary action 
of a magistrate. Though they had no positive duties except to 
preside at certain elections (24) they came to be the most power- 
ful officers in the state, for bjr their power of veto (ius intercendi) 
they could prevent the act of any curule magistrate, the passage 
of laws by the assemblies, or the decree of the Senate. The only 
check upon them was the veto of a colleague. They could also 
convoke and preside over the Senate (28) and the comitia tributa, 
and initiate legislation. Their activity was confined to the city, 
from which they were permitted to be absent only a day at a 
time. As protectors of the people, the houses of the tribunes 
stood open day and night. Their persons were declared sacred, 



THE MAGISTRATES XXXV 

i.e. death might be inflicted on any man who harmed the tribune 
in the exercise of his authority. 

38. Censors. — Two censors were elected every five years- 
They served for eighteen months and then abdicated, their 
duties for the remaining time being assigned to the other magis- 
trates. These duties were (1) to take the census, assess property, 
and arrange for the register of tribes, classes, and centuries; 
(2) to revise the lists of senators and knights, excluding the 
unworthy (28), and in general to supervise public morals ; (3) to 
sell the privileges of collecting taxes, and to let contracts for 
public buildings. A man could be degraded from his rank, 
remaining so for the current register. On the other hand, a 
master could free a slave by having him inscribed on the censor's 
list of citizens. In the last century of the republic the office lost 
much of its prestige, and from 86 to 70 B.C. no censors were 
elected (Archias, ch. 5). 

39. Dictator. — In times of special peril the consuls appointed 
a dictator by order of the Senate. His authority lasted for six 
months, or less if regular order was restored. There was no 
appeal from his decisions. He appointed a military assistant to 
command the cavalry (magister equitum), while he commanded 
the infantry. There was no regular dictator after 202 B.C., for 
Sulla and Caesar, who were so called, usurped the office. 

40. Religious Officers. — The religion of the Romans was a 
state institution. The priests were men of great influence and 
had much to do with public life. The most important of the 
priestly colleges were the pontiffs (pontifices) and the augurs 
(augur es). The former, 15 in number, supervised all religious 
observances, chose and guarded the Vestals, regulated the 
Calendar, fixing the days for legal business and for festivals. 
They held office for life. The president of the college, the ponti- 
fex maximus, was not prevented from engaging in secular pursuits. 
Thus Caesar was elected to this office at the age of thirty-six, and 
continued his public career. The augurs observed and inter- 
preted the auspices or reputed natural signs. These signs were 
derived from the heavens, including thunder and lightning, from 
the flight of birds, from the behavior of sacred chickens, and in 



XXXvi INTRODUCTION 

other ways according to traditional rules. Unless the auspices 
were first taken, no assembly, no meeting of the Senate, no elec- 
. tion could be held, neither could war be declared, nor could 
public business of any kind be transacted. Cicero was made 
one of the fifteen augurs in 53 b.c. 

Haruspices from Etruria foretold the future in detail, rather 
than simple answers " yes " or " no." They were an unofficial 
guild, consulted in special cases. 

THE COURTS 

41. The Roman courts were in charge of the praetors (34). 
In cases of minor importance, the praetor either gave the deci- 
sion himself or referred it to a judge (iudex) or jury. For cases of 
greater importance, standing courts were established by Sulla, 
the quaestiones perpetuae, presided over by the praetors. These 
courts considered cases concerning misgovernment (extortion), 
murder, forgery, embezzlement, treason, assault, etc. Juries 
varied in number of men, and were selected by the presiding 
judge. After 70 b.c. a law provided that they should be taken 
equally from the senators, the knights, and the tribuni aerarii. 
Their service was honorary. Trials were first held in the open 
air at the tribunal of the praetor in the Forum, but after 184 b.c, 
often in the basilicas around the Forum. From the decisions of 
the standing courts there was no appeal. By the Valerian law 
(509 b.c.) citizens condemned to death or excessive fine by any 
magistrate had the right of appeal to the comitia centuriata and 
tributa respectively. But capital punishment and the flogging of 
citizens were abolished by the Porcian law (198 b.c.) . Imprison- 
ment as a penalty was not known in Rome, though one await- 
ing trial might be kept in the career. The ordinary penalties 
were a fine (multa), loss of citizenship (infamia), or exile. Exile 
was either voluntary, or practical^ imposed by the denial of the 
use of fire and water (aquae et ignis interdictio) . 

PROVINCES 

42. A Roman province was organized under a charter prepared 
by the conquering general with the sanction of the Senate. Its 



THE FORUM XXXvii 

government was intrusted to a proconsul when an army was 
necessar3 r , to a propraetor when the province was quiet. As far 
as practicable, the freedom of the. provincials in local matters 
was not interfered with. " The tax exacted of a province was a 
tithe (decuma), or a fixed amount in money (stipendium) . Be- 
sides the tithe, the Senate might impose the burden of supplying 
further produce at a fixed price." (Gow.) During the later 
years of the republic, especially, the provinces were plundered 
by the governors as well as by the tax farmers. Although charges 
could be brought in the special court at Rome against the offender, 
yet in fact such action brought little permanent relief. 

THE FORUM AND THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS 

43. The Forum was the low open space between the Capitoline 
and Palatine Hills, originally a market place. " It was about 
two hundred and twenty yards long, sixty yards wide near the 
Capitoline, narrowing to thirty-five near the Palatine." (Gow.) 
Adjacent to it on the northwest corner was a small square, the 
Comitium, used in earlier days as the center of public life. 
Between the Forum and ths Comitium stood the Rostra, the 
speaker's platform, from which audiences could be addressed on 
either side. It was from this platform that Cicero's orations to 
the people were delivered. The Capitoline Hill on the west was 
famed for its temple of Jupiter. The Palatine Hill on the southeast 
was the site of many shrines, and of the residences of wealthy 
citizens. On the north side of the Comitium was the Senate House, 
the Curia Hostilia, whose site is now marked by the Church 
of St. Adriano. At the western end of the Forum was the Temple 
of Concord, built to commemorate the final harmony between 
the patricians and the plebeians. The Temple of Jupiter Stator, 
in which Cicero delivered his first oration against Catiline prob- 
ably stood on the slope of the Palatine, a short distance to the 
east of the Forum. Among the other buildings of interest about 
the Forum were the Temple of Vesta, with its sacred fire ; the 
Regia, formerly the palace of the king, later the residence of the 
pontifex maximus; the basilicae, used for the law courts; and 
the tabernae, rows of shops. The Forum was therefore the center 



s.s I 



_ 



■■•»■>' 












snujioiidvQ suofl 



xl INTRODUCTION 

of the religious, legal, and business interests. On the northwest 
corner stood the Tullianum or state's prison, which exists to-day, 
the place of the execution of Catiline's fellow-conspirators (see 
p. 32). 

WORKS OF REFERENCE 

44. Beesly, A. H., Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius. 
Boissier, G., Cicero and his Friends. 
Collins, W. L., Cicero (Ancient Classics for English 

Readers.) 
Fatjsset, W. Y., The Student's Cicero. 
Forsyth, W., Life of Cicero. 
Froude, J. A., Caesar, a Sketch. 
Oman, Ch., Pompey (Seven Roman Statesmen). 
Plutarch, Life of Cicero. 
Strauhan-Davidson, J. L., Cicero and the Fall of the 

Roman Republic. 
Trollope, A., Life of Cicero. 



Cruttwell, C. T., A History of Roman Literature. 
Fowler, H. N., A History of Roman Literature. 
Mackail, J. W., Latin Literature. 
Middleton and Mills, The Students' Companion to 

Latin Authors. 
Sears, L., The History of Oratory. 



Abbott, F. F., Roman Political Institutions. 
Church, A. J., Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. 
Gow, J., A Companion to School Classics. 
Greenidge, A. H. J., Legal Procedure in Cicero's Time. 
Greenidge, A. H. J., Roman Public Life. 
Johnston, H. W., The Private Life of the Romans. 



Huelsen, Ch., Forum Romanum. 

Lanciani, R., The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome. 
Middleton, J. H., The Remains of Ancient Rome. 
Nichols, F. M., The Roman Forum. 




Cicero before the Senai 
(From the statue at Oxford) 



[xlii] 




M. TULLI CICERONIS 
ORATIO IN CATIL1NAM PRIMA 

IN SENATU HABITA 

The orator arraigns Catiline for his boldness. 

1. Qua usque tandem abutere, Catilma, patientia no- 
stra ? Quam diti etiain furor iste tuus nos eliidet ? Quern 
ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia? Nihilne te 
nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil 
timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hiC5 
munltissimus habendi senattis locus, nihil horum ora 
vultiisque moverunt ? Patere tua consilia non sentis ? 
Constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri conitira- 
tionem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore 
nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consiliio 
ceperis, quern nostrum Ignorare arbitraris ? 

O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, consul 
videt; hie tamen vivit. Vivit ? Immo vero etiam in 
senatum venit, fit public! consili particeps, not at et deslg- 
nat oculls ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos is 
autem, fortes viri, satis facere rei piiblicae videmur, si 
istius furorem ac tela vitemus. 
1 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



The Insignia of the Pontificate 

Ad mortem te, Catilma, duel iussu consulis iam pridem 
oportebat; in te conferri pestem, quam tti in nos machi- 

20naris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex 
maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum 
rei ptiblicae prlvatus interfecit; Catilmam orbem terrae 
caede atque incendils vastare cupientem nos consules per- 
ferernus? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. 

25 Servllius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manti 
sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re ptiblica 
virtus, ut virl fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem pernicio- 
sum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus 
senattis consultum in te, Catilma, vehemens et grave. 

3oN6n deest rei piiblicae consilium neque auctoritas hiiius 
ordinis; nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. 

The Senate has decreed against Catiline, but he is allowed 
to live. 

2. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Oplmius consul 
videret, ne quid res ptiblica detriment! caperet. Nox 
nulla intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam sedi- 
35tionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, 
maioribus; occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. 
Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulil^us 
est permissa res ptiblica. Num tinum diem postea L. 
Saturninum tribtinum plebis et C. Servilium praetorem 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 3 

mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At nos vicesi-40 
mum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctori- 
tatis. Habemus enim huiusce modi senattis consultum, 
verum inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina recondi- 
tum, quo ex senattis consults confestim te interfectum 
esse, Catillna, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponen-45 
dam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. 

Cupio, patres conscript!, me esse clementem, cupio in 
tantls rei publicae periculis me non dissoltitum videri, 
sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. Castra 
sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etmriae f auci- 50 
bus conlocata; crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus; 
eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium 
intra moenia atque adeo in senatti videmus, intestmam 
aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. 

Si te iam, Catillna, comprehendl, si interne! iussero, 55 
credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes born 
serius a me quam quisquam crtidelius factum esse dlcat. 
Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit, 
certa de causa nondum addiicor ut faciam. Turn denique 
interficiere cum iam nemo tarn improbus, tarn perditus, 60 
tarn tu! similis invenlrl poterit qui id non iiire factum 
esse fateatur. Quamdiu quisquam erit qui te defendere 
audeat, vives, et vives ita ut vivis, multls mels et flrmis 
praesidils obsessus, 'ne commovere te contra rem publicam 
possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, 65 
sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. 

The conspiracy is fully known. 

3. Etenim quid est, Catillna, quod iam amplius ex- 
spectes, si neque nox tenebrls obsctirare coeptus nefarios 
nee prlvata domus parietibus continere voces conitira- 
tionis tuae potest, si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? 70 
Muta iam istam mentem; mihi crede, oblivlscere caedis 



4 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

atque incendiorum. Teneris undique; luce sunt clariora 
nobis tua consilia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recog- 
noscas. Meministme me ante diem xn Kalendas Novem- 

75bres dicere in senatu fore in armis certo die, qui dies fu- 
turus esset ante diem vi Kalendas Novembres, C. Man- 
lium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? 
Num me fefellit, Catilma, non modo res tanta, tam 
atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis 

80 est admirandum, dies ? 

Dixi ego idem in senatu caedem te optimatium con- 
tulisse in ante diem v Kalendas Novembres, turn cum 
multi prmcipes civitatis Roma non tanvsui conservandi 
quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profii- 

ssgerunt. Num mntiari potes te illo ipso die meis prae- 
sidiis, mea dlligentia circumclusum commovere te contra 
rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum, 
nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede te contentum 
esse dicebas? Quid? Cum te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis 

90 Novembribus occupatiirum nocturno impetii esse con- 
flderes, sensistme illam coloniam meo iussii meis prae- 
sidiis, custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil 
mollris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, 
sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. 

The meeting of conspirators at the house of Laeca. The attempt on 
the life of Cicero. 

95 4. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superiorem ; 
iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam 
te ad perniciem rei piiblicae. Dlco te priore nocte venisse 
inter falcarios (non agam obscure) in M. Laecae domum ; 
con venisse eodem compltires eiusdem amentiae sceleris- 

100 que socios. Num negare audes? Quid taces? Convin- 
cam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam 
qui tecum una fuerunt. 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 



O dl immortales ! Ubinam gentium sumus ? In qua 
urbe vlvimus ? Quam rem publicam habemus ? Hie, hie 
sunt in nostro numero, patres conscript!, in hoc orbisi05 
terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro 
omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis 
terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video consul et de re 
publica sententiam rogo, 
et quos ferro trucidar! 
oportebat, eos nondum 
voce vulnero ! 

Fuisti igitur apud Lae- 
cam ilia nocte, Catilma ; 
distribuisti partes Italiae ; 
statuisti quo quemque 
proficlsci placeret; deie- 
gistl quos Romae relin- 
queres, quos tecum edii- 
ceres ; discripsisti urbis 
partes ad incendia ; con- 
firmasti te ipsum iam 
esse exiturum ; dixistl 
paulum tibi esse etiam 
nunc morae, quod ego 
viverem. RepertI sunt 
duo equites Roman! qui 
te ista ciira l!berarent, et 
sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lticem me in meo lectulo in- 
terfectiiros pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam 130 
coetii vestro dimisso, comperi; domum meam maioribus 
praesidiis muniv! atque flrmav! ; excltlsi eos quos tu ad me 
salutatum mane m!seras, cum ill! ips! venissent quos ego 
iam multis ac summls virls ad me id temporis venttiros 
esse praeclixeram. 135 







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The End of a Roman Bronze Bed 



6 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

Catiline is urged to leave the city and join his waiting forces. 

_ 5. Quae cum ita sint, Catilma, perge quo coepistl. 
Egredere aliquando' ex urbe ; patent portae ; proficlscere. 
Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra 
deslderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos; si minus, 

140 quam pliirimos ; ptirga urbem. Magno me rnetu. llbera- 
bis, dum modo inter me atque te mtirus intersit. Nobls- 
cum versar! iam dititius non potes ; non feram, non patiar, 
non sinam. 

Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsl 

145 Iovi Statori, antlquissimo custod! Mius urbis, gratia, quod 
hanc tarn taetram, tarn horribilem tamque Infestam rei 
piiblicae pestem totiens iam efftigimus. Non est saepius 
in uno homine summa salus perlclitanda rei piiblicae. 
Quamditi mihi consul! designato, Catilma, Insidiatus es, 

150 non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defend!. 
Cum proxim!s comiti!s consularibus me consulem in campo 
et competltores tuos interficere voluist!, compress! cona- 
tus tuos nefarios am!corum praesidio et copi!s, ntillo tu- 
multti publice concitato; denique, quotienscumque me 

I55pet!st!, per me tibi obstit!, quamquam videbam perniciem 
meam cum magna calamitate re! piiblicae esse coniunc- 
tam. Nunc iam aperte rem piiblicam iiniversam petis; 
templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium 
c!vium, Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas. 

160 Qua re, quoniam id quod est primum, et quod hiiius 
imper! disciplmaeque maiorum proprium est, facere non- 
dum audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius et 
ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interne! iussero, 
residebit in re publica reliqua coniiiratorum manus ; sin 

165 tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex 
urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentlna re! 
piiblicae. Quid est, Catilma? Num dubitas id, me im- 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 7 

perante, facere quod iam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex 
urbe iubet consul hostem. Interrogans me, num in ex- 
silium ? Non iubeo ; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 170 

All men fear Catiline because of his crimes. 

6. Quid est enim, Catillna, quod te iam in hac urbe 
delectare possit, in qua nemo est extra istam coniura- 
tionem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo 
qui non oderit? Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non 
iniista vitae tuae est ? Quod prlvatarum rerum dedecus 175 
non haeret in fama ? Quae libido ab oculls, quod f acinus 
a manibus umquam tuls, quod flagitium a toto corpore 
afuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quern corruptelarum in- 
lecebrls inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad 
libldinem f acem praetulistl ? 180 

Quid vero? Ntiper cum morte superioris uxoris no vis 
ntiptils domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibill 
scelere hoc scelus cumulastl? Quod ego praetermitto et 
facile patior silerl, ne in hac civitate tantl facinoris im- 
manitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 185 
Praetermitto rulnas fortiinarum tuarum, quas omnes im- 
pendere tibi proximls Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio quae 
non ad prlvatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad 
domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpittidinem, sed ad 
summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vltam 190 
saliitemque pertinent. 

Potestne tibi haec lux, Catillna, aut huius caell splritus 
esse iticundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat 
te prldie Kalendas Ianuarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus 
stetisse in comitio cum telo, manum consulum et prInci-195 
pum clvitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse, scelerl ac 
furorl tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed 
fortunam popull RomanI obstitisse? Ac iam ilia omitto 
(neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa 



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k'2!.- spf* 



[8] 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 9 

postea) ; quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem 200 
interficere conatus es ! Quot ego tuas petitiones, ita 
coniectas ut vitarl posse non viderentur, parva quadam 
decllnatione et, ut aiunt, corpore efftlgi ! Nihil adse- 
queris, neque tamen conarl ac velle desistis. Quotiens 
tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus ! Quotiens exci- 205 
dit casu aliquo et elapsa est ! Quae quidem quibus abs 
te initiata sacris ac devota sit nescio, quod earn necesse 
putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. 

The senators show their hostility. Their country cries out against 
him. 

7. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam 
tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo 210 
debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti 
paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia 
totque tuls amlcls ac necessarils saltitavit? Si hoc post 
hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas con- 
tumeliam, cum sis gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppres- 215 
sus? Quid, quod adventti tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta 
sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem 
constitutl fuerunt, simul atque adsedistl, partem istam 
subselliorum nudam atque inanem rellquerunt, quo tan- 
dem animo tibi ferendum putas? 220 

Servi, mehercule, mel si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te 
metuunt omnes elves tui, domum meam relinquendam 
putarem ; tti tibi urbem non arbitraris ? Et, si me meis 
clvibus iniuria suspectum tarn graviter atque offensum 
viderem, carere me aspectu clvium quam Infestls omnium 225 
oculls conspicl mallem. Tu cum conscientia scelerum 
tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi 
debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensiisque vulneras, 
eorum aspectum praesentiamque vltare? Si te parentes 
timerent atque odissent tui neque eos tilla ratione placare230 



10 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculls aliquo concederes. 
Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nos- 
trum, odit ac metuit, et iam diu. nihil te itidicat nisi de 
parricidio suo cogitare; htiius tti neque auctoritatem 

235verebere nee itidicium sequere nee vim pertimesces? 

Quae tecum, Catillna, sic agit et quodam modo tacita 
loquitur : ' Nullum iam aliquot annis f acinus exstitit nisi 
per te, nullum flagitium sine te ; tibi iini multorum clvium 
neces, tibi vexatio dlreptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac 

240 libera; tti non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, 
verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuistl. 
Superiora ilia, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut 
potul, tuli; nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter 
tinum te, quicquid increpuerit, Catilmam timer!, nullum 

245videri contra me consilium iniri posse quod a tuo scelere 
abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede atque 
hunc mini timorem eripe; si est verus, ne opprimar; sin 
falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.' 

Catiline has judged himself deserving of custody. 

8. Haec si tecum, ita ut dlxi, patria loquatur, nonne 
25oimpetrare debeat, etiamsi vim adhibere non possit? 
Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti, quod vitandae 
suspicionis causa ad M\ Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti ? 
A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque ut 
domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id 
255responsum tulisses, me ntillo modo posse Isdem parietibus 
tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod Isdem 
moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem 
venisti. A quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum opti- 
mum, M. Metellum, demigrastl; quern tu videlicet et ad 
260 custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum saga- 
cissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. 
Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 



11 



debere, qui se ipse iam dlgnum custodia itidicarit ? Quae 
cum ita sint, Catillna, dubitas, si emorl aequo animo non 
potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam multis sup- 265 
plicils iustis debitlsque ereptam fugae solitudinique man- 
dare? 

' Refer/ inquis, 'ad senatum'; id enim postulas, et, 
si hie ordo placere decreverit te Ire in exsilium, obtem- 
peraturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret270 
a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de 
te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catillna; libera rem pu- 
blicam metu; in exsilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, pro- 
ficlscere. Quid est, Catillna? Ecquid attendis, ecquid 
animadvertis horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid 275 
exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem 
tacitorum perspicis? At si hoc idem huic adulescenti 
optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dlxis- 






§■'- 


f:-' X-o": ;•■/■ " _; 




f 



A City Gate 



12 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

sem, iam mihi consull hoc ipso in templo itire optimo 

280senatus vim et mantis intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, 

cum quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum 

tacent, clamant; neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas 

est videlicet cara, vita vllissima, sed etiam ill! equites 

Roman!, honestissiml atque optiml virl, ceterlque fortissimi 

285 elves, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tti et frequentiam 

videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire 

potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diti mantis ac tela 

contineo, eosdem facile addticam ut te haec, quae vastare 

iam pridem studes, relinquentem tisque ad portas prose- 

290 quantur. 

In the face of unpopularity Cicero again calls upon the enemy to go 
into exile. 

9. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut tilla res frangat? 
Tti ut umquam te corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam medi- 
tere ? Tti ut tillum exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam 
mentem di immortales duint ! Tametsi video, si mea voce 

295 perterritus Ire in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tem- 
pestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus recent! 
memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. 
Sed est tantl, dum modo ista sit prlvata calamitas et a rel 
ptiblicae perlculls seiungatur. Sed tti ut vitils tuls com- 

30omoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rel 
ptiblicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, 
Catilina, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpittidine aut metus 
a periculo aut ratio a furore revocarit. 

Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si 

305 mihi inimlco, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta 
perge in exsilium. Vix feram sermones hominum, si id 
feceris; vix molem istlus invidiae, si in exsilium iussti 
consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servlre meae laudl et 
gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu, 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 13 




A Domestic Shrine 

confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos elves, secerne te a 310 
bonis, Infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a 
me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos Isse 
videaris. 

Quamquam quid ego te invltem, a quo iam sciam esse 
praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur 315 
armatl ; cui iam sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio 
diem; a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi 
ac tuls omnibus confldo perniciosam ac fiinestam futtiram, 
cui doml tuae sacrarium constitiitum fuit, sciam esse prae- 
missam? Tu ut ilia carere dititius possis, quam venerarl320 



14 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

ad caedem proficlscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe 
istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulistl ? 

The character of Catiline. 

10. Ibis tandem aliquando quo te iam prldem ista tua 
cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat ; neque enim tibi 

325 haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup- 
tatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natiira peperit, voluntas 
exercuit, forttina servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, 
sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concuplstl. Nactus 
es, ex perditls atque ab omni non modo forttina verum 

33oetiam spe derelictls conflatam, improborum manum. 

Hie tti qua laetitia perfruere, quibus gaudils exultabis, 
quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero 
tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque vide- 
bis ! Ad huius vitae studium meditatl ill! sunt qui ferun- 

335 tur labores tui : iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum 
stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non 
solum Insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis 
otiosorum. Habes ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram 
patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus 

340 te brevl tempore confectum esse senties. Tantum profeci 
turn, cum te a consulate reppuli, ut exsul potius temptare 
quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut id, 
quod esset a te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius 
quam bellum nominaretur. 

The whole country demands that the consul punish the traitor. 

345 11. Nunc, ut a- me, patres conscript!, quandam prope 
iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, per- 
cipite, quaeso, dlligenter quae dlcam, et ea penitus animis 
vestris mentibusque mandate. Eteni'm si mecum patria, 
quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si 

350 omnis res publica loquatur : 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 15 

'M. TullI, quid agis? Ttine eum quern esse hostem 
comperistl, quern ducem belli futurum vides, quern ex- 
spectari imperatorem in castrls hostium sentls, auctorem 
sceleris, principem coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et 
civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus355 
ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? Nonne 
hunc in vincula duel, non ad mortem rapl, non summo 
supplicio mactarl imperabis? Quid tandem te impedit? 
Mosne maiorum? At persaepe etiam prlvatl in hac re 
publica perniciosos elves morte multarunt. An leges, 360 
quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At 
numquam in hac urbe qui a re publica defecerunt civium 
ifira tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Prae- 
claram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, homi- 
nem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tarn 365 
mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradtis 
extulit, si propter invidiae aut alictiius perlcull metum 
salutem civium tuorum neglegis. Sed si quis est invidiae 
metus, non est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis 
invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda. An 370 
cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta arde- 
bunt, turn te non exlstimas invidiae incendio conflagra- 
turum ? ' 

Cicero's reason for recommending exile rather than death. 

12. His ego sanctissimls rel piiblicae vocibus et eorum 
hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus pauca respon-375 
debo. Ego si hoc optimum factu itidicarem, patres con- 
script!, Catillnam morte multarl, tinlus usuram horae 
gladiatorl istl ad vlvendum non dedissem. Etenim si 
summl virl et clarissiml elves Saturnlnl et Gracchorum et 
FlaccI et superiorum compliirium sanguine non modo se 380 
non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe veren- 
dum mihi non erat ne quid hoc parriclda civium inter- 



16 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

fecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi 
ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, 

385 ut invidiam virttite partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 

Quamquam non milll sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea 

quae imminent, non videant aut ea quae vident dissimu- 

lent; qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententils aluerunt 

coniurationemque nascentem non credendo corrobora- 

390verunt; quorum auctoritate multi non solum improbi, 
verum etiam imperltl, si in hunc animadvertissem, crude- 
liter et regie factum esse dlcerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, 
quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tarn 
stultum fore qui non videat coniiirationem esse factam, 

395 neminem tarn improbum qui non f ateatur. Hoc autem 
uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper 
reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se 
eiecerit secumque suos ediixerit et eodem ceteros undique 
collectos naufragos adgregarit, exstinguetur atque dele- 

40obitur non modo haec tarn adulta rei publicae pestis, 
verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. 

All patriots will unite under the guidance of Heaven to save the state 

13. Etenim iam diu, patres conscrlptl, in his periculis 
coniurationis Insidilsque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto 
omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae matiiritas 

405 in nostrl consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto la- 
trocinio iste iinus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve 
quoddam tempus cura et metii esse relevati; perlculum 
autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venls atque in 
vlsceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegrl morbo 

4iogravI, cum aestu febrlque iactantur, si aquam gelidam 
biberunt, prlmo relevarl vident ur, deinde multo gravius 
vehementiusque adfllctantur, sic hie morbus qui est in 
re publica, relevatus istlus poena vehementius reliquls vlvis 
ingravescet. 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 17 




Ruins of the Temple of Jupiter Statob, 

Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, tinum in 415 
locum congregentur, muro denique, quod saepe iam dixi, 
secernantur a nobis ; desinant insidiari doml suae consul!, 
circumstare tribunal praetoris urban!, obsidere cum gladiis 
curiam, malleolos et faces ad mflammanclam urbem com- 
parare; sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cuiusque420 
quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, patres 
conscript!, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tan- 
tam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis 
virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut 
Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta, inltistrata, oppressa, 425 
vindicata esse videatis. 

Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa re! publicae 
salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio 
qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque iunxerunt, pro- 
ficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, Iuppiter, 430 
qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es con- 
stitutus, quern Statorem huius urbis atque imperi vere 
nominamus, hunc et Mius socios a tuis ceterisque templis, 
a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arce- 
bis et homines bonorum inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones435 
Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate 
coniunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. 




[18] 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 

ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 

AD POPULUM 

Cicero announces the departure of Catiline. 

1. Tandem aliquando, Quirltes, L. Catillnam, furentem 
audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molien- 
tem, vobls atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitantem, 
ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emlsimus vel ipsum egredientem 
verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. 5 
Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moeni- 
bus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem 
unum hiiius belli domestic! ducem sine controversia vici- 
mus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia versa- 
bitur; non in campo, non in foro, non in ctiria, non 10 
denique intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco 
ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum 
hoste niillo impediente bellum iustum geremus. Sine 
dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum 
ilium ex occultls Insidils in apertum latrocinium conieci-io 
mus. Quod vero non cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, 
extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, quod el ferrum e 
manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes elves, quod stantem 
urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflic- 
tum et profllgatum putatis ? Iacet ille nunc prostratus, 20 
Quirites, et se perculsum atque abiectum esse sentit et 
retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc urbem, quam e 
19 



1,6° 18° 




Italy in Cicero's Time 



[20] 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 21 

suis faucibus ereptam esse luget; quae quidem mihi 

laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque 

proiecerit. 25 

Why he was allowed to go without arrest. 

2. Ac si quis est talis, quales esse omnes oportebat, qui 
in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me 
vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem non 
comprehenderim potius quam emlserim, non est ista mea 
culpa, Quirltes, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. 30 
Catillnam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridem 
oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum et huius imperi 
severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos 
fuisse putatis qui quae ego deferrem non crederent, quam 
multos qui etiam defenderent? Ac si illo sublato depelll35 
a vobls omne periculum iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. 
Catillnam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vltae 
perlculo sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, ne vobls quidem 
omnibus re etiam turn probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, 
morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus40 
persequl non possem, rem hue deduxl ut turn palam pug- 
nare possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. 

Quern quidem ego hostem, Quirltes, quam vehementer 
forls esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod 
etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus45 
exierit. Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset ! 
Tongilium mihi eduxit, quern amare in praetexta coeperat, 
Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum 
in poplna nullum rei publicae motum adferre poterat; 
rellquit quos viros, quanto aere alieno, quam valentes, 50 
quam nobiles ! 

Cicero's contempt for the conspirators left in the city. 

3. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanls legioni- 
bus et hoc dllectu, quern in agro Plceno et Gallico Q. 



22 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a nobis cotidie com- 

55 parantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus 
desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex 
eis qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum ma- 
luerunt; quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitiis nostri, 
verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. 

6oHos quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, 
quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui 
fulgent purpura, mallem secum suos milites eduxisset ; qui 
si hie permanent, mementote non tam exercitum ilium 
esse nobis quam hos qui exercitum deseruerunt perti- 

65mescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod, 
quid cogitent, me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoven- 
tur. 

Video cui sit Apulia attribtita, quis habeat Etriiriam, 
quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas 

70insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. Omnia 

superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt; 

patefeci in senatii hesterno die. Catilina ipse pertimuit, 

profugit ; hi quid exspectant ? Ne illi vehementer errant, 

si illam meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant 

75 futiiram. 

These men should follow Catiline. 

4. Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes 
factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem publicam 
videretis; nisi vero si quis est, qui Catilinae similes cum 
Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati locus; 

80 severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc conce- 
dam: exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui 
Catilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia 
via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam con- 
sequentur. 

85 fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentinam 
urbis eiecerit ! Uno, mehercule, Catilina exhausto, levata 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 



23 



mihi et recreata res piiblica videtur. Quid enim mall aut 
sceleris fingi aut cogitarl potest quod non ille conceperit ? 
Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis 
slcarius, quis parriclda, quis testamentorum subiector, 90 
quis circumscripta, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, 
quae mulier Infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis cor- 
ruptus, quis perditus invemri potest, qui se cum Catilma 
non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per 
hosce annos sine illo facta est, quod nefarium stuprumgs 
non per ilium? 

lam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis 
inlecebra fuit quanta in illo ? Qui alios ipse amabat tur- 
pissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat; aliis 
fructum libidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo im-100 
pellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc 
vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex 
a g r I s ingentem 
numerum perdito- 
rum hominum col- 
legerat ! Nemo 
non modo Romae, 
sed ne ullo qui- 
dem in angulo 
totlus Italiae op- 
pressus aere alieno 
fuit quern non ad 
hoc incredibile sce- 
leris foedus asci- 
verit. 




A Gladiator's Helmet 



Fate overhangs these 
degenerate traitors. 

5. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione per- 116 
spicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad faci- 



24 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

nus audacior qui se non intimum Catillnae esse fateatur, 
nemo in scaena levior et nequior qui se non eiusdem prope 

120 sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque Idem tamen, stupro- 
rum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame 
et sitl et vigilils perferendls fortis ab istls praedicabatur, 
cum industriae subsidia atque Instrtlmenta virttitis in 
libldine audaciaque consiimeret. 

125 Hunc vero si seciitl erunt sui comites, si ex urbe exierint 
desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, O nos beatos ! 
rem publicam fortunatam ! praeclaram laudem con- 
sulatus mel ! Non enim iam sunt mediocres hominum 
libldines, non hiimanae ac tolerandae audaciae; nihil 

I3ocogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi raplnas. Patri- 
monia sua profiiderunt, forttinas suas obligaverunt ; res 
eos iam prldem deseruit, fides ntiper deficere coepit; 
eadem tamen ilia quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. 
Quodsl in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta 

135 quaererent, essent illl quidem desperandl, sed tamen essent 
ferendl; hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertes homines for- 
tissimls virls Insidiarl, stultissimos prudentissimls, ebriosos 
sobrils, dormientes vigilantibus ? Qui mihi accubantes in 
convlvils, complex! mulieres impudlcas, vino languidl, 

I4oconfertl cibo, sertls redimltl, unguentls obliti, debilitati 
stuprls eructant sermonibus suls caedem bonorum atque 
urbis incendia. 

Quibus ego confldo impendere fatum aliquod, et poenam 
iam diu improbitatl, nequitiae, scelerl, libldinl debitam 

145 aut Instare iam plane aut certe adpropinquare. Quos si 
meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, 
non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propa- 
garit rei publicae. Nulla est enim natio quam perti- 
mescamus, niillus rex qui bellum populo Romano facere 

I50possit. Omnia sunt externa iinlus virtute terra marlque 
pacata; domesticum bellum manet; intus Insidiae sunt, 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 25 




The End of a Roman Banquet 



intus inclusum perlculum est; intus est hostis. Cum 
luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. 
Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, Quirites; suscipio 
inimlcitias hominum perditorum ! Quae sanarl poterunt, 155 
quacumque ratione sanabo; quae resecanda erunt, non 
patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut ex- 
eant aut quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente 
permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. 



1 This illustration taken from a Pompeian wall painting shows very- 
well the Roman custom of reclining at a feast (accubantes in conviviis). 
Notice the little slave putting on his master's shoe ; the second, offering 
the wine cup, and the third, supporting one of the diners who is evidently 
vino languidus. 



26 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

Cicero narrates the arraignment of Catiline. 

160 6. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me eiectum 
in exsilium esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi 
possem, istos ipsos eicerem qui haec loquuntur. Homo 
enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem con- 
sulis ferre non potuit; simul atque ire in exsilium iussus 

165 est, paruit, ivit. 

Hesterno die, Quintes, cum domi meae paene inter- 
fectus essem, senatum in aedem Iovis Statoris convocavi, 
rem omnem ad patres conscrlptos detull. Quo cum 
Catilma venisset, quis eum senator appellavit, quis salii- 

i70tavit, quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum clvem ac non 
potius ut importunissimum hostem? Quln etiam prin- 
cipes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum ad quam ille 
accesserat niidam atque inanem reliquerunt. Hie ego 
vehemens ille consul qui verbo elves in exsilium eicio 

175 quaeslvi a Catilma in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam 
fuisset necne. Cum ille homo audacissimus conscientia 
convictus primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera ; quid ea nocte 
egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quern ad modum 
esset el ratio totlus belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesi- 

lsotaret, cum teneretur, quaeslvi quid dubitaret proficlsci eo 
quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum 
fasces, cum tubas, cum slgna militaria, cum aquilam illam 
argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fecerat, 
scirem esse praemissam. In exsilium eiciebam quern iam 

185 ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, Man- 
lius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, 
bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et ilia castra 
nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in 
exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. 




A Roman Sacrifice, showing Soldiers carrying the Signa 
Militaria 

(Notice also the aquila.) 

[27] 



28 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 




Kuins of the Roman Theatre at Fiesole (Faesulae) 
Cicero is willing to endure unpopularity. 

190 7. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, 
verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. 
Catilma consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumcltisus ac 
debilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, 
deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit, et ex 

195 hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium 
converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non 
obstupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe 
conatiique depulsus, sed indemnatus, innocens in exsilium 
eiectus a consule vi et minis esse dicetur; et erunt qui 

200 ilium, si hoc fecerit, non improbum sed miserum, me non 
diligentissimum consulem sed criidelissimum tyrannum 
existimari velint ! 

Est mihi tanti, Quirltes, htiius invidiae falsae atque inl- 
quae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis htiius horri- 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 29 

bilis belli ac nefarii perlculum depellatur. Dicatur sane 205 
eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed, mihi 
credite, non est ittirus. Numquam ego ab dis immortali- 
bus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. 
Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis voli- 
tare audiatis, sed triduo tamen audietis ; multoque magis 210 
illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium 
emiserim potius quam quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint 
homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dlcant, 
idem, si interfectus esset, quid dlcerent? Quamquam 
istl qui Catilinam Massiliam Ire dictitant, non tarn hoc 215 
queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum tarn miseri- 
cors qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massilienses ire 
malit. Ille autem si, mehercule, hoc quod agit numquam 
antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet 
quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum el nihil adhuc220 
praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque accident, nisi 
quod vlvis nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius ut 
eat in exsilium quam queramur. 

Six classes of men in Catiline's forces. 

8. Sed cur tarn diii de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo 
hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, quia, quod 225 
semper volui, mums interest, non timeo; de his, qui dis- 
simulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil 
dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non 
tarn ulclsci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei 
piiblicae; neque id quare fieri non possit, si me audlre230 
volent, intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex qui- 
bus generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur ; deinde 
singulis medicinam consili atque orationis meae, si quam 
potero, adferam. 



30 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

First : Men of wealth, unwilling to pay their debts. 

235 Unum genus est eorum qui magno in aere alieno maiores 
etiam possessionem habent, quarum amore adducti dissolvi 
niillo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est 
honestissima, sunt enim locupletes; voluntas vero et 
causa impudentissima. Tu agrls, tu aedificiis, tu argento, 

240 tu familia, tii rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et 
dubites de possessione detrahere, adqulrere ad fidem? 
Quid enim exspectas? Bellum? Quid ergo? In vasta- 
tione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futiiras putas ? 
An tabulas novas? Errant qui istas a Catilma ex- 

245 spectant ; meo beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum 
auctionariae ; neque enim istl qui possessiones habent alia 
ratione ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere 
voluissent neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum 
usurls frtictibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et 

250 melioribus clvibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime 
puto pertimescendos, quod aut dediicl de sententia possunt 
aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facttiri 
contra rem ptiblicam quam arma latuii. 

Second : Debtors ambitious for political power. 

9. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam premun- 

255 tur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum 

potiri volunt; honores, quos quieta re ptiblica desperant, 

perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc 

praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et idem quod reli- 

quis omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi 

260 posse; prlmum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, pro- 

videre rel publicae; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis 

virls, magnam concordiam, magnas praeterea copias mlli- 

tum ; deos denique immortales huic invicto populo, claris- 

simo imperio, pulcherrimae urbl, contra tantam vim sceleris 

265 praesentes auxilium esse latiiros. Quodsl iam sint id 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 31 

quod summo furore cupiunt adept!, num illl in cinere urbis 
et in sanguine clvium, quae mente conscelerata ac nefaria 
concupiverunt, consules se aut dictatores aut etiam reges 
sperant futuros ? Non vident id se cupere quod, si adeptl 
sint, fugitlvo alicui aut gladiator! concedi sit necesse? 270 

Third : Sulla's veterans, who hope for the spoils of another war. 

Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen 
exercitatione robustum ; 
quo ex genere iste est 
Manlius cui nunc Cati- 
llna succedit. H! sunt 
homines ex e!s colonils 
quas Sulla constituit ; 
quas ego iiniversas civ- 
ium esse optimorum et 
fortissimorum virorum 
sentio, sed tamen el sunt 
colon! qui se in Insper- 
atis ac repentlnls pecu- 
nils sumptuosius Inso- 
lentiusque iactarunt. 
Hi dum aedificant tam- 
quam beat!, dum prae- 
dils lectls, familils mag- 
nis, convlviis apparatis 
delectantur, in tantum 
aes alienum inciderunt, 
ut, si salvl esse velint, 
Sulla sit els ab Inferls 

., j , • L. Cornelius Sulla. 

excitandus ; qui etiam 

nonntillos agrestes, homines tenues atque egentes, in ean-295 
dem illam spem raplnarum veterum impulerunt. Quos 
ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum dlreptorum- 




32 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



que pono. Sed eos hoc moneo, desinant furere ac pro- 

scrlptiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum 

300 temporum dolor inustus est clvitatl ut iam ista non modo 

homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passtirae esse vide- 

antur. 

Fourth : Hopeless bankrupts. 

10. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et tur- 
bulentum; qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam 

305emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo nego- 
tio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ; 
qui vadimonils, itidiciis, proscrlptione bonorum defatlgatl, 
permultl et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre 
dicuntur. Hosce ego non tarn mllites acres quam Infitia- 

3io tores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines quam prlmum, 
si stare non possunt, corruant, sed ita ut non modo clvitas, 
sed ne vlclnl quidem proximl sentiant. Nam illud non 
intellego, quam ob rem, si vlvere honeste non possunt, 
perlre turpiter velint, aut cur minore dolore peritiiros se 

315 cum multls, quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. 




The Interior of the Carcer To-day 
See note on 1. 319, p. 33. 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 33 

Fifth : Criminals. 

Quintum genus est parricldarum, sicariorum, denique 
omnium facinorosorum. Quos ego a Catillna non revoco ; 
nam neque ab eo divelll possunt, et pereant sane in latroci- 
nio, quoniam sunt ita multi ut eos career capere non possit. 

Sixth : Catiline's body-guard of effeminate debauchees. 

Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum320 
etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilmae 
est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexii eius ac sinu ; 
quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbes aut bene barba- 
tos videtis, manicatis et talaribus tunicis, veils amictos, 
non togis; quorum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi325 
labor in antelucanls cenis expromitur. In his gregibus 
omnes aleatores, omnes adulterl, omnes impiirl impudici- 
que versantur. Hi pueri tarn lepidi ac delicati non solum 
amare et amari, neque saltare et cantare, sed etiam slcas 
vibrare et spargere venena didicerunt. Qui nisi exeunt, 330 
nisi pereunt, etiamsi Catillna perierit, scitote hoc in re 
ptiblica seminarium Catilmarum futurum. Verum tamen 
quid sibi istl miserl volunt? Num suas secum mulier- 
culas sunt in castra ducturi? Quern ad modum autem 
illis carere poterunt, his praesertim iam noctibus? Quo 335 
autem pacto ill! Appennmum atque illas prulnas ac nives 
perferent? Nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem tolerattlros 
putant, quod ntldl in convivils saltare didicerunt. 

The forces of the State contrasted with those of Catiline. 

11. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum hanc 
sit habittirus Catillna scortorum cohortem praetoriam ! 340 
Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn praeclaras Ca- 
tilmae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus. Et 
prlmum gladiator! ill! confecto et saucio consules impera- 



34 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

toresque vestros opponite; deinde contra illam naufra- 

345 gorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totlus Italiae 
ac robur educite. lam vero urbes coloniarum ac muni- 
cipiorum respondebunt Catilmae tumulls silvestribus. 
Neque ego ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra 
cum illlus latronis inopia atque egestate conferre debeo. 

350 Sed si omissis his rebus quibus nos suppeditamur, eget 
ille, senatti, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vectigali- 
bus, ctincta Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris nationibus, 
si his rebus omissis causas ipsas quae inter se confllgunt 
contendere vellmus, ex eo ipso quam valde illl iaceant 

355 intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor ptignat, 
illinc petulantia; hinc pudlcitia, illinc stuprum; hinc 
fides, illinc fraud atio ; hinc pietas, illinc scelus ; hinc con- 
stantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, illinc turpitudo ; hinc 
continentia, illinc libido ; denique aequitas, temperantia, 

360 fortittido, prtidentia, virtutes omnes certant cum inlqui- 
tate, liixuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vitils omnibus; 
postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, 
mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium 
rerum desperatione confllgit. In eius modi certamine ac 

365proelio nonne, si hominum studia deficiant, dl ipsl im- 
mortales cogant ab his praeclarissimls virtiitibus tot et 
tanta vitia superarl? 

The consul calls for vigilance, and warns traitors of punishment. 

12. Quae cum ita sint, Quirltes, vos, quern ad modum 
iam antea dlxl, vestra tecta vigilils custodilsque defendite ; 

37omihi, ut urbl sine vestro motti ac sine ullo tumultu satis 
esset praesidl, consultum atque provlsum est. ColonI 
omnes miinicipesque vestrl certiores a me factl de hac 
nocturna excursione Catillnae facile urbes suas flnesque 
defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissi- 

375 mam fore putavit, quamquam animo meliore sunt quam 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 35 




A Gladiator's Shield and Greaves 



pars patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. 
Q. Metellus, quern ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum 
Plcenumque praemlsl, aut opprimet hominem aut eius 
omnes motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquls autem de 
rebus constituency's, maturandls, agendis iam ad senatum380 
referemus, quem vocarl videtis. 

Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui 
contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catillna 
relict! sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt 
elves, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas;)85 
adhtic si cui solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod 
latebat erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum 
obllviscl meam hanc esse patriam, me horum esse con- 
sulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his esse morien- 
dum. Ntillus est portis custos, ntillus Insidiator viae; si 390 
qui exire volunt, conlvere possum. Qui vero se in urbe 
commoverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum 
tillum conatumve contra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in 



36 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



39i hac urbe esse consules vigilantes, esse egregios magistra- 
tes, esse fortem senatum, 
esse arma, esse carcerem, 
quern vindicem nefariorum 
ac manifestorum scelerum 
maiores nostri esse volue- 
runt. 

Order will be restored by the 
aid of the gods. 

13. Atque haec omnia 
sic agentur, Quirltes, ut 
maximae res minimo motii, 
pericula summa ntillo tum- 
ultii, bellum intestmum ac 
domesticum post hominum 
memoriam crtidelissimum 
et maximum me uno togato 
duce et imperatore sedetur. 
Quod ego sic administrabo, 
Quirites, ut, si Ullo modo 
fieri poterit, ne improbus 
quidem quisquam in hac 
urbe poenam sui sceleris 
sufTerat. Sed si vis mani- 
festae audaciae, si impen- 
dens patriae periculum me 
necessario de hac animl 
lenitate deduxerit, illud 
profecto perficiam, quod in 
tanto et tarn msidioso bello 
422 vix optandum videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat 
paucorumque poena vos omnes salvi esse possitis. 

Quae quidem ego neque mea prtidentia neque humanis 




An Orator in the Toga 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 37 

consiliis fretus polliceor vobls, Quirltes, sed multis et non425 
dubils deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego 
ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus; qui 
iam non procul, ut quondam solebant ; ab externo hoste 
atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo ntimine atque 
auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos430 
vos, Quirltes, precari, venerarl, implorare debetis, ut, quam 
urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, 
hanc omnibus hostium copils terra manque superatis a 
perditissimorum civium nefario scelere defendant. 





M. TULLI CICERONIS 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 



AD POPULUM 



Cicero congratulates the Roman people on their safety. 
/ 
" 1. Rem publicam, Quintes, vitamque omnium vestrum, 

bona, fortunas, coniuges llberosque vestros, atque hoc 
domicilium clarissimi imperi, fortunatjjssimam pulcher- 
rimamque ( nrbem, _hodierno die deofum immortalium 

I 5 summo ei^a ws amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculls mels 
e flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et 
vobls conservatam ac restitutam videtis. Et si non minus 
nobis iucundi atque inlustres sunt el dies qmbus conser- 
vamur quam illl quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa 

lolaetitia est, nascendi incerta condicio, et quod sine sensii 
nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, profecto, quoniam 
ilium qui hanc urbem condidit, ad deos immortales bene- 
volentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque 
vestros in honore debebit is qui eandem hanc urbem con- 
38 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 39 

ditam amplificatamque servavit. I Nam toti jirbi , templls, 15 
delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam Ignes 
circumdatosque restinximus ; idemque gladios in rem 
publicam destrictos rettudimus mucronesque eorum a 
iugulis vestris deiecimus. Quae quoniam in senatu inliis- 
trata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, vobis iam exponam 20 
breviter, Quirltes, ut et quanta et quam manifesta et qua 
ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, ^os," qui et Igno- 
ratis et exspectatis, scire possltis. jx 

^*"Principio, ut Catilma paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, 
cum sceleris sui socios, htiiusce nefarii belli acerrimos25 
duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavl et provldi, 
Quirltes, quern ad modum in tantis et tarn absconditis In- 
sidiis salvi esse possemus. 

How written evidence was secured against the conspirators. 

2. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catillnam eiciebam (non 
enim iam vereor huius verb! invidiam, cum ilia magis sit 30 
timenda, quod vlvus exierit), sed turn, cum ilium exter- 
minarl volebam, aut reliquam coniiiratorum manum simul 
exittiram aut eos qui restitissent, Tnflrmos sine illo ac 
debiles fore putabam. Atque ego ut vldl quos maximo 
furore et scelere. esse inflammatos sciebam, eos nobiscum 35 
esse et Romae remlnsigse, in eo omnes dies noctesque con- 
siimpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid mollrentur, sejrtlr^m ac 
vidirem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredibilem 
magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, 
rem ita comprehenderem, ut turn demum animis saltitl^b / 
vestrae provideretis., cum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis.^ ., 
Itaque, ut comperl legatos Allobrogum belli Transalpini 
et tumultus Gallic! excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse solli- 
citatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos elves eodemque itinere 
cum litteris mandatlsque ad Catillnam esse missos, comi-45 
temque els aditinctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic 




[40] 



OKATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 41 

esse ad Catillnam datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam 
putavl, ut, quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper 
optabam ab dis immortalibus, ut tota res non solum a me, 
sed etiam a senatti et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. so 

Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C . Pomptmum prae- 
tores, fortissimos, atque amantissimos rei ptiblicae viros, 
ad me vocavlTrem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi. 
IllI autem, quromnia de re piiblica praeclara atque egregia 
sentlrent, sine reciisatione ac sine ulla mora negotium sus- 55 
ceperunt, et cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem Mul- 
^mmTpervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis vlllis ita J}ipertito 
fuerunt ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. \ Eodem 
autem et ipsi sine ctiiusquam susplcione multos fortes 
viros edtixerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatina complures60 
delectos adulescentes, quorum opera iitor adsidue in rei 
ptiblicae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. Interim tertia 
fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem Mulvium magno 
comitatu legati Allobrogum ingredi inciperent unaque Vol- 
turcius, fit in eos impetus ; edticuntur et ab illis gladii et a 65 
nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota soils, ignorabatur a 
ceteris. 

How the conspirators and the Gallic envoys were brought before the 
Senate. 

3. Turn interventu Pomptml atque Flacci pugna quae 
erat commissa sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in 
eo cornitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur ;7lpsI70 
comprehensi ad me, cum iam pMucJsceret, deduciifetur. 
Atque horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machina - 
torem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me nihil dum sus- 
jDicantem vocavi; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius 
et post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus 75 
venit, credo quod in litterls dandis praeter consuetudinem 
proxima nocte yigiJjj'at.I 



42 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

Cum summis et clarissimls huius dvitatis viris, qui 
audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras a 

some prius aperlri quam ad senatum deferrl placeret, ne, si 
nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus iniec- 
tus civitatl videretur, negavl me esse facturum, ut de perl- 
culo publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram 
deferrem. Etenim, Quirites, si ea quae erant ad me 

Sodelata, reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar in 
tantls rei piiblicae perlculis esse mihi nimiam diligentiam 
pertimescendam. jSenatum fr^queniem celeriter, ut vidis- 
tis 7< coegi. AtquFTnterea statim a dmonit u Allobrogum C. 
Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum , misl, qui ex aedibus 

9oCethegI, si quid telorum ^ssejb, efferret; ex quibus ille 
maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit. 

The testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls before the Senate. 

4. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis; fidem publicam 
iussti senatus dedi ; hortatus sum ut ea quae sciret sine 
timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno 

95timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad Catilmam 
mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio titeretur, ut 
ad urbem quam primum cum exercitti accederet ; id autem 
eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quern ad 
modum discrlptum distributumque erat, incendissent cae- 

100 demque Infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui 
et fugientes exciperet et se cum his urbanis ducibus 
coniungeret. 

IntroductI autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras ab 
Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse 

105 dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praesciip- 
tum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent; 
pedestres sibi copias non defuturas. Lentulum autem sibi 
conflrmasse ex fatis Sibylllnls haruspicumque responsls se 
esse tertium ilium Cornelium, ad quern regnum huius urbis 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 



43 




The Cumaean Sibyl with the Sibylline Books 1 

atque imperium pervenire esset necesse; Cinnam ante seno 
et Sullam fuisse. Eundemque dixisse fatalem hunc 
annum esse ad interitum hums urbis atque imperi, qui 
esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post 
Capitoll autem incensionem vicesimus. Hanc autem 
Cethego cum ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod lis 
Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem 
incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 



Four conspirators identify their letters and confess their guilt. 
5. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussi- 
mus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Prlmo ostendimus 
Cethego signum; cognovit. Nos linum incidimus, legi-120 
mus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et 
populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facttirum 

1 See note on line 108, p. 42. 



44 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

esse; orare ut item ill! facerent quae sibi eorum legati 
recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen 

125 de gladils ac sicls quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa re- 
spondisset, dlxissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum 
studiosum fuisse, recitatis litterls debilitatus atque abiectus 
conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius ; 
cognovit et slgnum et manum suam. Recitatae sunt 

130 tabellae in eandem fere sententiam ; confessus est. Turn 
ostendi tabellas Lentulo et quaeslvl cognosceretne slgnum. 
Adnuit. 'Est vero/ inquam, 'notum quidem slgnum, 
imago avi tui, clarissimi viri, qui amavit iinice patriam et 
elves suos; quae quidem te a tanto scelere etiam miita 

i35revocare debuhV 

Leguntur eadem ratione ad senatum Allobrogum popu- 
lumque litterae. Si quid de his rebus dlcere vellet, feci 
potestatem. Atque ille prlmo quidem negavit; post 
autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, 

liosurrexit; quaeslvit a Gallis quid sibi esset cum els, quam 
ob rem domum suam venissent, itemque a Volturcio. 
Qui cum illl breviter const ant er que respondissent, per 
quern ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaeslssentque ab 
eo nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibylllnis lociitus, turn ille 

145 subito scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset osten- 
dit. Nam cum id posset Infitiarl, repente praeter opmionem 
omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium 
illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam 
propter vim sceleris manifestl atque deprehensl impuden- 

150 tia, qua superabat omnes, improbitasque defecit. 

Volturcius vero subito litteras proferrl atque aperlrl 
iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catillnam datas esse dicebat. 
Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et 
slgnum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine 

155 nomine, sed ita : ' Quis sim, scies ex eo quern ad te mlsl. 
Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quern in locum sis progressus. 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 45 

Vide ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi 
auxilia adiungas, etiam mfimorum.' Gablnius deinde in- 
troduces, cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad 
extremum nihil ex els quae Galli insimulabant negavit. 160 
Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa sunt 
argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, 
denique iinius ciiiusque confessio ; turn multo certiora ilia, 
color, ocull, vultiis, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant, 
sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnumquam inter sese 165 
aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se 
ipsl viderentur. 

The Senate praises the consuls and praetors, decrees custody for the 
traitors, and a solemn thanksgiving to the gods. 

6. Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum con- 
sulu! de summa re ptiblica quid fieri placeret. Dictae 
sunt a prlncipibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, 170 
quas senatus sine ulla varietate est sectitus. Et quoniam 
nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria 
vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. 

Primum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod vir- 
ttite, consilio, providentia mea res publica maximis periculls 175 
sit liberata. Deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praetores, 
quod eorum opera fortl fidellque tisus essem, merito ac 
iiire laudantur. Atque etiam viro fortl, collegae meo, laus 
impertitur, quod eos qui huius coniurationis participes 
fuissent, a suis et a rel ptiblicae consiliis removisset. Atque 180 
ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetiira abdicasset, 
in custodiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Sta- 
tilius, P. Gablnius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custo- 
diam traderentur; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. 
Cassium, qui sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depo-185 
poscerat; in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores 
Apuliam attribiitam esse erat indicatum; in P. Furium, 



46 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

qui est ex els colonls quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit; in 
Q. Annium Chllonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat 

190 in hac Allobrogum sollicitatione versatus; in P. Um- 
brenum, libertlnum hominem, a quo prlmum Gallos ad 
Gablnium perductos esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate 
senatus est iisus, Quirites, ut ex tanta coniuratione tanta- 
que hac multitudine domesticorum hostium novem homi- 

195 num perditissimorum poena re publica conservata, reli- 
quorum mentes sanari posse arbitraretur. 

Atque etiam supplicatio dls immortalibus pro singular! 
eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi prlmum 
post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his decreta 

200 verbis est, 'quod urbem incendiis, caede elves, Italiam 
bello liberassem.' Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris sup- 
plicationibus conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene 
gesta, haec una conservata . re publica constituta est. 
Atque illud quod faciendum prlmum fuit, factum atque 

205 transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam patef actls 
indicils, confessionibus suls, iudicio senatus non modo 
praetoris ills, verum etiam clvis amlserat, tamen magi- 
stratii se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo 
viro, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil 

2ionominatim erat decretum, praetorem occlderet, ea nos re- 
ligione in prlvato P. Lentulo punienclo llberaremur. 

The victory of the state could not have been won easily with Cati- 
line in the city. 

7. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissiml perlcu- 
losissimlque belli nefarios duces captos iam et compre- 
hensos tenetis, exlstimare debetis omnes Catillnae copias, 
2i5omnes spes atque opes his depulsls urbis perlculls con- 
cidisse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc 
providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catillna non mihi 
esse P. Lentull somnum nee L. CassI adipes nee C. Cethegi 




A Roman Sacrifice 
(The Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in the background) 



[47] 



48 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat unus 

220timendus ex istls omnibus, sed tarn diii dum urbis moeni- 
bus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditiis tenebat ; 
appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat. Erat el 
consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque manus 
neque lingua deerat. lam ad certas res conficiendas cer- 

225 tos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque vero, 
cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat; nihil erat 
quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret ; frigus, 
sitim, famem ferre poterat. 

Hunc ego hominem tarn acrem ; tarn audacem, tarn para- 

230 turn, tarn callidum, tarn in scelere vigilantem, tarn in 
perditis rebus diligentem, nisi ex domesticis Insidiis in 
castrense latrocinium compulissem (dicam id quod sentio, 
Quirltes), non facile hanc tantam molem mall a cervicibus 
vestris depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituis- 

235 set, neque tanto ante exitl ac fati diem rei ptiblicae de- 
ntintiavisset, neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae 
suae testes manifestl sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae 
nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt ut nullum in privata 
domo furtum umquam sit tarn palam inventum quam 

240 haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque 
deprehensa est. Quodsi Catilma in urbe ad hanc diem 
remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius con- 
siliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levissime dicam, 
dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset, neque nos umquam, 

245 cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculls rem publicam 
tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus. 

The will of the gods was clearly shown. 

8. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirltes, ita sunt a me ad- 

ministrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio 

et gesta et provlsa esse videantur. Idque cum coniectura 

250consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humani consili tan- 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTXA 49 



The Bronze Wolf of the Capitol 

tarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, turn vero ita 
praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, 
ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omit- 
tam, visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces ardorem- 
que caeli, ut fulminum iactiis, ut terrae motus relinquam, 255 
ut omittam cetera, quae tarn mult a nobis consulibus facta 
sunt, ut haec quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales vide- 
rentur, hoc certe, quod sum dicttirus, neque praetermitten- 
dum neque relinquendum est. 

Nam profecto memoria tenetis Cotta et Torquato con- 260 
sulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse percussas, 
cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum 
hominum deiectae et legum aera liquefacta et tactus 
etiam ille qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, quern in- 
auratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactantem uberibus265 
luplnis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tem- 
pore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes 



50 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile ac 
domesticum et totlus urbis atque imperi occasum adpro- 

27opinquare dlxerunt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione pla- 
catl, suo ntimine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 

Itaque illorum responsis turn et ltidi per decern dies 
fact! sunt, neque res tilla quae ad placandos deos pertineret 
praetermissa est. Idemque iusserunt simulacrum Iovis 

275 f acere maius et in excelso conlocare et contra, atque antea 
fuerat, ad orientem convertere; ac se sperare dlxerunt, si 
illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiam- 
que conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia quae clam essent inita 
contra salutem urbis atque imperi, inlustrarentur, ut a 

2sosenatu populoque Romano perspicl possent. Atque illud 
signum conlocandum consules illl locaverunt; sed tanta 
fuit operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus neque 
1 nobis ante hodiernum diem conlocaretur. 

A new statue to Jupiter, by whom the magistrates were guided. 

9. Hie quis potest esse, Quirites, tarn aversus a vero, 

285 tarn praeceps, tarn mente captus, qui neget haec omnia 

quae videmus, praecipueque hanc urbem deorum immor- 

talium nutti ac potestate administrarl ? Etenim cum 

esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei pu- 

blicae compararl, et ea per elves, quae turn propter mag- 

29onitudinem scelerum nonnullis incredibilia videbantur, ea 

non modo cogitata a nefarils clvibus verum etiam sus- 

cepta esse sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est ut 

nutu Iovis OptimI MaximI factum esse videatur, ut, 

cum hodierno die mane per forum meo iussti et conitiratl 

295 et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae dticerentur, eo 

ipso tempore signum statueretur? Quo conlocato atque 

ad vos senatumque converso, omnia quae erant contra 

salutem omnium cogitata, inlustrata et patefacta vldistis. 

Quo etiam maiore sunt istl odio supplicioque dlgnl qui non 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 



51 



solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, seel etiam deorum 300 

templls atque delubrls sunt funestos ac nefarios ignes 

Inferre conati. Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium • 

mihi sumam et non) sini fe'rendua Ille, ille Iuppiter re- 
^ stitit ; ille Capi- 

tolium, ille haec 
£templa| ille cunc- 

tam urbem, ille 

vos omnes salvos 

esse voluit. Dls 

ego immortalibus 

ducibus hanc 

mentem, Quirltes, 

voluntatemque 

suscepi atque ad 

haec tanta in- 
dicia perveni. 

lam vero ab Len- 

tulo ceterisque 

domesticis hos- 

tibus tarn de- 

menter tantae res 

creditae et ig- 

notis et barbaris 

commissaeque 

litterae num- 

quam essent pro- 

fecto, nisi ab dls 

immortalibus 

huic tantae au- Jupiter 

daciae consilium 2 

esset ereptum. Quid vero ? Ut homines Gall! ex clvitate 
male pacata, quae gens una restat, quae bellum populo Ro- 
mano facere et posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperi 




52 M. TULLI CICERONIS 



A Roman Sacrificial Procession 

ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus 
335oblatam neglegerent vestramque salutem suis opibus 
anteponerent, id non divinitus esse factum putatis, prae- 
sertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superare 
potuerint ? 

This conspiracy compared with former civil dissensions. 

\ 

10. Quam ob rem, Quintes, quoniam ad omnia pul- 

340vmaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum 

coniugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores 

dis immortalibus iiisti habiti sunt ac debitl, sed profecto 

itistiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac 

miserrimo interitu ; sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exer- 

345citti, sine dimicatione, togati me uno togato duce et im- 

peratore vicistis. Etenim recordamini, Quirltes, omnes 

civlles dissensiones, non solum eas quas audistis, sed eas 

quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. 

Sulpicium oppressit ; C. Marium, custodem huius urbis, 

35omultosque fortes viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim 

interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 



53 




A Roman Sacrificial Procession 



collegam; omnis hie locus acervls corporum et civium 
sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario ; 
turn vero clarissimls virls interfectis lumina dvitatis ex- 
stincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem 355 
postea Sulla ; ne did quidem opus est quanta deminutione 
civium et quanta calamitate rel pfiblicae. Dissensit M. 
Lepidus a clarissimo et fortissimo viro Q. Catulo ; attulit 
non tarn ipslus interitus rel ptiblicae luctum quam cetero- 
rum. 360 

Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius modi 
quae non ad delendam, sed ad commiitandam rem pub- 
licam pertinerent. Non ill! nullam esse rem publicam, 
sed in ea quae esset se esse principes, neque hanc urbem 
conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunO Atque 365 
illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rel 
ptiblicae quaesivit, eius modi fuerunt ut non reconcilia- 
tione concordiae, sed internecione civium dliudicatae sint. 
In hoc autem tino post hominum memoriam maximo crti- 
delissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria370 



54 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



371 cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, 
Catilma, Cethego, Cassio constitufca, ut omnes qui salva 

urbe salvi esse pos- 
sent, in hostium nu- 
mero diicerentur, ita 
me gessi, Quirites, ut 
salvi omnes conserva- 
remini ; et, cum hostes 
vestri tantum civium 
superfuturum putas- 
sent quantum Infini- 
tae caedi restitisset, 
tantum autem urbis 
quantum flamma obire 
non potuisset, et ur- 
bem et elves integros 
incolumesque servavl. 

Cicero's own reward. 

11. Quibus pro tan- 
tis rebus, Quirites, 
nullum ego a vobis 
praemium virtutis, 
nullum Insigne hono- 
ris, nullum monumen- 
tum laudis postulo 
praeterquam huius 
die! memoriam sempi- 
ternam. In animis ego vestris omnes triumphos meos, om- 
nia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis insignia 
condi et conlocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, 
400 nihil taciturn, nihil denique eius modi quod etiam minus 
dlgni adsequl possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, nostrae 




A Roman in the Toga, sacrificing 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 55 

res alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumentls 
inveterascent et corroborabuntur ; eandemque diem intel- 
lego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad 
saliitem. urbis et ad memoriam consulates mei, tinoque405 
tempore in hac re publica duos elves exstitisse, quorum 
alter fines vestrl imperi non terrae sed caell regionibus ter- 
minaret, alter eiusdem imperi domicilium sedesque servaret. 

Cicero's safety depends upon his fellow-citizens. His personal am- 
bition. 



4 



12. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessi, non 
eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum qui externa 410 
bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum els vivendum est quos vici 
ac subegT, ill! hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos reli- 
querunt, vestrum est, Quirltes, si ceteris facta sua recte 
prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes 
enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne4io 
vobis nocere possent, ego provldl ; ne mihi noceant ves- 
trum est providere. Quamquam, Quirltes, mihi quiclem 
ipsi nihil ab istis iam nocerl potest. Magnum enim est 
in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum compara- 
tum est; magna in re publica dlgnitas, quae me semper 420 
tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui negie- 
gunt, cum me violare volent, se. ipsi indicabunt. 

Est enim in nobis is animus, Quirltes, ut non modo 
nulllus audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro 
semper lacessamus. Quodsl omnis impetus domestioorum 425 
hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit, 
vobis erit videndum, Quirltes, qua condicione posthac eos 
esse velltis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae 
periculisque omnibus ; mihi quidem ipsi quid est quod 
iam ad vltae fmctum possit adqulrl, cum praesertim neque 430 
in honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis quicquam videam 
altius quo mihi libeat ascendere? 



56 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



/illud perficiam profecto, Quirltes, ut ea quae gessi in 
eonsulatu prlvatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est 

435 invidia in conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat invidos, 
mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re ptiblica 
tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim, ctiremque 
ut ea virtute, non casti gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quirl- 
tes, quoniam iam est nox, veneratl Iovem ilium, custo- 

440 dem htiius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite; et 
ea, quamquam iam est perlculum depulsum, tamen aeque 
ac priore nocte custodils vigiliisque defendite. Id ne 
vobis diutius faciendum sit atque ut in perpetua pace esse 
possltis, providebq^/ 




A Roman Altar 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 

ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUAKTA 
HABITA IN SENATU 

The consul declares his will to suffer for his country. 

1. Video, patres conscript!, in me omnium vestrum ora 
atque oculos esse conversos; video vos non solum de 
vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, 
de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iticunda in malis 
et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed earn, per 5 
deos immortales, deponite atque obliti saliitis meae de 
vobis ac de vestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio 
consulattis data est, ut omnes acerbitates, omnes dolores 
cruciattisque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum 
etiam libenter, dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque 10 
Romano dignitas saltisque pariatur. 

Ego sum ille consul, patres conscriptl, cui non forum, in 
quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus consularibus 
auspicils consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium 
omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non 15 
lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris 
umquam vacua mortis periculo atque Insidiis fuit. Ego 
multa tacul, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo 
quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc 
exitum consulatiis mei di immortales esse voluerunt, ut20 
vos populumque Romanum ex caede miserrima, coniuges 
liberosque vestros virginesque Vestales ex "acerbissima 
vexatione, templa atque deltibra, hanc pulcherrimam 
57 




[58] 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 



59 



patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam 

Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi : 

iini proponetur 

fortiina, subeatur. 

Etenim si P. Len- 

tulus suum nomen 

inductus a vati- 

bus fatale ad per- 

niciem rel publicae 

fore putavit, cur 

ego non laeter 

meum consulatum 

ad salutem popull 

Roman! prope fa- 

talem exstitisse? 

The Senate must pro- 
vide for this crisis, 
which is the grav- 
est of all. 

2. Quare, patres 
conscriptl, consuli- 
te vobis, prospicite 
patriae, conservate 

VOS, COniugeS, ll- A Vestal Virgin 

beros fortunasque 

vestras, popull Roman! nomen salutemque defendite ; mihi 45 
parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo 
sperare omnes deos qu! huic urb! praesident, pro eo mihi 
ac mereor relatiiros esse gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, 
aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors 
fort! viro potest accidere neque immatura consular! nee 50 
misera sapient!. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qu! 
fratris carissim! atque amantissimi praesentis maerore non 




60 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

movear, horumque omnium lacrimls a quibus me circum- 
sessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non doraura saepe 

55revocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metii filia et parvulus 
fllius, quern mihi videtur amplectl res ptiblica tamquam 
obsidem consulates mei, neque ille qui exspectans huius 
exitum diel stat in conspectti meo, gener. Moveor his 
rebus omnibus, sed in earn partem, uti salvl sint voblscum 

Goomnes, etiamsl me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius quam et 
illl et nos una rei publicae peste pereamus. 

Quare, patres conscrlpti, incumbite ad salutem rei 
publicae, circumspicite omnes procellas quae impendent 
nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus 

65plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios conci- 
tare conatus est, non L. Saturnlnus, quod C. Memmium 
occldit, in discrlmen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis 
iudicium addiicitur; tenentur el qui ad urbis incendium, 
ad vestram omnium caedem, ad Catillnam accipiendum 

70 Romae restiterunt ; tenentur litterae, slgna, mantis, deni- 
que tinlus ciiiusque confessio; sollicitantur Allobroges, 
servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur ; id est initum con- 
silium, ut interfectls omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum 
quidem popull Roman! nomen atque ad lamentandam 

75tantl imperl calamitatem relinquatur. 

The prisoners have been condemned, but their punishment must be 
decided before nightfall. 

3. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessl sunt, 
vos multls iam iudicils iudicavistis : primum quod mihi 
gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtiite atque 
dlligentia perditorum hominum coniiirationem patefactam 
80 esse decrevistis; deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare 
praettira coegistis; turn quod eum et ceteros, de quibus 
hldicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis; maximeque 
quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 61 

togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die 
praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistisss 
amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut el qui in 
custodiam nominatim dati sunt, sine tilla dubitatione a 
vobis damnati esse videantur. 

Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, tam- 
Cjuam integrum, et de facto quid iiidicetis et de poena 90 
quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt consulis. Ego 
magnum in re piiblica versari furorem et nova quaedam 
misceri et concitari mala iam pridem videbam ; sed hanc 
tantam, tarn exitiosam haberi coniurationem a civibus 
numquam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae 95 
mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante 
noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit videtis. 
Huic si paucos putatis adfines esse, vehementer erratis. 
Latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum; manavit 
non solum per Italiam verum etiam transcendit Alpes, etioo 
obscure serpens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id 
opprimi sustentando aut prolatando niillo pacto potest; 
quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 

Silanus proposes death as a punishment; Caesar, life-imprisonment. 

4. Video duas adhiic esse sententias : finam D. Silani, 
qui censet eos qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esseios 
multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam re- 
movet, ceterorum suppliciorum Omnes acerbitates am- 
plectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum 
magnitiidine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos 
qui nos omnes vita privare conati sunt, qui delere im-110 
perium, qui populi Romani nomen exstinguere, punctum 
temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritti non putat 
oportere; atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos 
cives in hac re piiblica esse ustirpatum recordatur. 

Alter intellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus non esse 115 



62 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

supplier causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae 
aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem esse. Itaque earn 
sapientes numquam invltl, fortes saepe etiam libenter 
oppetlverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, certe ad 

120 singularem poenam nefaril sceleris inventa sunt. Muni- 
cipiis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res inlquita- 
tem, si imperare veils; difficultatem, si rogare. Decer- 
natur tamen, si placet. Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero, 
reperiam qui id quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, 

125 non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gra- 
vem poenam municipils, si quis eorum vincula ruperit; 
horribiles custodias circumdat et dlgnas scelere hominum 
perditorum; sancit ne quis eorum poenam quos con- 
demnat aut per senatum aut per populum levare possit; 

i3oeripit etiam spem, quae sola homines in miseriis consolari 
solet. Bona praeterea publican iubet. Vltam solam relin- 
quit nefarils hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multos una 
dolores animi atque corporis et omnes scelerum poenas 
ademisset. Itaque ut aliqua in vita formldo improbls 

I35esset posita, apud Inferos eius modi quaedam illl antlqul 
supplicia impils constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet 
intellegebant his remotls non esse mortem ipsam perti- 
mescendam. 

It would be safer to adopt the proposal of Caesar, the popular leader. 

5. Nunc, patres conscrlptl, ego mea video quid inter- 
140 sit. Si eritis secutl sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc 
is in re piiblica viam quae popularis habetur sectitus est, 
fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore huiusce 
sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendl ; sin 
illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotl contrahatur. 
145 Sed tamen meorum perlculorum rationes utilitas rel pub- 
licae vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, slcut ipslus dlg- 
nitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 63 

tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. 
Intellectum est quid interesset inter levitatem contiona- 
torum et animum vere popularem, saluti populi consulen- 150 
tern. 

Video de istis qui se populares haberi volunt, abesse 
non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum 
sententiam ferat. Is et niidius tertius in custodiam elves 
Romanos dedit et supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices 155 
hesterno die maximls praemiis adfecit. lam hoc neminl 
dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitorl gratulationem, 
indicl praemium decrerit, quid de tota re et causa iudi- 
carit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam 
esse de clvibus Romanls constittitam ; qui autem rel pub- ieo 
licae sit hostis, eum civem esse niillo modo posse; deni- 
que ipsum latorem Semproniae legis iniussu populi poenas 
rel piiblicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largl- 
torem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi 
RomanI, exitio huius urbis tarn acerbe, tarn crudeliter 165 
cogitarit, etiam appellarl posse popularem. Itaque homo 
mltissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum 
aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit in posterum 
ne quis huius supplicio levando se iactare et in pernicie 
populi RomanI posthac popularis esse possit. Adiungit 170 
etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnes animl cruciatus 
et corporis etiam egestas ac mendlcitas consequatur. 

But no punishment can be too severe for crimes so unnatural. 

6. Quam ob rem, slve hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi 
comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iiicundum ; 
slve Sllani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me atque 175 
vos a crtidelitatis vituperatione populo Romano purgabo, 
atque obtinebo earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, 
patres conscrlptl, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris im- 
manitate punienda crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu 



64 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

I8oiudico. Nam ita mihi salva re publica voblscum perfrul 
liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non 
atroeitate animl moveor (quis enim est me mltior?) sed 
singular! quadam htlmanitate et misericordia. Videor 
enim mihi videre hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque 

185 arcem omnium gentium, subito tino incendio concidentem ; 
cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque msepultos 
acervos clvium; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus 
Cethegi et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. 

Cum vero mihi proposui regnantem Lentulum, sicut 

190 ipse se ex fatis sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse 
huic Gabmium, cum exercitii venisse Catillnam, turn 
lamentationem matrum familias, turn fugam virginum 
atque puerorum ac vexationem virginum Vestalium per- 
horresco ; et, quia mihi vehementer haec videntur misera 

195 atque miseranda, idcirco in eos qui ea perficere voluerunt 
me severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si 
quis pater familias, liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore 
occlsa, incensa domo, supplicium de servo non quam 
acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac misericors 

200 an inhumanissimus et criidelissimus esse videatur ? Mihi 
vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatu 
nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in 
his hominibus, qui nos, qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros 
trucidare voluerunt, qui smgulas unlus cuiusque nostrum 

2osdomos et hoc universum rel publicae domicilium delere 
conatl sunt, qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in 
vestigiis huius urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperl 
conlocarent, si vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habe- 
bimur; sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis 

210 crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda 
est. 

Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et amantissi- 
mus rel publicae, crudelior ntidius tertius visus est, cum 




[65] 



66 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et 

215 audientem vita prlvandum esse dixit, cum avum suum 
iussu consulis interfectum filiumque eius impuberem, 
legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit. 
Quorum quod simile factum ? Quod initum delendae rei 
ptiblicae consilium ? Largitionis voluntas turn in re pub- 

220 blica versata est et partium quaedam contentio. Atque 
illo tempore huius avus Lentull, vir clarissimus, armatus 
Gracchum est perseciitus. Ille etiam grave turn vulnus 
accepit, ne quid de summa re publica deminueretur ; hie 
ad evertenda rei piiblicae fundamenta Gallos arce sit, 

225servitia concitat, Catillnam vocat, attribuit nos trucldan- 
dos Cethego et ceteros elves interficiendos Gablnio, urbem 
Inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam dlripien- 
damque Catillnae. VereaminI, censeo, ne in hoc scelere 
tarn immanl ac nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse vid- 

230 eaminl ; multo magis est verendum ne remissione poenae 
crudeles in patriam quam ne severitate animadversionis 
nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse videamur. 

The unanimity of good citizens of all classes. 

7. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscrlptl, dissimulare 
non possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad 

235aures meas, eorum qui vererl videntur ut habeam satis 
praesidl ad ea quae vos statueritis hodierno die transigenda. 
Omnia et provlsa et parata et constittita sunt, patres con- 
scrlptl, cum mea summa cura atque dlligentia, turn etiam 
multo maiore populi RomanI ad summum imperium retinen- 

240 dum et ad communes fortunas conservandas voluntate. 
Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium gener- 
um, omnium denique aetatum ; plenum est forum, plena 
templa circum forum, plenl omnes adittis huius tempi! ac 
loci. Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa 

245 sola in qua omnes sentlrent unum atque idem, praeter eos 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 67 

qui, cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus 
potius quam soli perlre voluerimt. 

Hosce ego homines excipio et secerno libenter, neque in 
improborum clvium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium 
numero habendos puto. Ceteri vero, dl immortales ! qua 250 
frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem 
dignitatemque consentiunt ! Quid ego hie equites Ro- 
manos commemorem? qui vobls ita summam ordinis 
consillque concedunt ut voblscum de amore rel publicae 
certent ; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius 255 
ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus 
dies voblscum atque haec causa coniungit. Quam si con- 
iunctionem, in consulate conflrmatam meo, perpetuam in 
re ptlblica tenuerimus, conflrmo vobls nullum posthac 
malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam rel publicae partem 260 
esse venturum. Pari studio defendendae rel publicae con- 
venisse video tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros ; scrlbas 
item universos, quos cum casii hie dies ad aerarium fre- 
quentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem com- 
munem esse conversos. Omnis ingenuorum adest mul-265 
tittido, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis est enim cui non haec 
templa, aspectus urbis, possessio llbertatis, lux denique 
haec ipsa et commune patriae solum cum sit carum turn 
vero dulce atque iucundum? 

Even freedmen and slaves show their loyalty and good will. 

8. Operae pretium est, patres conscrlptl, llbertlnorum 270 
hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam 
huius clvitatis consectitl vere hanc suam esse patriam 
iudicant, quam quldam hie natl, et summo natl loco, non 
patriam suam sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed 
quid ego hosce homines ordinesque commemoro, quos 275 
privatae fortiinae, quos communis res publica, quos deni- 
que llbertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae 



68 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

defendendam excitavit? Servus est nemo qui modo 
tolerabili condicione sit servittitis, qui non audaciam 

280civium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare cupiat, qui non 
quantum audet et quantum potest conferat ad communem 
salutem voluntatis. 

Quare si quern ve strum forte commovet hoc, quod audi- 
tum est, lenonem quendam Lentull concursare circum 

285tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium 
atque imperitorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tempta- 
tum, sed null! sunt inventl tarn aut fortuna miser! aut 
voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque operis 
et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cublle ac lectulum 

290suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae 
salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum qui 
in tabernis sunt, immo vero (id enim potius est dicendum) 
genus hoc universum amantissimum est oti. Etenim 
omne mstrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus frequen- 

295 tia civium sustentatur, alitur otio ; quorum si quaestus 
occlusis tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futfi- 
rum fuit? 

Quae cum ita sint, patres conscriptl, vobis populi 
Roman! praesidia non desunt; vos ne populo Romano 

30odeesse videamini providete. 

The foundation of the government must never hereafter be shaken. 

9. Habetis consulem ex plurimls periculis et Insidiis 
atque ex media morte non ad vltam suam, sed ad salutem 
vestram reservatum. Omnes ordines ad conservandam 
rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce 
305 consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et telis impiae coniurationis 
vobis supplex manus tendit patria communis; vobis se, 
vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis arcem et Capitolium, 
vobis aras Penatium, vobis ilium Ignem Vestae sempiter- 
num, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 69 




A Painting from a Household Shrine 
(Pompeii) 

muros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra 310 
vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque llberorum anima, de 
fortums omnium, de sedibus, de focls vestris hodierno die 
vobls iudicandum est. 

Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblltum sui, quae non 
semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordines, omnes3i5 
homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civil! 
causa hodierno die primum videmus, tinum atque idem 
sentientem. Cogitate quantis laboribus fundatum im- 
perium, quanta virtute stabilltam libertatem, quanta deo- 
rum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas, una nox320 
paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo conficl, 
sed ne cogitarl quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die 
providendum est. Atque haec, non ut vos, qui mihi 
studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, loctitus sum, sed ut 
mea vox, quae debet esse in re ptiblica prmceps, officio 325 
functa consular! videretur. 



70 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



Whatever may befall the consul, he will never repent of his course. 

10. Nunc, antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca 
dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam 

videtis esse permagnam, 
tantam me inimlcorum 
multitudinem suscepisse 
video ; sed earn esse iudico 
turpem et mfirmam et 
abiectam. QuodsT ali- 
quando alicuius furore et 
scelere concitata manus 
ista plus valuerit quam 
vestra ac rel publicae dlg- 
nitas, me tamen meorum 
factorum atque consilio- 
rum numquam, patres 
conscript!, paenitebit. 
Etenim mors, quam ill! 
f ortasse minitantur, omni- 
bus est parata ; vitae tan- 
tam laudem, quanta vos 
me vestris decretls hon- 
estastis, nemo est adsecti- 
tus. Ceteris enim bene 
350 gesta, mihi uni conservata re publica gratulationem decre- 
vistis. 

Sit Scipio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute Hanni- 
bal in Africam redlre atque Italia decedere coactus est; 
ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbes huic 
355imperio Infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiamque, dele- 
vit; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum rex 
potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit ; 
sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et 




Scipio Africanus, the Elder 



ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 71 

metu servitutis libera vit ; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, 
cuius res gestae atque virtutes Isdem quibus solis cursus360 
regionibus ac terminls continentur; erit prof ec to inter 
horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius 
est patefacere nobis provincias quo exlre posslmus, quam 
curare ut etiam illl qui absunt habeant quo victores rever- 
tantur. 365 

Quamquam est iino loco condicio melior externae vic- 
toriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut op- 
pressl serviunt aut receptl in amlcitiam beneficio se obli- 
gatos putant ; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia 
aliqua depravatl, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos 370 
cum a pernicie rel piiblicae reppuleris, nee vl coercere nee 
beneficio placare possls. Qaare mihi cum perditls clvibus 
aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro 
bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum perl- 
culorum, quae non modo in hoc populo qui servatus est, 375 
sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper 
haerebit, a me atque a mels facile propulsarl posse confldo. 
Neque tilla profecto tanta vis reperiefcur, quae coniunc- 
tionem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam con- 
splrationem bonorum omnium confringere et labef actare 380 
possit. 

Cicero asks for nothing but the recollection of his consulship, and 
protection for his son. 

11. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro 
provincia quam neglexl, pro triumpho ceterlsque laudis 
Inslgnibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salu- 
tis custodiam repudiata, pro clientells hospitilsque pro- 385 
vincialibus, quae tamen urbanls opibus non minore labore 
tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro 
mels in vos singularibus studils, proque hac quam per- 
spicitis ad conservandam rem publicam dlligentia, nihil a 



72 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

39ovobis nisi huius temporis totiusque mei consulates me- 
moriam postulo ; quae dum erit in vestrls flxa mentibus, 
tutissimo me miiro saeptum esse arbitrator. Quod si 
meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, 
commendo vobls parvum meum fllium, cui profecto satis 

395 erit praesidl non solum ad saliitem verum etiam ad dig- 
nitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo sollus perlculo conser- 
varit, ilium filium esse memineritis. 

Quapropter de summa salute vestra popullque Roman!, 
de vestrls coniugibus ac llberls, de arls ac focls, de fanis 

400 atque templls, de totius urbis tectls ac sedibus, de imperio 
ac llbertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re piiblica decer- 
nite dlligenter, ut Instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum 
consulem qui et parere vestrls decretls non dubitet et ea 
quae statueritis, quoad vlvet, defendere et per se ipsum 

405praestare possit. 




Marcus Tullius Cicero 
(From the bust in the Uffizi) 



[73] 




[74] 



M. TULLl CICERONIS 

DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI 

AD QUIRlTES ORATIO 

Cicero's first address before the popular assembly. 

1. Quamquam mihi semper frequens conspectus vester 
multo iticundissimus, hie autem locus ad agendum am- 
plissimus, ad dlcendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirites, 
tamen hoc aditti laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime 
patuit, non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vltae meaes 
rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam 
cum antea per aetatem nondum htiius auctoritatem loci 
attingere auderem statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum 
ingenio, elaboratum industria adferri oportere, omne meum 
tempus amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi. 10 
Ita neque hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab els qui vestram 
causam defenderent, et meus labor in privatorum perlculis 
caste integreque versatus ex vestro iudicio fructum est 
amplissimum consecutus. Nam cum propter dilationem 
comitiorum ter praetor primus centurils cunctis reniintia- 15 
tus sum, facile intellexi, Quirites, et quid de me iiidicaretis 
et quid alils praescriberetis. 

Nunc cum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, quantum 
vos honoribus mandandls esse voluistis, et ad agendum 
facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilant! ex forensi 20 
usti prope cotldiana dicendi exercitatio potuit adferre, 
certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos iitar qui 
earn mihi declerunt, et si quid in dlcendo consequi possum, 
75 



76 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



els ostendam potissimum qui ei quoque rei friictum suo 
25iudicio tribuendum esse duxerunt. Atque illud in prlmls 

mihi laetandum iiire 
esse video, quod in hac 
Insolita mihi ex hoc 
loco ratione dicendi 
causa talis oblata est 
in qua oratio deesse 
nemini possit. Dlcen- 
dum est enim de Cn. 
Pompei singularl ex- 
imiaque virtiite ; htiius 
autem orationis diffi- 
cilius est exitum quam 
prmcipium invenlre. 
Ita mihi non tarn copia 
quam modus in dlc- 
endo quaerendus est. 

The situation in the East. 
The main points to be 
considered. 
Cn. PompIius 

2. Atque ut inde 
oratio mea proficiscatur unde haec omnis causa diicitur, 
bellum grave et periculosum vestrls vectigalibus ac sociis 

45 a duobus potentissimis regibus mfertur, Mithridate et 
Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, alter lacessitus occasionem 
sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitratur. 
Equitibus Romanls, honestissimis viris, adferuntur ex 
Ada cotidie litterae, quorum magnae res aguntur in 

50 vestrls vectigalibus exercendis occupatae ; qui ad me, 
pro necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine, causam 
rei publicae perlculaque rerum suarum detulerunt; 
Blthyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos 




DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 77 

esse complures ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod flnitimum 
est vestrls vectigalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate55 
L. Lticullum magnls rebus gestls ab eo bello discedere ; 
huic qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad tantum 
bellum administrandum ; unum ab omnibus socils et 
clvibus ad id bellum imperatorem depose! atque expetl, 
eundem hunc unum ab hostibus metul, praeterea neminem. 60 

Causa quae sit videtis; nunc quid agendum sit con- 
siderate. Prlmum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de 
magnitudine, turn de imperatore deligendo esse dlcendum. 
Genus est enim belli eius modi quod maxime vestros ani- 
mos excitare atque Inflammare ad persequendl studium65 
debeat ; in quo agitur popull RomanI gloria, quae vobis a 
maioribus cum magna in omnibus rebus turn summa in 
re militari tradita est; agitur salus sociorum atque aml- 
corum, pro qua multa maiores vestrl magna et gravia 
bella gesserunt ; aguntur certissima popull RomanI vectl- 70 
galia et maxima, quibus amissls et pacis ornamenta efc 
subsidia belli requiretis ; aguntur bona multorum clvium, 
quibus est a vobis et ipsorum et rel piiblicae causa con- 

sulendum. 

The honor of Rome must be maintained. 

3. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter cet-75 
eras gentes atque avidl laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis 
ilia macula Mithridatico bello superiore concepta, quae 
penitus iam Insedit ac nimis inveteravit in popull RomanI 
nomine, quod is qui fino die, tota in Asia, tot in clvitati- 
bus, tino niintio atque una slgnificatione litterarum elves 80 
Romanos omnes necandos trucldandosque denotavit, non 
modo adhuc poenam nullam suo dlgnam scelere suscepit, 
sed ab illo tempore annum iam tertium et vlcesimum 
regnat ; et ita regnat ut se non PontI neque Cappadociae 
latebrls occultare velit, seel emergere ex patrio regno 85 
atque in vestrls vectlgalibus, hoc est in Asiae luce, versarl. 



78 M. TULLI CICERONIS 




The Triumph of a Roman General 1 
(From a Eoman sarcophagus) 

Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contenderunt im- 
peratores ut ab illo Insignia victoriae, non victoriam re- 
portarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena 

90 de Mithridate, duo fortissimi viri et summi imperatores, 
sed ita triumpharunt ut ille pulsus superatusque reg- 
naret. Verum tamen illls imperatoribus laus est tribu- 
enda quod egerunt, venia danda quod reliquerunt, 
propterea quod ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam res piiblica, 

93 Murenam Sulla revocavit. 

The strength of Mithridates. The services of Pompey and Lucullus. 

4. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non ad 
oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi con- 
tulit; qui postea, cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque 
classes exercittisque permagnos quibuscumque ex genti- 
100 bus potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanls, finitimls suis, 
bellum inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legatos ac 
litteras misit ad eos duces quibuscum turn bellum gere- 
bamus, ut, cum duobus in locis disiunctissimls maxime- 
que diversis iino consilio a binis hostium copiis bellum 

1 Notice the captives kneeling ; the crown and the palm, both em- 
blematic of victory. 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 79 

terra marique gereretur, vos ancipitl contentione district! 105 
de imperio dlmicaretis. 

Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertorianae atque 
Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmament! ac roboris habe- 
bat, Cn. Pompei divlno consilio ac singular! virtiite depul- 
sum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucullo, summo viro, 110 
est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna 
atque praeclara non fellcitatl eius sed virtiitl, haec autem 
extrema, quae ntiper acciderunt, non culpae sed fortiinae 
tribuenda esse videantur. Sed de Liicullo d!cam alio loco, 
et ita dlcam, Quintes, ut neque vera laus el detracta ora- 115 
tione mea neque falsa adficta esse videatur; de vestri 
imper! d!gnitate atque gloria, quoniam is est exorsus 
orationis meae, videte quern vob!s animum suscipiendum 
putetis. 

The allies of Rome are in danger; they silently appeal for Pompey's 
aid. 

5. Maiores nostr! saepe mercatoribus aut naviculari!s 120 
nostris initiriosius tractatis bella gesserunt; vos, tot mili- 
bus civium Romanorum tino nuntio atque uno tempore 
necat!s, quo tandem animo esse debetis? Legat! quod 
erant appellat! superbius, Corinthum patres vestr!, totius 
Graeciae lumen, exstmcfum esse voluerunt; vos eumi25 
regem inultum esse patiemin!, qu! legatum popul! Ro- 
man! consularem vinculls ac verberibus atque omn! sup- 
plicio excruciatum necavit? 111! l!bertatem imminutam 
c!vium Romanorum non tulerunt; vos ereptam vltam 
neglegetis? Ills legationis verbo violatum ill! persecut!i30 
sunt ; vos legatum omn! supplicio interfectum relinquetis ? 
Videte ne, ut illis pulcherrimum fuit tantam vob!s imper! 
gloriam tradere, sic vobls turpissimum sit id quod accepis- 
tis, tuerl et conservare non posse. 

Quid ? Quod salus sociorum summum in periculum ac 135 



80 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

discrimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis? 
Regno est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius popull Ro- 
man! atque amicus; imminent duo reges toti Asiae non 
solum vobis inimicissimi, sed etiam vestrls sociis atque 

140 amicis ; clvitates autem omnes ciincta Asia atque Graecia 
vestrum auxilium exspectare propter periculi magnitudi- 
nem coguntur; imperatorem a vobis certum deposcere, 
cum praesertim vos alium mlseritis, neque audent neque 
se id facere sine summo periculo posse arbitrantur. Vident 

145 et sentiunt hoc idem quod vos, unum virum esse in quo 
summa sint omnia, et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent 
aegrius; cuius adventii ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille 
ad maritimum bellum venerit, tamen impetus hostium 
repressos esse intellegunt ac retardatos. Hi vos, quoniam 

isolibere loqul non licet, tacite rogant ut se quoque, sicut 
ceterarum provinciarum socios, dignos existimetis quorum 
.salutem tali viro commendetis; atque hoc etiam magis, 
quod ceteros in provinciam eius modi homines cum im- 
pend mittimus, ut etiamsi ab hoste defendant, tamen 

155 ipsorum adventus in urbes sociorum non multum ab hos- 
tili exptignatione differant. Hunc audiebant antea, nunc 
praesentem vident tanta temperantia, tanta mansue- 
ttidine, tanta hurnanitate, ut el beatissiml esse videantur, 
apud quos ille diutissime commoratur. 

The revenues of the state are imperiled. 

160 6. Quare si propter socios, nulla ipsi iniuria lacessiti, 
maiores nostrl cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum Aetolls, 
cum Poenls bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit 
iniuriis provocatos sociorum salutem una cum imperi 
vestri dlgnitate defendere, praesertim cum de maximis 

1G5 vestrls vectigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum 
vectigalia, Quirltes, tanta sunt ut els ad ipsas provincias 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 81 

tutandas vix content! esse posslmus ; Asia vero tarn oplma 
est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate frtic- 
tuum et magnitudine pastionis et multitudine earum 
rerum quae exportentur facile omnibus terrls antecellat. no 
Itaque haec vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem 
et pads dignitatem retinere vultis, non modo a calamitate 
sed etiam a metti calamitatis est defendenda. Nam in 
ceteris rebus cum venit calamitas, turn detrlmentum accipi- 
tur; at in vectlgalibus non solum adventus mall sed 175 
etiam metus ipse adfert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium 
copiae non longe absunt, etiamsi irruptio nulla facta est, 
tamen pecuaria relinquitur, agrl culttira deseritur, merca- 
torum navigatio conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu neque 
ex decumls neque ex scrlptura vectlgal conservarl potest ; 180 
quare saepe totlus annl frtictus iino rumore perlcull atque 
tino belli terrore amittitur. 

Quo tandem animo esse exlstimatis aut eos qui vectl- 
galia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exercent atque exigunt, 
cum duo reges cum maximls copils propter adsint, cum 185 
una excursio equitatus perbrevl tempore totlus annl vec- 
tlgal auferre possit, cum publican! familias maximas quas 
in saltibus habent, quas in agrls, quas in portubus atque 
custodils, magno perlculo se habere arbitrentur? Puta- 
tisne vos illls rebus frul posse, nisi eos qui vobis frtictuli90 
sunt conservaritis non solum, ut ante dlxl, calamitate sed 
etiam calamitatis formldine llberatos ? 

The private fortunes of Roman citizens are affected. 

7. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, quod 
mihi ego extremum proposueram cum essem de belli 
genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona clvium Ro-195 
manorum pertinet; quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia, 
Quirites, habenda est ratio dlligenter. Nam et publican!, 



82 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

homines honestissiml atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et 
copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum 

200 per se res et forttmae vobis curae esse debent. Etenim si 
vectlgalia nervos esse rel publicae semper duximus, eum 
certe ordinem qui exercet ilia firmamentum ceterorum 
ordinum recte esse dlcemus. 

Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavl atque in- 

205dustrii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absen- 
tibus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia 
pecunias magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur hiimani- 
tatis vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate 
prohibere, sapientiae videre multorum civium calamita- 

210 tern a re publica seiiinctam esse non posse. Etenim pri- 
mum illud parvi refert, nos piiblicanis omissis vectlgalia 
postea victoria recuperare; neque enim Isdem redimendi 
facultas erit propter calamitatem neque alils voluntas 
propter timorem. 

215 Deinde, quod nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithri- 
dates initio belli Asiatic! docuit, id quidem certe calami- 
tate doctl memoria retinere debemus. Nam turn, cum in 
Asia res magnas permultl amlserant, sclmus Romae solti- 
tione impedlta fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una 

220 in clvitate multl rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures 
secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo perlculo 
prohibete rem publicam, et mihi credite, id quod ipsi 
videtis: haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum quae 
Romae, quae in foro versatur, implicata est cum illis 

225 pectinils Asiaticls et cohaeret ; ruere ilia non possunt, ut 
haec non eodem labefacta motu concidant. Quare videte, 
num dubitandum vobis sit omnl studio ad id bellum in- 
cumbere, in quo gloria nominis vestrl, saltis sociorum, 
vectlgalia maxima, forttinae plurimorum civium conitinctae 

230 cum re publica defendantur. 

r 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 83 

Lucullus must be praised for his great achievements. 

8. Quoniam de genere belli dixl, nunc de magnitiidine 
pauca dlcam. Potest enim hoc did, belli genus esse ita 
necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum ut sit 
pertimescendum. In quo maxime laborandum est ne 
forte ea vobis, quae diligentissime providenda sunt, con- 235 
temnenda esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intellegant 
me L. Lucullo tantum impertlre laudis, quantum fortl 
viro et sapientl hominl et magno imperatorl debeatur, 
dico eius adventti maximas MithridatI copias omnibus 
rebus ornatas atque instructas fuisse, urbemque Asiae240 
clarissimam nobisque amlcissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam 
esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et oppiignatam 
vehementissime, quam L. Lucullus virtute, assiduitate, 
consilio, summis obsidionis periculis libera vit; ab eodem 
imperatore classem magnam et ornatam, quae ducibus245 
SertorianTs ad Italiam studio Inflammata raperetur, supe- 
ratam esse atque depressam; magnas hostium praeterea 
copias multis proeliis esse deletas, patefactumque nostris 
legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano ex 
omnl aditii clausus fuisset ; Sinopen atque Amisum, qui- 250 
bus in oppidls erant domicilia regis, omnibus rebus orna- 
tas ac refertas, ceterasque urbes Ponti et Cappadociae 
permultas tino aditii adventuque esse captas; regem 
spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios se reges atque 
ad alias gentes supplicem contulisse ; atque haec omnia 255 
salvis populT RomanI sociis atque integris vectlgalibus esse 
gesta. Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, Quirites, 
ut hoc vos intellegatis, a niillo istorum qui huic obtrec- 
tant legi atque causae, L. Liicullum similiter ex hoc loco 
esse laudatum. 260 



84 M. TULLI CICERONIS 



The escape of Mithridates, the rising of many eastern nations, the 
retreat of Lucullus, and the defeat of part of his army. 

9. Requiretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, cum 
haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. 
Cognoseite, Quirites; non enim hoc sine causa quaeri 
videtur. Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit 

265 ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur, 
quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra in eis locis, 
qua se parens persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut eorum col- 
lectio dispersa maerorque patrius celeritatem persequendi 
retardaret. Sic Mithridates fugiens maximam vim aurl 

270 atque argenti pulcherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et 
a maioribus acceperat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia 
direptas in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem 
reliquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia diligentius, rex 
ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio 

275maeror, hos laetitia tarda vit. 

Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex Armenius, 
excepit diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit et adflictum 
erexit perditumque recreavit. Ciiius in regnum postea- 
quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam 

280 gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Erat 
enim metus iniectus els nationibus quas numquam popu- 
lus Romanus neque lacessendas bello neque temptandas 
putavit; erat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio 
quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fani locu- 

285 pletissimi et religiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras nos- 
trum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes multae atque 
magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. 
Noster autem exercitus, tametsi urbem ex Tigranis regno 
ceperat et proeliis us.us erat secundis, tamen nimia longin- 

29oquitate locorum ac desiderio suorum commovebatur. 




185] 



86 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

Hie iam plura non dlcam; fuit enim illud extremum, 
ut ex els locis a militibus nostrls reditus magis maturus 
quam processio longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem 
et suam manum iam conflrmarat, et eorum qui se ex 

295ipslus regno collegerant, et magnls adventicils auxilils 
multorum regum et nationum iuvabatur. Nam hoc fere 
sic fieri solere accepimus, ut regum adfllctae fortunae 
facile multorum opes adliciant ad misericordiam, maxi- 
meque eorum qui aut reges sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut 

300 els nomen regale magnum et sanctum esse videatur. 
Itaque tantum victus efncere potuit quantum incolumis 
numquam est ausus optare. Nam cum se in regnum 
suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus quod el praeter 
spem acciderat, ut illam, posteaquam pulsus erat, terram 

305umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum clarum 
atque victorem impetum fecit. 

Sinite hoc loco, Quirltes, sicut poetae solent qui res 
Romanas scrlbunt, praeterlre me nostram calamitatem, 
quae tanta fuit ut earn ad aures imperatoris non ex proelio 

3ionuntius, sed ex sermone rtimor adferret. Hie in illo ipso 
malo gravissimaqiie belli offensione L. Lucullus, qui 
tamen aliqua ex parte els incommodls mederi fortasse 
potuisset, vestro iussu coactus, quod imperl diuturnitatl 
modum statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, partem 

3i5mllitum qui iam stlpendils confecti erant dlmlsit, partem 
M'. GlabrionI tradidit. 

Multa praetereo consulto, sed ea vos coniectura per- 
spicite, quantum illud bellum factum putetis, quod 
coniungant reges potentissiml, renovent agitatae nationes, 

320 suscipiant integrae gentes, novus imperator noster accipiat 
vetere exercitu pulso. 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 87 

In Pompey are the four qualifications of a good general. First : 
knowledge of warfare. 

10. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor quare esset 
hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine peri- 
culosum ; restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo 
ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dlcendum esse videatur. 325 
Utinam, Quirltes, virorum fortium atque innocentium 
copiam tantam haberetis ut haec vobls dellberatio difficilis 
esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto bello 
praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero cum sit unus Cn. 
Pompeius qui non modo eorum hominum qui nunc sunt 330 
gloriam, sed etiam antlquitatis memoriam virtute superarit, 
quae res est quae cuiusquam animum in hac causa dubium 
facere possit? Ego enim sic exlstimo, in summo impera- 
tore quattuor has res inesse oportere, scientiam rel mlli- 
taris, virtutem, auctoritatem, fellcitatem. 335 

Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut 
esse debuit? qui e liido atque pueritiae discipllnls bello 
maximo atque acerrimls hostibus ad patris exercitum 
atque in mllitiae discipllnam profectus est ; qui extrema 
pueritia miles in exercitti fuit summl imperatoris, ineunte 340 
adulescentia maximl ipse exercitus imperator ; qui saepius 
cum hoste confllxit quam quisquam cum inimlco concer- 
tavit, plura bella gessit quam ceterl legerunt, pltires pro- 
vincias confecit quam alii concuplverunt ; cuius adules- 
centia ad scientiam rel mllitaris non alienls praeceptls, 345 
sed suls imperils, non offensionibus belli, sed victorils, 
non stlpendiis, sed triumphls est erudlta. Quod denique 
genus esse belli potest in quo ilium non exercuerit forttina 
rel publicae? Civile, Africanum, Transalplnum, His- 
paniense mixtum ex clvitatibus atque ex bellicosissimls 350 
nationibus, servile, navale bellum, varia et dlversa genera 
et bellorum et hostium non solum gesta ab hoc uno sed 



88 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

etiam confecta nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam 
mllitari, quae huius viri scientiam fugere possit.. 

Second qualification : ability. Pompey's is attested by many nations. 

355 11. lam vero virttitl Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio 
par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum 
aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre? 
Neque enim illae sunt solae virtiites imperatoriae quae 
vulgo existimantur, labor in negotiis, fortitudo in perl- 

360 culls, industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, con- 
silium in providendo ; quae tanta sunt in hoc iino quanta 
in omnibus reliquls imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut 
audivimus, non fuerunt. 

Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla huius 

365virtiite et subsidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est 
Sicilia, quam multis undique clnctam perlculis non terrore 
belli sed consill celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa, 
quae magnis oppressa hostium copils eorum ipsorum 
sanguine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legioni- 

370 bus nostrls iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione pate- 
factum est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime pliirimos 
hostes ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis 
est iterum et saepius Italia, quae, cum servili bello taetro 
periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente ex- 

375 petivit ; quod bellum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque 
imminutum est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum. Testes 
nunc vero iam omnes sunt orae atque omnes exterae 
gentes ac nationes, denique maria omnia cum universa, 
turn in singulis oris omnes sinus atque porttis. 

380 Quis enim toto marl locus per hos annos aut tarn flrmum 
habuit praesidium ut tutus esset, aut tarn fuit abditus ut 
lateret? Quis navigavit qui non se aut mortis aut ser- 
vitiitis perlculo committeret, cum aut hieme aut referto 
praedonum marl navigaret? Hoc tantum bellum, tarn 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 89 

turpe, tarn vetus, tarn late divlsum atque dispersum, quis 385 
umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatoribus uno 
anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore confici posse ? 
Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus liberam per 
hosce annos? Quod vectlgal vobis tutum fuit? Quern 
socium defendistis ? Cui praesidio classibus vestrls fuistis ? 390 
Quam multas exlstimatis Insulas esse desertas, quam 
multas aut metu relictas aut a praedonibus captas urbes 
esse sociorum ? 

The long struggle with the pirates was soon ended by Pompey. 

12. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro? Fuit hoc 
quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani longe a domo395 
bellare et propugnaculls imperi sociorum forttinas, non 
sua tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hos 
annos clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercittis vestri num- 
quam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint ? Qui 
ad vos ab exteris nationibus venirent, captos querar, cum 400 
legati populi Romani redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum 
mare non fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in prae- 
donum potestatem pervenerint? Cnidum aut Colopho- 
nem aut Samum, nobilissimas urbes, innumerabilesque 
alias captas esse commemorem, cum vestros portus, atque 405 
eos portus quibus vitam ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum 
fuisse potestate sciatis ? An vero ignoratis portum Caietae 
celeberrimum ac plenissimum navium Inspectante prae- 
tore a praedonibus esse direptum ; ex Mlseno autem eius 
ipsius llberos, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi bellumiio 
gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos? Nam quid ego 
Ostiense incommodum atque illam labem atque igno- 
miniam reT ptiblicae querar, cum prope mspectantibus 
vobis classis ea cui consul populi Romani praepositus 
esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est? Pro di4is 
immortales ! tantamne unius hominis incredibilis ac 




[90] 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 91 

divina virtus tarn brevi tempore lticem adferre rel pfib- 
licae potuit, ut vos qui modo ante ostium Tiberinum 
classem hostium videbatis, el nunc ntillam intra Oceani 
ostium praedonum navem esse audiatis? 420 

Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam videtis, 
tamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. Quis 
enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendi quaes- 
tus studio tarn brevi tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus 
conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tantl425 
belli impetus navigavit? Qui nondum tempestivo ad 
navigandum marl * Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit, in 
Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec tria frumentaria 
subsidia rel publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque 
munivit. Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus His- 430 
paniis et Gallia Transalpine praesidiis ac navibus confir- 
mata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam 
omnemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo maria maximis 
classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit; ipse autem 
ut Brundisio profectus est, undequmquagesimo die totam435 
ad imperium populi Roman! Ciliciam adiunxit; omnes 
qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique 
sunt, partim tinius huius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. 
Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum tisque in Pamphyliam 
legatos deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non 440 
ademit obsidesque imperavit. It a tantum bellum, tarn 
diuturnum, tarn longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes 
gentes ac nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema 
hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate 
confecit. 445 

Pompey's moral qualities. His scrupulous honesty. 

13. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus impera- 
toris. Quid ? Ceterae quas paulo ante commemorare 
coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt? Non enim 



92 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

bellandi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore 

4ooquaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae huius ad- 
ministrae comitesque virtiitis. Ac primum quanta inno- 
centia debent esse imperatores, quanta deinde in omnibus 
rebus temperantia, quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto 
ingenio, quanta hiimanitate ! Quae breviter qualia sint 

455 in Cn. Pompeio consideremus. Summa enim omnia sunt, 
Quirltes, sed ea magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa 
per sese cognoscl atque intellegl possunt. 

Quern enim imperatorem possum us ullo in numero 
putare cuius in exercitii centuriattis veneant atque venie- 

46orint? Quid hunc hominem magnum aut amplum de re 
ptiblica cogitare, qui pecuniam ex aerario depromptam 
ad bellum administrandum aut propter cupiditatem pro- 
vinciae magistratibus dlvlserit aut propter avaritiam 
Romae in quaestti reliquerit ? Vestra admurmuratio facit, 

465 Quirltes, ut agnoscere videaminl qui haec fecerint; ego 
autem nomino neminem ; quare IrascI mihi nemo poterit, 
nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter hanc 
avaritiam imperatorum quantas calamitates, quocumque 
ventum sit, nostri exercitus ferant, quis ignorat ? Itinera 

470 quae per hosce annos in Italia per agros atque oppida 
civium Romanorum nostri imperatores fecerint, recorda- 
mini; turn facilius statuetis quid apud exteras nationes 
fieri existimetis. Utrum pltires arbitramini per hosce 
annos militum vestrorum armls hostium urbes an hiber- 

475 nls sociorum civitates esse deletas? Neque enim potest 
exercitum is continere imperator qui se ipse non continet, 
neque severus esse in ifidicando qui alios in se severos 
esse iiidices non vult. 

Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris, 

480 cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint ut non modo 
manus tantl exercitus sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam 
pacato nocuisse dlcatur? lam vero quern ad modum 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 93 

mllites hibernent, cotidie sermones ac litterae perferuntur ; 
non modo ut sumptum faciat in mllitem neminl vis adfer- 
tur, sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis 485 
enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostri in sociorum 
atque amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. 

His self-control, good faith, and kindness. 

14. Age vero, ceteris in rebus qua sit temperantia, 
considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tarn in- 
credibilem cursum inventum putatis? Non enim ilium 490 
eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudlta quaedam gubernandi 
aut ventl aliqui novi tarn celeriter in ultimas terras per- 
tulerunt, sed eae res quae ceteros remorari solent non 
retardarunt ; non avaritia ab Instituto cursii ad praedam 
aliquam devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoeni- 495 
tas ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, 
non denique labor ipse ad quietem; postremo signa et 
tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae 
ceteri tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda 
quidem existimavit. 500 

Itaque omnes nunc in els locis Cn. Pompeium sicut 
aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo delapsum 
intuentur. Nunc denique incipiunt credere fuisse homines 
Romanos hac quondam continentia, quod iam nationibus 
exterls incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum videbatur. 505 
Nunc imperi vestri splendor illls gentibus lucem adferre 
coepit. Nunc intellegunt non sine causa maiores suos 
turn, cum ea temperantia magistrates habebamus, servire 
populo Romano quam imperare aliis maluisse. Iam vero 
ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberae queri-sio 
moniae de aliorum initiriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dlg- 
nitate principibus excellit, facilitate Infimis par esse 
vddeatur. 

Iam quantum consilio, quantum dlcendi gravitate et 



94 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

5i5copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dlgnitas impera- 
toria, vos, Quirltes, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. 
Fidem vero eius quantam inter socios exlstimarl putatis, 
quam hostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam iiidi- 
carint? Humanitate iam tanta est ut difficile dictti sit 

520utrum hostes magis virttitem eius pugnantes timuerint an 
mansuetudinem victl dllexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit 
quin huic hoc tantum bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad 
omnia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda dlvlno quodam 
consilio natus esse videatur? 

Third qualification of a general : personal influence. 

525 15. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis adminis- 
trandls multum atque in imperio mllitarl valet, certe 
neminl dubium est quin ea re Idem ille imperator plurimum 
possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella adminis- 
tranda' quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostrls 

530 existiment, quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in tantis 
rebus ut aut contemnant aut metuant aut oderint aut 
ament opmione non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione 
certa commoveri? Quod igitur nomen umquam in orbe 
terrarum clarius fuit? Cuius res gestae pares? De quo 

535homine vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et 
tarn praeclara iudicia fecistis? An vero tillam tisquam 
esse oram tarn desertam putatis quo non illius die! fama 
pervaserit, cum iiniversus populus Romanus, referto foro 
completlsque omnibus templls, ex quibus hie locus con- 

540 spiel potest, unum sibi ad commune omnium gentium 
bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depoposcit? 

Itaque, ut plura non dlcam neque aliorum exemplls 
conflrmem quantum auctoritas valeat in bello, ab eodem 
Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiilrum exempla suman- 

545 tur; qui quo die a vobls maritimo bello praepositus est 
imperator, tanta repente vllitas annonae ex summa inopia 



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Cn. Pompeius Magnus 



[95] 



96 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



et caritate re! frumentariae consecuta est unlus hominis 
spe ac nomine, quantam vix ex summa ubertate agrorum 
diuturna pax efficere potuisset. 
550 lam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio de quo 
vos paulo ante invitus admonui, cum socii pertimuissent, 
hostium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium 
provincia non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad 
ipsum discrlmen eius temporis divlnitus Cn. Pompeium 

ad eas regiones f ortuna 
popull Roman! attulis- 
set. Huius adventus 
et Mithridatem Insol- 
ita Inflammatum vic- 
toria continuit et 
Tigranem magnls 
copiis minitantem 
Asiae retardavit. Et 
quisquam dubitabit 
quid virtute perfec- 
turus sit, qui tantum 
auctoritate perfecerit, 
aut quam facile im- 
perio atque exercitti 
socios et vectigalia 
conservatiirus sit, qui 
ipso nomine ac rumore 
def enderit ? 

Fourth qualification of a 
general: good fortune. 

16. Age vero ilia res 
quantam declarat 
eiusdem hominis apud 
hostes popull Roman! 




DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 



97 




auctoritatem, quod 
ex locls tarn longin- 
quls tamque dlversls 
tarn brevi tempore 
omnes huic se iinl 
dediderunt ! Quod 
Cretensium legatl, 
cum in eorum Insula 
noster imperator ex- 
ercitusque esset, ad 
Cn. Pompeium in 
ultimas prope terras 
venerunt, eique se 
omnes Cretensium 
civitates dedere velle 
dixerunt ! Quid ? 
Idem iste Mithridates 
nonne ad eundem Cn. 
Pompeium legatum 
usque in Hispaniam 
mlsit ? Eum quern 
Pompeius legatum 
semper itidicavit, el 
quibus erat molestum 
ad eum potissimum 
esse missum, specula- 

torem quam legatum iudicari maluerunt ? Potestis igitur 
iam constituere, Quirites, hanc auctoritatem, multis postea 605 
rebus gestis magnisque vestrls iudicils amplincatam, quan- 
tum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes vali- 
turam esse existimetis. 

Reliquum est ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se 
ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero6io 
possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum, 



M. Claudius Marcellus 



98 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

timide et pauca dlcamus. Ego enim sic exlstimo, Maximo, 
Marcello, Sclpionl, Mario, et ceteris magnls imperatoribus 
non solum propter virttitem sed etiam propter fortunam 

6issaepius imperia mandata atque exercitiis esse commissos. 
Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis virls quaedam ad 
amplitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene geren- 
das dlvlnitus aditincta fortuna. De huius autem hominis 
felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione 

62odIcendl, non ut in illlus po testate fortunam positam esse 
dlcam, sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videa- 
mur, ne aut invlsa dls immortalibus oratio nostra aut 
ingrata esse videatur. 

Itaque non sum praedicaturus quantas ille res domi 

625mllitiae, terra manque quantaque felicitate gesserit, ut 
eius semper voluntatibus non modo elves adsenserint, socil 
obtemperarint, hostes oboedierint, sed etiam ventl tem- 
pestatesque obsecundarint. Hoc brevissime dlcam, ne- 
minem umquam tarn impudentem fuisse, qui ab dls im- 

630 mortalibus tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot 
et quantas dl immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. 
Quod ut ill! proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirltes, cum 
communis salutis atque imperi turn ipslus hominis causa, 
slcutl facitis, velle et optare debetis. 

635 Quare cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut neglegi 
non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime sit adminis- 
trandum, et cum el imperatorem praeficere possltis, in 
quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima 
auctoritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirltes, quln hoc 

64otantum bonl, quod vobls ab dls immortalibus oblatum et 
datum est, in rem ptiblicam conservandam atque amplifi- 
candam conferatis ? 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 



99 



Pompey's advantage of being near the enemy. 
Catulus and Hortensius. 



The objections of 



17. Quodsl Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc 
tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus atque 
mittendus ; nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilitates haec 645 
quoque opportunity adiungatur, ut in eis ipsis locis adsit, 
ut habeat exercitum, ut 
ab els qui habent accipere 
statim possit, quid ex- 
spectamus ? Aut cur non 
ducibus dis immortalibus 
eidem, cui cetera summa 
cum salute rel publicae 
commissa sunt, hoc quo- 
que bellum regium com- 
mittamus ? 

At enim vir clarissimus, 
amantissimus rel piibli- 
cae, vestris benefichs am- 
plissimis adfectus, Q. 
Catulus, itemque summls 
ornamentls honoris, for- 
ttinae, virtutis, ingenl 
praeditus, Q. Hortensius, 
ab hac ratione dissenti- 
unt. Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis 
piurimum valuisse et valere oportere confiteor ; sed in hac 
causa, tametsi cognoscetis auctoritates contrarias virorum 
fortissimorum et clarissimorum, tamen omissis auctoritati- 
bus ipsa re ac ratione exquirere possumus veritatem, atque 670 
hoc facilius, quod ea omnia quae a me adhtic dicta sunt, 
idem isti vera esse concedunt, et necessarium bellum esse 
et magnum et in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 




Quintus Hortensius 



100 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

Quid igitur ait Hortensius? Si iinl omnia tribuenda 

675sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen 
omnia deferrl non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista oratio, 
re multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tu idem, 
Q. HortensI, multa pro tua summa copia ac singular! 
facultate dlcendl et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. 

68oGabInium, graviter ornateque dlxisti, cum is de fmo im- 
peratore contra praedones constituendo legem promul- 
gasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item contra earn 
legem verba fecistl. Quid? Turn, per deos immortales, 
si plus apud populum Romanum auctoritas tua quam 

685ipsius populi Romani salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie 
hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae imperium teneremus? 
An tibi turn imperium hoc esse videbatur, cum populi 
Romani legati, quaestores praetoresque capiebantur, cum 
ex omnibus provinces commeatii et privato et publico 

690 prohibebamur, cum ita clausa nobis erant maria omnia 
ut neque prlvatam rem transmarlnam neque publicam iam 
obire possemus ? 

The law of Gabinius restored Roman naval supremacy. 

18. Quae clvitas antea umquam fuit, — non dico 
Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse 

695dicitur; non Carthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac 
maritimls rebus valuerunt ; non Rhodiorum, quorum 
tisque ad nostram memoriam discipllna navalis et gloria 
remansit, — quae clvitas, inquam, antea tarn tenuis, quae 
tarn parva insula fuit quae non portiis suos et agros et 

70oaliquam partem regionis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa 
defenderet? At hercule aliquot annos continuos ante 
legem Gablniam ille populus Romanus, cuius usque ad 
nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus piignls 
permanserit, magna ac multo maxima parte non modo 

705 utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperl caruit. Nos quorum 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 101 

maiores Antiochum regem classe Persemque superarunt 
omnibusque navalibus pugnis Carthaginienses, homines in 
maritimls rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, vice- 
runt, el nullo in loco iam praedonibus pares esse potera- 

710 mus ; nos qui antea non modo Italiam tutam habebamus, 
sed omnes socios in ultimls oris auctoritate nostrl imperl 
salvos praestare poteramus, turn, cum Insula Delos, tarn 
procul a nobis in Aegaeo marl posita, quo omnes undique 
cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta dlvitils, 

7i5parva, sine muro, nihil timebat, Idem non modo pro- 
vinces atque oris Italiae maritimls ac portubus nostris, 
sed etiam Appia iam Via carebamus; et els temporibus 
non pudebat magistratus popull RomanI in hunc ipsum 
locum escendere, cum eum nobis maiores nostrl exuvils 

720 nauticls et classium spolils ornatum rellquissent ! 

The question of appointing Gabinius as Pompey's lieutenant. 

19. Bono te animo turn, Q. HortensI, populus Romanus 
et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia dlcere exlstimavit 
ea quae sentiebatis; sed tamen in salute communl Idem 
populus Romanus dolorl suo maluit quam auctoritati 

725vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, tinus vir, unus 
annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine llberavit, 
sed etiam effecit ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus 
gentibus ac nationibus terra marlque imperare. 

Quo mihi etiam indlgnius videtur obtrectatum esse 

730 adhuc — Gablnio dlcam anne Pompeio an utrlque, id 
quod est verius ? — ne legaretur A. Gabinius Cn. Pom- 
peio expetentl ac postulantl. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad 
tantum bellum legatum quern velit, idoneus non est qui 
impetret, cum ceterl ad expllandos socios diripiendasque 

735 provincias quos voluerunt legatos eduxerint; an ipse, 
cuius lege salus ac dlgnitas populo Romano atque omnibus 
gentibus constituta est, expers esse debet gloriae eius im- 




[102] 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 103 

peratoris atque eius exercitus qui consilio ipsius ac perl- 
culo est constitutes? 

An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius Latiniemsis, 740 
Cn. Lentulus, quos omnes honoris causa nomino, cum 
tribiml plebl fuissent, anno proximo legatl esse potuerunt ; 
in tino Gabinio sunt tarn dlligentes, qui in hoc bello quod 
lege Gablnia geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, 
quern per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse 745 
deberet? De quo legando consules spero ad senatum 
relaturos. Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me 
profiteor relatiirum ; neque me impediet cuiusquam iniml- 
cum edictum quo minus vobls fretus vestrum ius bene- 
ficiumque defendam, neque praeter intercessionem quic-750 
quam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, istl ipsl qui minantur 
etiam atque etiam quid liceat conslderabunt. Mea 
quidem sententia, Quirltes, tinus A. Gablnius belli maritimi 
rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius ascrlbitur, prop- 
terea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum vestrls755 
suffragils detulit, alter delatum susceptumque confecit. 

A reply to the objections of Catulus. 

20. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catull auctoritate et sen- 
tentia dlcendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobls quaere- 
ret, si in iino Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo 
factum esset, in quo spem essetis habitiirl, cepit magnum 760 
suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes una prope 
voce in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse dlxistis. Etenim 
talis est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tarn difficilis, quam 
ille non et consilio regere et integritate tuerl et virtute 
conficere possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime 765 
dissentio, quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus 
diuturna vita, hoc magis res publica, dum per deos im- 
mortales licet, frul debet summl viri vita atque virtute. 

At enim ne quid novl flat contra exempla atque Instituta 



104 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

770 maiorum. Non dlcam hoc loco maiores nostros semper in 
pace consuetudinl, in blll^>utilitatl paruisse, semper ad 
no\ios casus temporum. novorum consiliorum rationes 
accommodasse ; non dlcam duo bella maxima, Punicum 
atque Hispaniense, ab tino imperatore esse confecta, 

775 duasque urbes potei*tissimas, .quae huic imperio maxime 
minitabantur, Karthaginem atque Nufcantiam, ab eodem 
Sclpione esse deletas ; non commemoraDo niiper ita vobls 
patribusque vestrls esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes 
imperl poneretur, ut Idem cum Iugurtha, idem cum Cim- 

780brls, Idem cum Teutonls bellum administraret. In ipso 
Cn. Pompeio in quo novi constitul nihil vult Q. Catulus, 
quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuli voluntate con- 
stittita recordaminl. 

New precedents already established in the career of Pompey. 

21. Quid tarn novum quam adulescentulum privatum 

785 exercitum difficill rel publicae tempore conn cere ? Con- 
fecit. Huic praeesse ? Praefuit. Rem optime ductii suo 
gerere? Gessit. Quid tarn praeter consuetudinem quam 
hominl peradulescentl, cuius aetas a senatorio gradti longe 
abesset, imperium atque exercitum darl, Siciliam permittl, 

790 atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia administrandum ? 
Fuit in his provincils singularl innocentia, gravitate, vir- 
tute ; bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exer- 
citum deportavit. 

Quid vero tarn inauditum quam equitem Romanum 

795 triumphare ? At earn quoque rem populus Romanus non 
modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio vlsendam et concele- 
brandam putavit. Quid tarn inusitatum quam ut, cum 
duo consules clarissiml fortissimlque essent, eques Ro- 
manus ad bellum maximum formldolosissimumque pro 

sooconsule mitteretur? Missus est. Quo quidem tempore, 
cum esset non nemo in senatii qui dlceret non oportere 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 105 

mitt! hominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus dixisse 
dicitur non se ilium sua sententia pro consule sed pro 
consulibus mittere. Tanta in eo re! piiblicae bene geren- 
dae spes constituebatur ut duorum consulum miinus unlus 805 
adulescentis virtut! committeretur. 

Quid tarn singulare quam ut ex senatus consulto legibus 
soliitus consul ante fieret quam iillum alium magistratum 
per leges capere licuisset ? Quid tarn incredibile quam ut 
iterum eques Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet ? 8io 
Quae in omnibus hominibus nova post hominum memoriam 
constitiita sunt, ea tarn multa non sunt quam haec quae 
in hoc iino homine videmus. Atque haec tot exempla, 
tanta ac tarn nova, profecta sunt in eundem hominem a 
Q. Catul! atque a ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis amplissi-815 
morum hominum auctoritate. 

Hortensius and Catulus should therefore withdraw their objections. 
Pompey especially fitted for the war in Asia. 

22. Quare videant ne sit periniquum et non ferendum, 
illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis 
comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem 
homine iiidicium populique Roman! auctoritatem impro-820 
barl, praesertim cum iam suo itire populus Romanus in 
hoc homine suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui 
dissentiunt possit defendere, propterea quod Isdem istis 
reclamantibus vos tinum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quern 
bello praedonum praeponeretis. Hoc si vos temere fecis-825 
tis et rei piiblicae parum consuluistis, recte istl studia 
vestra suls consilils regere conantur. Sin autem vos plus 
turn in re piiblica vidistis, vos els reptignantibus per vos- 
met ipsos dignitatem huic imperio, saltltem orbl terrarum 
attulistis, aliquando istl prlncipes et sibi et ceteris populism 
Roman! univers! auctoritat! parendum esse fateantur. 

Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum m!litaris 



106 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae 
quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. 

835 Difficile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria, regmsque interiorum 
nationum ita versari nostrum imperatorem ut nihil aliud 
nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde, etiamsi qui 
sunt pudore ac temperantia moderations, tamen eos esse 
tales propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo 

840 arbitratur. Difficile est dictii, Quirltes, quanto in odio 
simus apud exteras nationes propter eorum quos ad eas 
per hos annos cum imperio misimus, libidines et iniurias. 
Quod enim fanum putatis in illis terns nostris magistra- 
tibus religiosum, quam civitatem sanctam, quam domum 

845 satis clausam ac munitam fuisse? Urbes iam locupletes 
et copiosae requiruntur, quibus causa belli propter dirip- 
iendi cupiditatem mferatur. 

Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, 
summis et clarissimis viris, disputarem; noverunt enim 

85osociorum vulnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias 
audiunt. Pro socils vos contra hostes exercitum mittere 
putatis, an hostium simulatione contra socios atque 
amicos? Quae civitas est in Asia quae non modo im- 
peratoris aut legati, sed unius tribunl militum animos ac 

855spiritus capere possit? 

The bill is supported by many eminent men. 

23. Quare, etiamsi quern habetis qui conlatis signis 
exercitiis regios superare posse videatur, tamen nisi erit 
idem qui se a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eorum coniugibus 
ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum atque oppidorum, qui 
860 ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere 
possit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regium- 
que mittatur. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse 
quae locuples sit, ecquam esse locupletem quae istis pacata 
esse videatur? Ora maritima, Quirltes, Cn. Pompeium 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 107 

non solum propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter 865 
animi continentiam requisivit. Videbat enim impera- 
tores locupletari quotannis pecmiia publica praeter paucos, 
neque eos quicquam aliud adsequl classium nomine, nisi 
ut detrimentls accipiendis maiore adflcl turpitiidine vide- 
remur. Nunc qua cupiditate homines in provincial et870 
quibus iacturis, quibus condicionibus proficlscantur, igno- 
rant videlicet isti qui ad unum deferenda omnia esse non 
arbitrantur. Quasi vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suis 
virtutibus, turn etiam alienis vitiis magnum esse videa- 
mus. Quare nollte dubitare quin huic uni credatis omnia, 875 
qui inter tot annos tinus inventus sit quern socil in urbes 
suas cum exercitti venisse gaudeant. 

Quodsi auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirltes, confir- 
mandam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium 
maximarumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servllius, cuius 880 
tantae res gestae terra marique exstiterunt ut, cum de 
bello deliberetis, auctor vobis gravior esse nemo debeat; 
est C. Ctirio, summls vestrls benefices maximisque rebus 
gestis, summo ingenio et prudentia praeditus; est Cn. 
Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplissimis vestrls honoribussss 
summum consilium, summam gravitatem esse cognovistis ; 
est C. Cassius, integritate, virtute, constantia singularl. 
Quare videte horum auctoritatibus, illorum orationl qui 
dissentiunt responderene posse videamur. 

Cicero encourages Manilius and pledges his support. 

24. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manill, prlmum istam tuam890 
et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehemen- 
tissimeque comprobo ; deinde te hortor ut auctore populo 
Romano maneas in sententia neve cuiusquam vim aut 
minas pertimescas. Prlmum in te satis esse animi per- 
se verantiaeque arbitror ; deinde, cum tantam multitudinem 895 
cum tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc 



108 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut 
de re aut de perficiendi facultate dubitemus ? 

Ego autem quicquid est in me studl, consill, laboris, 

90oingenI, quicquid hoc beneficio populi RomanI atque hac 
potestate praetoria, quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia 
possum, id omne ad hanc rem conficiendam tibi et populo 
Romano polliceor ac defero; testorque omnes deos, et 
eos maxime qui huic loco temploque praesident, qui 

905 omnium mentes eorum qui ad rem publicam adeunt 
maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere ctiius- 
quam, neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam mihi per hanc causam 
conciliarl putem, neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam ampli- 
tudine aut praesidia perlculls aut adiiimenta honoribus 

9ioquaeram; propterea quod pericula facile, ut hominem 
praestare oportet, innocentia tectl repellemus, honorem 
autem neque ab tino neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia 
nostra laboriosissima ratione vltae, si vestra voluntas feret, 
consequemur. 

915 Quam ob rem quicquid in hac causa mihi susceptum est, 
Quirltes, id ego omne me rel ptiblicae causa suscepisse 
confirms; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam 
gratiam quaeslsse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates 
partim obscuras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non neces- 

920sarias, vobls non intitiles suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc 
honore praeditum, tantls vestrls beneficils adfectum 
statu!, Quirltes, vestram voluntatem et rel publicae digni- 
tatem et saltitem provinciarum atque sociorum mels omni- 
bus commodls et rationibus praeferre oportere. 




Marcus Tullius Cicero 

(From the bust in the Capitoline Museum) 



[109] 




M. TULLI CICERONIS 

PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA 

ORATIO AD IUDICES. 



Cicero's own indebtedness to Archias. 

1. Si quid est in me ingeni, iudices, quod sentio quam 
sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me 
non mfitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce rei 
ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina 

5 profecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus 
abhorruisse, earum rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. 
Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo iiire debet. 
Nam quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium 
praeteriti temporis et pueritiae memoriam recordari ulti- 

10 mam, inde tisque repetens hunc video mihi prlncipem et 
110 



PRO ARCHIA ORATIO HI 

ad suscipiendam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum 
studiorum exstitisse. Quodsi haec vox huius hortatu 
praeceptisque conformata nonnullis aliquando saluti fuit, 
a quo id accepimus quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare 
possemus, huic profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, 15 
et opem et salutem ferre debemus. 

Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia 
quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni neque haec dicendi 
ratio aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus 
umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes quae ad 20 
humanitatem pertinent habent quoddam commune vincu- 
lum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. 



_ Cicero begs indulgence for his unusual plea. 
/Ok ft ^, 

2. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me in 

quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico, cum res agatur 

apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et25 

apud severissimos indices, tanto conventu hominum ac 

frequentia, hoc iiti genere dicendi, quod non modo a con- 

suetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone 

abhorreat, quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mihi detis hanc 

veniam, accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quern ad mpdum 30 

spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque 

eruditissimo homine dicentem, hoc concursii hominum 

litteratissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique 

praetore exercente iudicium, patiamini de studiis humani- 

tatis ac litterarum paulo loqui liberius, et in eius modi 35 

persona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in iudiciis 

periculisque tractata est, uti prope novo quodanl et in 

usitato genere dicendi. |Quod si mihi a vobis trmui conce- 

dique sentiam, perficiam profecto ut hunc A. Licinium non 

modo non segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, 40 

verum etiam si non esset, putetis asciscendum fuisse. 



112 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



Archias in his youth won fame in the East. Coming to Italy, he was 
welcomed by men of high rank. 

42 3. Nam lit primum ex pueris excessit Archias, atque 
ab els artibus quibus aetas puerllis ad humanitatem In- 
formari solet se ad scrlbendi studium contulit, primum 

Antiochiae (nam ibi 
natus est loco no- 
bill), celebrl quon- 
dam urbe et copiosa 
atque eruditissimis 
hominibus liberalis- 
simisque studiis 
adfluentl, celeriter 
antecellere omni- 
bus ingeni gloria 
coepit. Post in 
ceteris Asiae parti- 
bus cunctaque 
Graecia sic eius 
adventus celebra- 
bantur ut famam 
ingeni exspectatio 
hominis, exspecta- 
tionem i p s I u s 
adventus admlra- 
tioque superaret. 
Erat Italia turn 
plena Graecarum 
artium ac discipli- 
narum, studiaque 

Axtioch Personified haec et in Latio 

vehementius turn 
72colebantur quam nunc Isdem in oppidis, et hie Romae 







f|^ m||| - IM i lM dMW|fr ™ 



PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 113 

propter tranquillitatem re! publicae non neglegebantur. 
Itaque hunc et Tarentln! et Locrenses et Reglni et Neapoli- 
tan! civitate ceterlsque praemiis donarunt, et omnes qui 75 
aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare cognitione atque hos- 
pitio dlgnum exlstimarunt. 

Hac tanta celebritate famae cum esset iam absentibus 
notus, Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus 
est primum consules eos quorum alter res ad scribendumso 
maximas, alter cum res gestas turn etiam studium atque 
aures adhibere posset. Statim Luculli, cum praetextatus 
etiam turn Archias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. 
Et erat hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam 
naturae atque virtutis, ut domus quae huius adulescentiae 85 
prima favit, eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. Erat 
temporibus illis iticundus Q. Metello ill! Numidico et eius 
Pio filio, audiebatur a M. Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo 
et patre et filio, a L. Crasso colebatur; Lucullos vero et 
Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum 90 
domum devinctam consuetiidine cum teneret, adficiebatur 
summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant qui aliquid 
percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam si qui forte 
simulabant. 

Archias has fulfilled the conditions of Roman citizenship. 

4. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. 95 
Lucullo in Siciliam profectus et cum ex ea provincia cum 
eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracllam. Quae cum 
esset civitas aequissimo itire ac foedere, ascrlbl se in earn 
civitatem voluit, idque, cum ipse per se cllgnus putaretur, 
turn auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus im-ioo 
petravit. Data est civitas Silvan! lege et Carbonis : Si 

QUI FOEDERATIS CIVITATIBUS ASCRIPTI FUISSENT J SI TUM, 
CUM LEX FEREBATUR, IN ITALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT \ 
ET SI SEXAGINTA DIEBUS APUD PRAETOREM ESSENT PRO- 



114 ■ M. TULLI CICERONIS 

105FESSI. Cum hie domicilium Romae multos iam annos 
haberet, professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum, 
familiarissimum suum. 

Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil dico 
amplius; causa dicta est. Quid enim horum Inflrmarl, 

noGrattl, potest? Heracllaene esse eum ascriptum nega- 
bis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, M. 
Ltlcullus, qui se non opinarl sed scire, non audlvisse sed 
vldisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Hera- 
clienses legatl, nobilissiml homines; huius iudicT causa 

115 cum manclatis et cum publico testimonio venerunt, qui 
hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas 
deslderas Heracllensium ptiblicas, quas Italico bello in- 
censo tabulario intensse sclmus omnes. Est rldiculum ad 
ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non 

I2opossumus; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum 
memoriam flagitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri 
religionem, integerriml municipl itis iiirandum fidemque, 
ea quae depravari niillo modo possunt repudiare, tabulas, 
quas Idem dlcis solere corrumpi, desiderare. An domi- 

125 cilium Romae non habuit is qui tot annls ante clvitatem 
datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum suarum Romae 
conlocavit ? An non est professus ? Immo vero els tabu- 
lls professus quae solae ex ilia professione collegioque 
praetorum obtinent piiblicarum tabularum auctoritatem. 

The records involved are trustworthy. 

130 5. Nam cum Appi tabulae neglegentius adservatae 
dlcerentur, Gablnl, quamditi incolumis fuit, levitas, post 
damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem reslg- 
nasset, Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque 
omnium, tanta diligentia fuit ut ad L. Lentulum prae- 

i35torem et ad indices venerit et unlus nominis litura se 



PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 115 

commotum esse dlxerit. His igitur in tabulis nullam 
lituram in nomine A. LicinI videtis. 

Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate dubi- 
tetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit 
ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et aut nulla 140 
aut humili aliqua arte praeditls gratuito civitatem in 
Graecia homines impertiebant, Reglnos credo aut Lo- 
crenses aut Neapolitanos aut Tarentlnos, quod scaenicis 
artificibus largiri solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito 
gloria noluisse ! Quid ? Cum ceteri non modo post 145 
civitatem datam, sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo 
modo in eorum municipiorum tabulas inrepserunt ; hie qui 
ne utitur quidem illls in quibus est scrlptus, quod semper 
se Heracliensem esse voluit, reicietur ? 

Census nostros requiris. Scilicet; est enim obscurumi50 
proximls censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore L. 
Lticullo apud exercitum fuisse; superioribus, cum eodem 
quaestore fuisse in Asia; prlmis, IHlio et Crasso, nullam 
populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam census non ius 
clvitatis confirmat ac tantum modo indicat eum qui sit 155 
census ita se iam turn gessisse pro cive, els temporibus, 
quern tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem iudicio in civium 
Romanorum iure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe 
fecit nostris legibus et adiit hereditates civium Romano- 
rum et in benefices ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo 160 
pro consule. Quaere argtimenta, si quae potes; num- 
quam enim hie neque suo neque amicorum iudicio re- 
vincetur. 

The study of literature relaxes as well as cultivates. It preserves 
the examples of the past. 

6. Quaeres a nobis, Gratti, cur tanto opere hoc homine 
delectemur.* Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc 165 
forensi strepitti reficiatur et aures convicio defessae con- 



116 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

quiescant. An til exlstimas aut suppetere nobis posse 
quod cotidie dlcamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos 
nostros doctrina excolamus, aut ferre animos tantam posse 

170 contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus? Ego 
vero fateor me his studils esse deditum. Ceteros pudeat, 
si qui ita se litterls abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex els neque 
ad communem adferre fructum neque in aspectum lticem- 
que proferre; me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita 

175 vivo, indices, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut com- 
modo aut otium meum abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit 
aut denique somnus retardarit ? 

Quare quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis mihi iure 
suscenseat, si quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, 

180 quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad 
alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animl et corporis 
conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tempestlvls 
convlvils, quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, tan- 
tum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero? 

i85Atque hoc eo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his 
studils haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas, quae, quan- 
tacumque in me est, numquam amlcorum perlculls defuit. 
Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa 
sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam sentio. Nam nisi multorum 

i90praeceptls multlsque litterls mihi ab adulescentia suasis- 
sem nihil esse in vita magno opere expetendum nisi iaudem 
atque honestatem, in ea autem persequenda omnes cru- 
ciatus corporis, omnia perlcula mortis atque exsill parvi 
esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute vestra in tot ac 

I95tantas dlmicationes atque in hos profllgatorum hominum 
cotidianos impetus obiecissem. Sed plenl omnes sunt 
librl, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum vetustas ; 
quae iacerent in tenebrls omnia nisi litterarum lumen 
accederet. Quam multas nobis imagines, non solum ad 

200 intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum, fortissimorum 



PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 117 

virorum expresses scrlptores et Graecl et Latlnl rellquerunt ! 
Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re publica pro- 
ponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione homi- 
num excellentium conformabam. 

Nature and culture unite to produce the greatest men. 

7. Quaeret quispiam : ' Quid ? 111! ipsl summl virl 205 
quorum virtutes litterls proditae sunt, istane doctrma 
quam tu effers laudibus erudltl fuerunt?' Difficile est 
hoc de omnibus conflrmare, sed tamen est certum quid 
respondeam. Ego multos homines excellentl animo ac 
virtute fuisse sine doctrma et naturae ipsius habitu prope 210 
divino per se ipsos et moderatos et graves exstitisse f ateor ; 
etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem 
naturam sine doctrma quam sine natura valuisse doctrmam. 
Atque Idem ego hoc contends, cum ad naturam eximiam 
et inlustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque 215 
doctrlnae, turn illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare 
solere exsistere. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres 
nostri viderunt, di vinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. 
Laelium, L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et con- 
tinentissimos ; ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis tempori-220 
bus doctissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem ; qui profecto 
si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litterls 
adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. 
Quodsi non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex his 
studils delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut oplnor, hanc225 
animl remissionem htimanissimam ac llberalissimam iudi- 
caretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aeta- 
tum ominum neque locorum ; at haec studia adulescentiam 
alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversls 
perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant doml, non im-230 
pediunt forls, pernoctant noblscum, peregrlnantur, rtisti- 
cantur. 



118 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



All true artists deserve our admiration, 
sacred. 



Poets have been called 



8. Quodsi ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu nostro 

gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus etiam cum 

235 in aliis videremus. Quis nostrum tarn animo agrestl ac 




A Comic Poet with Muse and Actors' Masks 



dtiro fuit ut RoscI morte nuper non commoveretur ? Qui 
cum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem 
artem ac venustatem videbatur omnmo mori non debuisse. 
Ergo ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a 
240 nobis omnibus; nos animorum incredibiles motus celeri- 
tatemque ingeniorum neglegemus? Quotiens ego hunc 
Archiam vidi, indices (utar enim vestra benlgnitate, 
quoniam me in hoc novo genere dlcendi tarn dlligenter 
attenditis), quotiens ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scrlpsisset 



PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 



119 




Ennius 
(From the bust on the Scipio Tomb) 

nullam, magnum numerum optimorum versuum de eis245 
ipsis rebus quae turn agerentur dlcere ex tempore; quo- 
tiens revocatum eandem rem dlcere commutatis verbis 
atque sententiis ! Quae vero accurate cogitateque scrlp- 
sisset, ea sic vldi probari ut ad veterum scriptorum laudem 



120 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 




Orpheus, 1 Eurydice, and Hermes 



250 



255 



pervenlret. Hunc ego non diligam, non admirer, non 
omni ratione defendendum putem? 

Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque accepi- 
mus, ceterarum rerum studia ex doctrma et praeceptls et 
arte constare ; poetam natura ipsa valere et mentis viribus 
excitarl et quasi divino quodam spiritu Inflari. Quare suo 
iure noster ille Ennius 'sanctos' appellat poetas, quod 

1 ^ee note on lines 260-262, p. 121. 



PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 121 

quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati 
nobis esse videantur. Sit igitur, indices, sanctum apud 
vos, humanissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod 
nulla umquam barbaria viola vit. Saxa et solitudines vocl 260 
respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque 
consistunt ; nos Instituti rebus optimls non poetarum voce 
moveamur? Homerum Colophonii clvem esse dicunt 
suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salamlnil repetunt, Smyrnael 
vero suum esse corifirmant itaque etiam delubrum eius in 265 
oppido dedicaverunt ; permultl alii praeterea pugnant 
inter se atque contendunt. 

Archias should be honored for celebrating the glories of the Roman 
people. 

9. Ergo illl alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem 
etiam expetunt; nos hunc vlvum, qui et voluntate et 
legibus noster est, repudiabimus, praesertim cum omne270 
olim studium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad 
popull RomanI gloriam laudemque celebrandam? Nam 
et Cimbricas res adulescens attigit et ipsl ill! C. Mario, 
qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, iiicundus fuit. Neque 
enim quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis qui non mandarl 275 
versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile praeconium 
patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum Athenls virum, 
dlxisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur quod acroama aut 
cuius vocem libentissime audlret : l eius, a quo sua virtus 
op time praedicaretur.' Itaque ille Marius item eximie280 
L. Plotium dllexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat 
posse celebrarl. 

Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque difficile et 
in multa varietate terra marlque versatum, totum ab hoc 
expressum est; qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissi-285 
mum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam popull RomanI 
nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit Lu- 



122 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



cullo imperante Pontum, et regiis quondam opibus et ipsa 
natura et regione yallatum; popull Romani exercitus 

29oeodem duce non maxima manu. innumerabiles Arme- 
niorum copias fudit; popull Romani laus est urbem 
amicissimam Cyzicenorum eiusdem consilio ex omnl impetu 
regio atque totius belli ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque 
servatam; nostra semper feretur et praedicabitur L. Lu- 

295 cullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus depressa hostium 
classis est, incredibilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis ; 
nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostri triumphi. 
Quae quorum ingeniis efferuntur, ab els popull Romani 
fama celebratur. Carus fuit Africano superiori noster 

sooEnnius, itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is 
esse constitutus ex marmore; cuius laudibus certe non 
solum ipse qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani nomen 
ornatur. In caelum huius proavus Cato tollitur ; magnus 
honos populi Romani rebus adiungitur. Omnes denique 




The Bust of Ennius on the Scipio Sarcophagus 



PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 



123 



ill! MaximI, Marcelll, Fulvil non sine communi omnium 305 
nostrum laude decorantur. 

The great leaders of history have longed to be remembered in verse. 

10. Ergo ilium qui haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem, 
maiores nostri in civitatem receperunt ; nos hunc Hera- 
cllensem multis civita- 
tibus expetitum, in hac 
autem legibus consti- 
tutum de nostra civi- 
tate eiciemus ? 

Nam si quis mino- 
rem gloriae fructum 
putat ex Graecis ver- 
sibus percipi quam ex 
Latlnis, vehementer 
errat, propterea quod 
Graeca leguntur in om- 
nibus fere gentibus, 
Latina suis finibus ex- 
iguis sane continentur. 
Quare si res eae quas 
gessimus orbis terrae 
regionibus defmiuntur, 
cupere debemus, quo 
manuum nostrarum 
tela pervenerint, 

eodem gloriam famamque penetrare; quod cum ipsis330 
populls de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, turn 
els certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum 
et perlculorum incitamentum est et laborum. Quam mul- 
tos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum 
habuisse dlcitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in Slgeo ad 335 
Achillis tumulum adstitisset : '0 fortunate/ inquit, 




Alexander the Great 



124 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

1 adulescens, qui tuae virttitis Homerum praeconem in- 
veneris ! ' Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, Idem 
tumulus qui corpus eius contexerat nomen etiam obruisset. 

340 Quid? Noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam 
adaequavit, nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum, scrlptorem 
rerum suarum, in contione militum clvitate donavit; et 
nostrl illl fortes virl, sed rusticl ac mllites, dulcedine qua- 
dam gloriae commotl, quasi parti cipes eiusdem laudis, 

345 magno illud clamore approbaverunt ? 

Itaque, credo, si clvis Romanus Archias legibus non 
esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore clvitate donaretur perficere 
non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos et Gallos donaret, credo, 
hunc petentem repudiasset ; quern nos in contione vidimus, 

350 cum el libellum malus poeta de populo subiecisset, quod 
epigramma in eum fecisset tantum modo alternls versibus 
longiusculls, statim ex els rebus quas turn vendebat iubere 
el praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea 
scrlberet. Qui sedulitatem mall poetae dtixerit aliquo 

355tamen praemio dlgnam, hfiius ingenium et virtutem in 
scrlbendo et copiam non expetlsset? Quid? A Q. 
Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui clvitate multos dona- 
vit, neque per se neque per Lucullos impetravisset ? Qui 
praesertim usque eo de suls rebus scrlbl cuperet ut etiam 

36oCordubae natls poetls, pingue quiddam sonantibus atque 
peregrlnum, tamen aures suas dederet. 

The desire for praise and fame is common to all. 
11. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscurari 
non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes 
studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur. 
365lpsl illl philosophl, etiam in els libellls quos de contem- 
nenda gloria scrlbunt, nomen suum Inscrlbunt ; in eo ipso, 
in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, prae- 
dicarl de se ac nominarl volunt. Decimus quidem 



PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 



125 



Brutus, summus vir et imperator, Acci, amlcissiml sui, 
carminibus templorum ac monumentorum aditus exor-370 
navit suorum. lam vero ille 
qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite 
bellavit, Fulvius, non dubi- 
tavit Martis manubias Musis 
consecrare. Quare in qua urbe 
imperatores prope armatl 
poetarum nomen et Musarum 
delubra coluerunt, in ea non 
debent togati iudices a Musa- 
rum honore et a poetarum 
salute abhorrere. 

Atque ut id libentius 
faciatis, iam me vobis, iudices, 
indicabo et de meo quodam 
amore gloriae, nimis acrl 
fortasse verum tamen ho- 
nesto, vobis confitebor. Nam 
quas res nos in consulatu 
nostro vobiscum simul pro 
salute huius urbis atque im- 
peri et pro vita clvium pro- 
que universa re publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus 
atque incohavit. Quibus audltls, quod mihi magna res et 
iucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum adhortatus sum. 
Nullam enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum periculo-395 
rumque deslderat praeter hanc laudis et gloriae ; qua 
quidem detracta, iudices, quid est quod in hoc tarn exiguo 
vitae curriculo et tarn brevi tantis nos in laboribus exer- 
ceamus ? Certe si nihil animus praesentlret in posterum, 
et si quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, *oo 
elsdem omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee tantis se 
laboribus frangeret neque tot curls vigililsque angeretur 




Calliope, the Muse of Epic 
Poetry 



126 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



nee totiens de ipsa vita dimicaret. Nunc Insidet quae- 

dam in optimo quoque virtus, quae noctes ac dies animum 

405gloriae stimulls concitat, atque admonet non cum vitae 

tempore esse dlmitten- 
dam commemorationem 
nominis nostrl, sed cum 
omni posteritate adae- 
quandam. 



Literature a lasting monu- 
ment. Archias must be re- 
ceived and protected as a 
citizen. 

12. An vero tarn parvl 
animT videamur esse 
omnes, qui in re piiblica 
atque in his vitae perlcu- 
lls laboribusque versa- 
mur, ut cum usque ad 
extremum spatium nul- 
lum tranquillum atque 
otiosum splritum duxe- 
rimus, noblscum simul 
morittira omnia arbitre- 
mur? An statuas et 
imagines, non animorum 
simulacra sed corporum, 
studiose multl summl 
homines rellquerunt ; con- 
siliorum relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem 
nonne multo malle debemus, summls ingenils expressam 
et polltam? Ego vero omnia quae gerebam iam turn in 
430gerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis 




Thalia, the Muse of Comedy 



PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 127 

terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero sive a meo 
sensu post mortem afutura est slve, ut sapientissimi homi- 
nes putaverunt, ad aliquam animl mei partem pertinebit, 
nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque delector. 

Quare conservate, indices, hominem pudore eo, quern 435 
amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate turn etiam 
vetustate; ingenio autem tanto quantum id convenit 
exlstimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis expetltum 
esse videatis; causa vero eius modi quae beneficio legis, 
auctoritate miinicipi, testimonio Luculli, tabulls Metelli440 
comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis, 
indices, si qua non modo htimana verum etiam divina in 
tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos, 
qui vestros imperatores, qui populi RomanI res gestas 
semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostrls vestrlsque 445 
domesticls perlculls aeternum se testimonium laudis 
daturum esse profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper 
apud omnes sanctl sunt habitl itaque dictl, sic in vestram 
accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quam 
acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 450 

Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter simplici- 
terque dlxl, iudices, ea confldo probata esse omnibus; 
quae a forensl aliena iiidicialique consuetudine et de 
hominis ingenio et commfmiter de ipso studio locutus 
sum, ea, indices, a vobls spero esse in bonam partem 455 
accepta ; ab eo qui indicium exercet, certo scio. 





C. Julius Caesar 
(From a bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples) 



[128] 



SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING 

M. TULLI CICERONIS 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 

Marcus Claudius Marcellus was a distinguished advocate, consul in 
51 b.c, and leader of the senatorial party. He was a bitter enemy of 
Caesar, even proposing the latter's recall from his province. After 
the battle of Pharsalus (48 b.c.) and the defeat of Pompey, he retired 
to the island of Lesbos, and engaged in the study of philosophy. He dis- 
dained to seek the conqueror's pardon, though appealed to by Cicero 
to do so. In 46 B.C. pardon was granted him through the efforts of a 
relative, Gaius Marcellus, whose entreaty as he threw himself at the feet 
of Caesar was seconded by the whole Senate. When Caesar generously 
offered to grant the request, and put the question to a formal vote of the 
Senate, Cicero in his turn delivered the panegyric, known as "The Ora- 
tion for Marcellus." Marcellus, however, did not live to return to Rome, 
for on his way he was assassinated at the harbor of Athens by one of his 
own party. The Athenians honored him with burial in their own Acad- 
emy. 

Cicero's silence is broken by Caesar's clemency. 

1. Diuturnl silentl, 1 patres conscript!, quo eram 2 his 
temporibus tisus non timore 3 aliquo, sed partim dolore, 
partim verecundia, finem hodiernus dies attulit idemque 
initium, quae vellem quaeque sentirem, meo prlstino 
more dicendi. Tantam enim mansuetudinem, tam inusi-5 
tatam inauditamque clementiam, tantum in summa po- 
testate rerum omnium modum, 4 tam denique incredibilem 

1. * Cicero had not spoken in the Senate since 52 b.c. 2 eram usus, 
we should expect the pres. perf . 3 timore, etc., abl. of cause. 4 moderation. 
129 



130 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

sapientiam ac paene divlnam tacitus praeterlre nullo 
modo possum. M. enim Marcello 5 vobis, patres con- 

10 script!, reique piiblicae reddito non illius solum, sed etiam 
meam vocem et auctoritatem et vobis et rei piiblicae con- 
servatam ac restitutam puto. 

Dolebam enim, patres conscript!, et vehementer ange- 
bar virum talem, cum 6 in eadem causa in qua ego f uisset, 

15 non in eadem esse f ortuna ; nee mihi persuadere poteram, 
nee fas esse dticebam, versari me in nostro vetere 
curriculo, 7 illo aemulo 8 atque imitatore 9 studiorum 
ac laborum meorum quasi quodam socio a me et 
comite distracto. Ergo et mihi meae pristinae vitae 

20 consiietudinem, C. Caesar, interchlsam aperuisti, et his 10 
omnibus ad bene de omni re piiblica sperandum quasi 
signum u aliquod sustulisti. Intellectum est enim mihi 
quidem in 12 multis et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante 
omnibus, 13 cum M. Marcellum senatui reique piiblicae 

25 concessisti commemoratis praesertim offensionibus, te 
auctoritatem huius ordinis dignitatemque rei piiblicae tuis 
vel doloribus vel suspicionibus anteferre. 

Ille 14 quidem frtlctum omnis ante actae 15 vitae hodierno 
die maximum cepit, cum summo consensu senatiis, 16 turn 

3oiiidicio tuo gravissimo et maximo. 17 Ex quo profecto 
intellegis, quanta in dato beneficio sit laus, cum in accepto 
sit tanta gloria. Est vero fortiinatus ille, cuius ex salute 
non minor paene ad omnes, quam ad ipsum ventura sit, 
laetitia pervenerit ; quod quidem el merito atque optimo 

35iiire contigit. Quis enim est illo aut nobilitate aut pro- 
bitate 18 aut optimarum artium studio aut innocentia aut 
ullo laudis genere praestantior ? 

5 abl. abs. w. reddito. 6 though. 7 routine. 8 rival. 9 imitator. 10 these 
senators. u standard, a military term. 12 in the case of. n contrasted w. 
mihi. 14 Marcellus. 15 ante actae, past. 16 The Senate unanimously re- 
quested the pardon of Marcellus. 17 most significant. 1S honesty. 



PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 131 

Caesar's pardoning of Marcellus excels even the glory of his mili- 
tary achievements. 

2. Nullius l tantum flumen 2 est ingenl, nullius dicendi 
aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dlcam exor- 
nare, 3 sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. 40 
Tamen adfirmo, 4 et hoc pace 5 dlcam tua, nullam in his 6 
esse laudem ampliorem quam earn, quam hodierno die con- 
secutus es. Soleo saepe ante oculos ponere idque 7 libenter 
crebris ustlrpare 8 sermonibus, omnes 9 nostrorum im- 
peratorum, omnes exterarum gentium potentissimorum- 45 
que populorum, omnes clarissimorum regum res gestas 
cum tuis 10 nee contentionum magnitudine nee numero 
proeliorum nee varietate regionum nee celeritate con- 
ficiendi nee dissimilitudine bellorum posse conferri; nee 
vero disiunctissimas terras citius passibus ctiiusquam50 
potuisse peragrari, 11 quam tuis non dlcam cursibus, sed 
victoriis liistratae 12 sunt. 

Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, ut ea vix 
cuiusquam mens aut cogitatio capere 13 possit, aniens u 
sim; sed tamen sunt alia maiora. Nam bellicas laudes55 
solent quidam extenuare 15 verbis easque detrahere duci- 
bus, communicare 16 cum multis, ne propriae sint impera- 
torum. Et certe in armis militum virtus, locorum oppor- 
tiinitas, auxilia sociorum, classes, commeatus multum 
iuvant ; maximam vero partem quasi suo iure Forttina 60 
sibi vindicat 17 et, quicquid prospere 18 gestum est, id 
paene omne dticit suum. 

At vero huius gloriae, 19 C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante 
adeptus, socium habes neminem; totum hoc, quantum- 

2. x of no one. 2 stream. 3 extol. 4 assert. 5 permission. 6 sc. rebus 
gestis. 7 the fact, stated in the following clause. 8 speak of. 9 w. res 
gestas. 10 sc. rebus, modifying conferri (be compared). n have been 
traversed. 12 visited. 13 compass. u senseless. 15 belittle. 16 share. 
17 claims. 18 successfully. 19 derived from the pardon of Marcellus. 



132 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

65 cumque est, quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam, 
tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil praefectus, 
nihil cohors, nihil turma 20 decerpit ; 21 quin etiam ilia ipsa 
rerum humanarum domina, 22 Fortiina, in istius societa- 
tem gloriae se non offert ; 23 tibi cedit, tuam esse totam et 

70 propriam f atetur. Numquam enim temeritas cum sapien- 
tia commiscetur, 24 neque ad consilium casus admittitur. 

Caesar, the conqueror of nations. 

3. Domuisti x gentes immanitate 2 barbaras, multi- 
ttidine innumerabiles, locis Infmitas, omni copiarum genere 
abundantes ; 3 sed tamen ea vlcisti, quae et naturam et 

75 condicionem, ut vinci possent, habebant. Nulla est enim 
tanta vis, quae non ferro et viribus debilitari frangique 
possit. Animum vincere, iracundiam 4 cohibere, victoriae 
temperare, 5 adversarium 6 nobilitate, ingenio, virtute prae- 
stantem non modo extollere 7 iacentem, sed etiam ampli- 

soncare eius pristinam dignitatem, haec qui facit, non ego 
eum cum summis viris comparo, sed simillimum deo 
itidico. 

Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur 
illae quidem non solum nostrls, sed paene omnium gen- 

85 tium litterls atque Unguis, nee filla iimquam aetas de tuls 
laudibus conticescet ; 8 sed tamen eius modi res nescio 
quo modo, etiam cum leguntur, obstrepi 9 clamore militum 
videntur et tubarum sono. 10 At vero cum aliquid cle- 
menter, mansuete, 11 hlste, moderate, sapienter factum, 

90 in 12 iracundia praesertim, quae est inimica consilio, et in 
victoria, quae nattira msolens et superba est, audimus 
aut legimus, quo studio incendimur non modo in gestis l3 

20 troop. 21 claims a share. 22 mistress. 23 thrust. 24 united. 

3. l subdued. 2 ferocity. 3 rich. 4 anger. 5 be moderate (in the time 
of). 6 adversary. 7 raise. 8 will be silent. 9 be overwhelmed. 10 sound. 
11 with humanity. 12 in a time of. 13 real. 



PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 133 

rebus, sed etiam in fictis, 14 ut eos saepe, quos numquam 
vidimus, dlligamus ! Te vero, quern praesentem 15 intue- 
mur, cuius mentem sensusque et os cernimus, ut, quicquid 95 
belli 16 fortuna reliquum 17 rei publicae fecerit, id esse 
salvum veils, quibus laudibus efferemus, quibus studiis 
prosequemur, qua benevolentia complectemur ! 18 Parie- 
tes medius fidius, 19 ut mihi videtur, huius curiae tibi 
gratias agere gestiunt, 20 quod brevl tempore futiira sit ilia 100 
auctoritas 21 in his rnaiorum suorum et suls sedibus. 

Caesar, the conqueror of himself. 

4. Equidem x cum C. 2 Marcelli, viri optimi et com- 
memorabill 3 pietate praediti, lacrimas modo vobiscum 
viderem, omnium Marcellorum meum pectus 4 memoria 
obftidit, 5 quibus tii etiam mortuis M. Marcello conservato 105 
dignitatem suam reddidisti 6 nobilissimamque familiam 
iam ad paucos redactam 7 paene ab interitu vindicasti. 
Hunc tu igitur diem tuis maximis et innumerabilibus 
gratulationibus iiire antepones. Haec enim res tmlus 
est propria C. Caesaris; ceterae duce te gestae magnaeno 
illae quidem, sed tamen multo magnoque comitatti. 
Huius autem rei tu Idem 8 es et dux et comes ; quae 
quidem tanta est, 9 ut tropaeis et monumentls tuis adla- 
tura finem sit aetas (nihil est enim opere et manu fac- 
tum, quod non aliquando conficiat et constimat vetustas) ; 115 
at haec tua hlstitia et lenitas animi florescit cotidie magis, 
ita ut, quantum tuis operibus dititurnitas detrahet, tan- 
tum adferat laudibus. 

Et ceteros quidem omnes victores bellorum clvilium iam 

14 imaginary. 15 present. 16 w. fortuna. 17 reliquum fecerit = relique- 
rit. 18 honor. 19 medius fidius (sc. iuvet), I declare. 20 are eager. 21 i.e. 
that influential man, Marcellus. 

4. l for my own part. 2 brother or cousin of Marcus. 3 memorable. 
4 breast, heart. 5 filled. 6 have restored. 7 reduced. 8 at once. 9 tanta 
est ut (anacoluthon) , is so great that while ... at, yet. 



134 M. TULLI CICERONIS 




The Piraeus, the Harbor of Athens 

(Where Marcellus was assassinated) 

120 ante aequitate et misericordia viceras ; hodierno vero die 
te ipsum vicisti. Vereor ut hoc, quod dicam, perinde 10 
intellegl possit auditum, atque ipse cogitans sentio : ipsam 
victoriam vicisse videris, cum ea, quae ilia erat adepta, 
victis remisisti. Nam cum ipsius victoriae condicione 

i25omnes victi occidissemus, clementiae tuae iudicio con- 
servati sumus. Recte igitur unus invictus es, a quo etiam 
ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta est. 

Caesar's love of peace shown by the pardon of Marcellus. 

5. Atque hoc C. Caesaris iudicium, patres conscriptl, 
quam late pateat, attendite. Omnes enim, qui ad ilia 
I30arma fato sumus nescio quo rei ptiblicae misero fiinesto- 
que x compulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur 2 erroris humani, 
scelere certe liberati sumus. Nam, cum M. Marcellum 
deprecantibus vobis rei ptiblicae conservavit, me et mihi 
et item rei ptiblicae ntillo deprecante, reliquos amplissimos 

10 perinde atque, exactly as. 

5. x fatal. 2 are guilty of some fault. 



PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 135 

viros et sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit, quorum et frequen-135 
tiam et dignitatem hoc ipso in consessu. 3 videtis. Non 
ille hostes induxit in curiam, sed iudicavit a plerisque 4 
ignoratione potius et falso atque inani 5 metu. quam cupi- 
ditate aut criidelitate bellum esse susceptum. 

Quo quidem in bello semper de pace audiendum putavi, 140 
semperque dolui 6 non modo pacem, sed etiam orationem 
civium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Neque enim ego 
ilia nee iilla umquam sectitus sum arma civilia, semperque 
mea consilia pacis et togae socia, 7 non belli atque armo- 
rum fuerunt. Hominem 8 sum sectitus privato 9 officio, 145 
non publico ; tantumque apud me grati animi fidelis 
memoria valuit, ut nulla non modo cupiditate, sed ne 
spe quidem priidens 10 et sciens tamquam ad interitum 
ruerem u voluntarium. 

Quod quidem meum consilium minime obscurum 12 fuit. 150 
Nam et in hoc ordine integra re 13 multa de pace dixl et 
in ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mei periculo sensi. 
Ex quo nemo iam erit tarn iniiistus existimator u rerum, 
qui dubitet, quae Caesaris de bello voluntas fuerit, cum 
pacis auctores conservandos statim censuerit, ceteris 15 155 
fuerit iratior. Atque id minus mirum fortasse turn, cum 
esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli; qui vero 
victor pacis auctores diligit, is profecto declarat se maluisse 
non dimicare quam vincere. 

Let Caesar continue to exhibit his generosity. 

6. Atque huius quidem rel M. Marcello sum testis. 160 
Nostri enim sensiis ut in pace semper, sic turn etiam in 
bello congruebant. 1 Quotiens ego eum et quanto cum 

3 assembly. 4 most of them. 5 groundless. 6 grieved. 7 on the side of, 
allied to. 8 i.e. Pompey. 9 from personal devotion. 10 with eyes open. 
11 rushed on. 12 concealed. 13 integra re : i.e. before the war. 14 critic, 
judge. n dat., at the rest. 



136 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

dolore vldl cum Insolentiam 2 certorum hominum, turn 
etiam ipslus victoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! 3 Quo 

i65gratior tua Hberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia vidimus, 
debet esse. Non enim iam causae sunt inter se, sed vic- 
toriae comparandae. Vidimus tuam victoriam proelio- 
-rum exitti terminatam, gladium vagina vacuum 4 in urbe 
non vidimus. Quos amisimus elves, eos Martis 5 vis per- 

noculit, non Ira 6 victoriae, ut dubitare debeat nemo, quin 
multos, si fieri posset, C. Caesar ab Inferls excitaret, 
quoniam ex eadem acie conservat, quos potest. Alterius 
vero partis nihil amplius dlcam quam, id quod omnes 
verebamur, nimis Iracundam 7 futiiram fuisse victoriam. 

175 Quidam enim non modo armatls, sed interdum etiam 
otiosis minabantur; nee quid quisque sensisset, sed ubi 
fuisset, cogitandum esse dlcebant ; ut mihi quidem videan- 
tur dl immortales, etiamsl poenas a populo Romano ob 
aliquod delictum 8 expetlverunt, qui 9 civile bellum tantum 

180 et tarn luctuosum 10 excitaverunt, vel placatl iam vel 
satiatl u aliquando omnem spem salutis ad clementiam 
victoris et sapientiam contulisse. 

Quare gaude tuo isto tarn excellentl bono, 12 et fruere 
cum fortuna et gloria turn etiam natura et moribus tuls, 

185 ex quo quidem maximus est friictus iticunditasque 13 
sapientl. Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsl persaepe 
virtutl, tamen plerumque 14 fellcitatl tuae gratulabere ; de 
nobis, quos in re ptiblica tecum simul esse voluistl, quo- 
tiens cogitabis, totiens de maximls tuls beneficils, totiens 

190 de incredibill liberalitate, totiens de singularl sapientia 
tua cogitabis; quae non modo summa bona, sed nlmi- 
rum 15 audebo vel sola dlcere. Tantus est enim splendor 
in laude vera, tanta in magnitudine animl et consill dlg- 

2 presumption. 3 dreading. * vagina vacuum: unsheathed. 6 of Mars. 
6 wrath (after). 7 angry. 8 offense. 9 when they. 10 sorrowful. n satisfied. 
12 disposition. 13 pleasure. 14 generally. 15 certainly. 



PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 137 

nitas, ut haec a Virtute donata, cetera a Fortuna com- 
modata 16 esse videantur. Noli igitur in conservandls 195 
bonis viris defatigari, 17 non cupiditate praesertim aliqua 
aut pravitate 18 lapsis, 19 sed opmione offici stulta fortasse, 
certe non improba, et specie quadam rei publicae. Non 
enim tua tilla culpa est, si te aliqui timuerunt ; contraque 
summa laus, quod minime timendum fuisse senserunt. 200 

The safety of Caesar is the safety of all. 

7. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querellam * et atrocis- 
simam suspicionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi magis quam 
cum 2 omnibus civibus, turn 3 maxime nobis, qui a te 
conservatl sumus, providenda est; quam etsl spero fal- 
sam esse, tamen numquam extenuabo. 4 Tua enim cautio 5 205 
nostra cautio est, ut, si in alterutro 6 peccandum 7 sit, 
malim videri nimis timidus quam parum prudens. Sed 
quisnam est iste tarn demens ? De 8 tuisne ? — tametsi qui 
magis sunt tui, quam quibus tu saltitem Insperantibus 
reddidisti ? — an ex hoc numero, qui una tecum fuerunt ? 210 
Non est credibilis tantus in tillo furor, ut, quo duce omnia 
summa sit adeptus, huius vitam non anteponat suae. 
An, si nihil tui 9 cogitant sceleris, cavendum est, ne quid 
inimici? Qui? Omnes enim, qui fuerunt, aut sua per- 
tinacia 10 vitam amiserunt aut tua misericordia retinue- 215 
runt, ut aut null! supersint de inimicis aut, qui fuerunt, 
sint amicissimi. 

Sed tamen cum in animis hominum tantae latebrae sint 
et tanti recessus, 11 augeamus sane suspicionem tuam ; 
simul enim augebimus diligentiam. Nam quis est omnium 220 

16 lent. 17 become weary. 18 from depravity. 19 when they have erred. 

7. l complaint. 2 omit in translating. 3 but. 4 make light of. 5 caution 
for you. 6 in one way or the other. 7 err. 8 some one of. 9 your friends. 
- 10 obstinacy, shown by their continuing opposition after the battle of 
Pharsalus. n retired spots. 



138 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

tarn ignarus 12 rerum, tarn rudis 13 in re publica, tarn nihil 
umquam nee de sua nee de communi salute cogitans, qui 
non intellegat tua salute continerl suam et ex tinius tua 
vita pendere omnium ? Equidem u de te dies noctesque, 

225 ut debeo, cogitans casus dumtaxat 15 Mmanos et incer- 
tos eventtis valettidmis 16 et naturae communis fragilita- 
tem extimesco 17 doleoque, cum res publica immortalis 
esse debeat, earn in tinius mortalis anima consistere. Si 
vero ad hiimanos casus incertosque mottis valettidinis 

230sceleris etiam accedit msidiarumque consensio, 18 quern 
deum, si cupiat, posse opitulari rei ptiblicae credamus? 

Caesar is not to consider his life's work ended. 

8. Omnia sunt excitanda x tibi, C. Caesar, uni, quae 
iacere sentis belli ipsius impetti, quod necesse fuit, perculsa 
atque prostrata; constituenda itidicia, revocanda fides, 

235 comprimendae libidines, propaganda suboles ; 2 omnia, 
quae dilapsa iam diffluxerunt, 3 severis legibus vincienda 4 
sunt. Non fuit rectisandum 5 in tanto civill bello, tanto 
animorum ardore et armorum, quin quassata 6 res publica, 
quicumque belli eventus f uisset, multa perderet et omamenta 

240 dignitatis et praesidia stabilitatis suae, multaque uterque 
dux faceret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. 
Quae quidem tibi nunc omnia belli vulnera sananda sunt, 
quibus praeter te mederi nema potest. 

Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam 

245 vocem 7 invitus audivi : ' Satis diu vel naturae vixi vel 
gloriae.' Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae, addo etiam, si 
placet, gloriae; at, quod maximum est, patriae certe 
parum. Quare omitte istam, quaeso, doctorum homi- 

12 ignorant. 13 inexperienced. u for my part. 15 merely. 16 health. 
17 am made afraid. 18 conspiracy. 

8. x All our institutions must be restored. 2 the population must be 
increased. 3 have become lax or disordered. 4 must be strengthened. 
8 non recusandum : could not be avoided. 6 violently shaken. 7 saying, 



PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 139 

num 8 in contemnenda morte prudentiam 9 ; noli nostro 
periculo esse sapiens. Saepe enim venit ad aures meas te 250 
idem istud nimis crebro 10 dicere, tibi satis te vixisse. 
Credo ; sed turn id audirem, si tibi soli viveres aut si tibi 
etiam soli natus esses. Omnium salutem clvium cunc- 
tamque rem piiblicam. res tuae gestae complexae sunt; 
tantum abes a perfectione maximorum operum, ut fun- 255 
damenta nondum, quae cogitas, ieceris. 11 Hie 12 tu 
modum 13 vltae tuae non salute rei piiblicae, sed aequitate 14 
animl definies ? Quid, si istud 15 ne gloriae tuae quidem 
satis est ? Cuius te esse avidissimum, quamvis 16 sis 
sapiens, non negabis. 260 

'Parumne igitur/ inquies, ' magna 17 relinquemus ? ' 
Immo vero alils quamvis multis satis, tibi tini parum. 
Quicquid est enim, quamvis amplum sit, id est parum turn, 
cum est aliquid amplius. Quodsi rerum tuarum immor- 
talium, C. Caesar, hie exitus futiirus fuit, ut devictis 18 265 
adversariis rem piiblicam in eo statu relinqueres, in quo 
nunc est, vide, quaeso, ne tua divina virtus admlrationis 
plus sit habittira quam gloriae, siquidem gloria 19 est 
inlustris ac pervagata 20 magnorum vel in 21 suos elves vel 
in patriam vel in omne genus hominum fama meritorum. 270 

Let Caesar win undying fame by reestablishing the State. 

9. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est, hie restat actus, 1 
in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem piiblicam constituas, 
eaque 2 tu. in prlmis summa tranquillitate et otio perfruare ; 
turn te, si voles, cum et patriae, quod debes, solveris et 

8 i.e. the philosophers. 9 wisdom. 10 frequently. u laid. 12 under these 
circumstances. 13 duration. ii aequitate animi : resignation (willingness 
to die). 15 that sentiment " satis diu," etc. 16 although, however. 17 pa- 
rum magna: achievements too small. 18 de+vinco. 19 Order: gloria est 
fama magnorum meritorum. 20 widespread. 21 toward. 

9. J act; Caesar has a part to play. 2 sc. re publica. 



140 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

275 naturam ipsam expleveris 3 satietate vlvendl, satis diu 
vlxisse dicito. 4 Quid enim est omnlno 5 hoc ipsum "diu," 
in quo est aliquid extremum? Quod cum venit, omnis 
voluptas praeterita pro nihilo est, quia postea nulla est 
futura. Quamquam iste tuus animus numquam his 

280 angustils, quas natura nobis ad vlvendum dedit, content us 
fuit; semper immortalitatis amore flagravit. Nee vero 
haec tua vita dticenda 6 est, quae corpore et splritu con- 
tinetur ; ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua, quae vigebit 7 me- 
moria saeculorum omnium, quam posteritas alet, quam 

285 ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. Huic tti mservias, 8 huic 
te ostentes oportet ; quae quidem, quae mlretur, iam prl- 
dem multa habet ; nunc etiam, quae laudet, exspectat. 

Obstupescent 9 posterIcerteimperia, provincial, Rhenum, 
Oceanum, Nllum, pugnas innumerabiles, incredibiles 

290 victorias, monumenta, miinera, 10 triumphos audientes et 
legentes tuos. Sed nisi haec urbs stabillta tuis consilils 
et Institutls erit, vagabitur u modo tuum nomen longe 
atque late ; sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non 
habebit. Erit inter eos etiam, qui nascentur, slcut inter 

295 nos fuit, magna dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum res 
tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requlrent, idque 
vel maximum, nisi belli clvllis incendium salute patriae 
restmxeris, ut illud 12 fatl fuisse videatur, hoc 13 consili. 
Servl 14 igitur els etiam itidicibus, qui multls post saeculis 

300 de te iudicabunt, et quidem haud scio an incorruptius 15 
quam nos ; nam et sine amore et sine cupiditate et rursus 
sine odio et sine invidia itidicabant. Id 16 autem etiamsi 
turn ad te, ut quldam putant, non pertinebit, nunc certe 

3 expleveris . . . vivendi : shall have satisfied with a full life. 4 imper- 
ative. 5 quid . . . omnino: for what is the meaning, anyway, of , etc. 
6 to be considered. 7 will flourish. 8 be subservient. 9 will stand amazed. 
10 games, the public shows given when he was a magistrate. n will be 
talked about. n i.e. bellum civile. 13 i.e. salus. 14 imperative, give heed 
to. 1E more honestly. 16 i.e. the judgment of posterity. 



PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 141 

pertinet esse te talem, ut tuas laudes obsciiratura nulla 
umquam sit oblivio. 305 

The war being ended, all will unite to protect the conqueror. 

10. Diversae voluntatis civium fuerunt distractaeque 
sententiae. Non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed armis 
etiam et castris dissidebamus ; 1 erat enim obscuritas quae- 
dam, erat certamen inter clarissimos duces ; multi dubita- 
bant, quid optimum esset, multi, quid sibi expediret, 2 3io 
multi, quid deceret, 3 nonnulli etiam, quid liceret. Per- 
ftincta 4 res publica est hoc misero fatallque bello ; vicit is, 
qui non fortiina Inflammaret odium suum, sed bonitate 
leniret, nee qui omnes, quibus iratus esset, eosdem exsilio aut 
morte dignos iudicaret. Arma ab aliis 5 posit a, ab aliis 6 315 
erepta sunt. Ingratus est iniust usque civis, qui armorum 
perlculo liberatus animum tamen retinet armatum, ut 
etiam ille melior sit qui in acie cecidit, 7 qui in causa 
animam profudit. Quae enim pertinacia 8 quibusdam, 
eadem aliis constantia videri potest. 320 

Sed iam omnis fracta dissensio est armis, exstincta 
aequitate victoris ; restat, ut omnes finum velint, qui modo 
habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam sanitatis. 9 
Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo et in ista sententia, qua cum 
antea, turn hodie vel maxime iisus es, manente, salvi esse 325 
non possumus. Quare omnes te, qui haec salva esse volu- 
mus, et hortamur et obsecramus, 10 ut vltae tuae et saluti 
consulas ; omnesque tibi u (ut pro aliis etiam loquar, quod 
de me ipse sentio), quoniam subesse 12 aliquid putas, quod 
cavendum sit, 13 non modo excubias 14 et custodies, sed 330 
etiam laterum nostrorum oppositiis et corporum pollicemur. 

10. 1 were at variance. 2 was expedient. 3 was becoming. 4 has fin- 
ished. 5 by some. 6 from others. 7 fell. 8 obstinacy. 9 good sense. 10 en- 
treat. u w. pollicemur. 12 (to be) concealed. 13 must be avoided. u pro- 
tection. 



142 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

Caesar's crowning kindness. 

11. Sed ut, unde est orsa, 1 in eodem terminetur oratio, 
maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, maiores 
etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex 

335 omnium precibus et lacrimis sentire potuistl. Sed quia 
non est omnibus stantibus 2 necesse dlcere, a me certe 
dici volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo ; et, quod fieri 
decet, 3 M. Marcello a te huic ordini populoque Romano et 
rei piiblicae reddito, fieri id intellego. Nam laetarl omnes 

340 non de unlus solum, sed de communl salute sentio. Quod 
autem summae benevolentiae est, 4 quae mea erga ilium 
omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, optimo et 
amantissimo fratrl, praeter eum quidem cederem neminl, 
cum id sollicitiidine, 5 cura, labore tamditi praestiterim, 

345 quamditi est de illlus salute dubitatum, certe hoc tempore 
magnls curls, molestils, 6 doloribus liberatus praestare 
debeo. Itaque, C. Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago ut, omnibus 
me rebus 7 a te non conservato solum sed etiam ornato, 
tamen ad tua in me tinum innumerabilia merita, 8 quod 

350 fieri iam posse non arbitrabar, maximus 9 hoc tuo facto 
cumulus accesserit. 

11. 1 began. 2 stantibus dicere : to stand and speak. Cicero was a per- 
sonal friend of Marcellus. 3 quod decet : which is proper, w. antecedent id, 
explained by laetari omnes. 4 quod. . . . est : as for that which is the duty 
of the deepest affection. 5 anxiety. 6 distress. 7 abl. of specification. 
8 benefits. 9 maximus cumulus : crowning favor. 



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A Girl with Tabellae and Stilus 
(From a Herculanean wall painting) 

M. TULLI CICERONIS 

EPISTULAE SELECT AE 1 

1. To Pompey in Asia. 2 

M . Tullius M. F. 3 Cicero S. D. Cn. Pompeio Cn. F. Magno 
Imperdtori. 

S. T. E. Q. V. B. E. 4 Ex litterls tuis, quas publice 5 
mlsistl, cepl una cum omnibus mcredibilem voluptatem; 

1. > See Introduction, 11. 2 Written at Rome, 62 B.C., after Pompey 's 
dispatches to the Romans announcing his victory over Mithridates. 
3 M. F. = Marci filius. S. D. = salutem dicit (greets, says greeting). 
Cn. F. = Gnaei filio. 4 The initials stand for si tu exercitusque valetis, 
bene est. 5 officially. 

143 



144 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

tantam enim spem otl 6 ostendistl, quantam ego semper 
omnibus te uno fretus pollicebar. Sed hoc sclto, tuos 

5 veteres hostes, novos amicos vehementer litteris perculsos 
atque ex magna spe deturbatos 7 iacere. 

Ad me autem litteras quas mlsistl, quamquam exiguam 
slgnificationem tuae erga me voluntatis habebant, iamen 
mihi sclto iucundas fuisse; nulla enim re tarn laetarl 

10 soled quam meorum officiorum 8 conscientia, quibus si 
quando non mutue respondetur. 9 apud me 10 plus n offici 
residere facillime patior. Illud non dubito, quin, si te 
mea summa erga te studia 12 parum mihi adiunxerint, res 
piiblica nos inter nos conciliattira coniuncttiraque sit. 

is Ac, ne ignores, quid ego in tuis litteris deslderarim, 13 
scrlbam aperte, slcut et mea natiira et nostra amlcitia 
postulat. Res 14 eas gessl, quarum aliquam in tuis litteris 
et nostrae necessitudinis et rel piiblicae causa gratula- 
tionem exspectavl; quam ego abs te praetermissam esse 

20arbitror, quod vererere, ne cuius animum offenderes. 
Sed sclto ea, quae nos pro salute patriae gessimus, orbis 
terrae iudicio ac testimonio comprobarl; quae, cum 
veneris, tanto consilio tantaque animl magnitudine a me 
gesta esse cognosces, ut tibi, multo maiorl quam Africa- 

25nus fuit, me, non multo minorem quam Laelium, 15 facile 
et in re piiblica et in amlcitia aditinctum esse patiare. 

(Ad Fam. V. 7.) 

6 of peace. 7 disappointed. % services. 9 non . . . respondetur: no re- 
turn is made. 10 apud me : in my favor. n the balance. n zeal. 13 missed. 
14 I.e. the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy, to which he expected 
Pompey to refer. 15 Africanus and Laelius were ideal friends. 



EPISTULAE SELECTAE 



145 




The Harbor at Baiae 

2. To Atticus, in Rome. 

Cicero Attico Sal. 1 

Epistulam cum a te avide exspectarem ad vesperum, ut 
soleo, ecce tibi 2 ntintius pueros 3 venisse Roma ! Voco ; 
quaero, ecquid litterarum. Negant. " Quid ais?" in- 
quam, " nihilne a Pomponio? " PerterritI voce et vultu 
confess! sunt se accepisse, sed excidisse in via. Quid 5 
quaeris ? Permoleste tuli ; nulla enim abs te per hos 
dies epistula inanis 4 aliqua re titili et suavi venerat. 
Nunc, si quid in ea epistula, quam ante diem xvi Kal. 
Maias dedisti, 5 fuit historia dlgnum, 6 scribe quam prl- 



2. 1 salutem dicit. Cicero was writing in his villa near Antium, Apr. 

59 b.c, to his intimate friend, T. Pomponius Atticus. 2 look you (115, b). 

3 == servos ; indir. disc. w. vb. implied in nuntius. 4 without. 5 sent. 
6 historia dignum : of importance. 



146 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

10 mum, ne ignoremus ; sin nihil praeter iocationem, 7 redde 8 
id ipsum. 

Et scito Ciirionem adulescentem venisse ad me salii- 
tatum. Valde eius sermo de Piiblio cum tuis litteris 
congruebat 9 ; ipse vero mlrandum in modum "reges 10 odisse 

15 superbos." Peraeque u narrabat incensam esse iuventutem 

neque f erre haec posse. Bene habemus 12 nos, si in his spes 

est ; opinor, aliud 13 agamus. Ego me do historiae. Quam- 

quam licet me Saufeium 14 putes esse, nihil me est inertius. 

Sed cognosce itinera nostra, ut statuas ubi nos visiirus 

20 sis. In Formianum 15 volumus venire Parllibus 16 ; inde, 
quoniam putas praetermittendum nobis esse hoc tempore 
Cratera 17 ilium delicatum, 18 Kal. Mails de Formiano 
proficiscemur, ut Anti 19 simus a. d. v Nonas Maias. 
Ltidi enim Anti futtiri sunt a mi ad pr. Nonas Maias. 

25 Eos Tullia spectare vult. Inde cogito 20 in Ttisculanum, 21 
deinde Arpinum, 22 Romam ad Kal. Ifinias. Te aut in 
Formiano aut Anti aut in Tfisculano cur a ut videamus. 
Epistulam superiorem restitue nobis et adpinge 23 aliquid 
novi. 

(Ad Att. II. 8.) 

3. To Atticus, in Epirus. 1 

Cicero Attico Sal. 

Numquam ante arbitror te epistulam meam legisse, nisi 
mea manu scriptam. Ex eo colligere 2 poteris, quanta 

7 joking. 8 repeat. 9 agreed. w ob j . of odisse, referring to the Trium- 
virate. n to the same degree. 12 bene habemus : are well off. n let us do 
something else, giving up politics. 14 because, like Saufeius, he wrote 
much. lh the villa at For miae. 16 on the feast of Pales (Apr. 21). 17 ace, 
Crater, a bay near Baiae. 18 charming. 19 at Antium. 20 sc. ire. 21 to the 
Tusculan villa. 22 to Arpinum. 23 add. 

3. 1 The first paragraph of a letter written at Rome, Aug., 59 B.C. 
2 infer. 



EPISTULAE SELECTAE 



147 




occupatione 3 distinear. 4 Nam, cum vacui temporis nihil 
haberem et cum recreandae voculae 5 causa necesse esset 5 
mihi ambulare, haec dictavl ambulans. 

(Ad Att. II. 23.) 



4. To Quintus Cicero, at Ephesus. 1 

Praeterea Aesopi 2 tragoedl, nostrl familiaris, Licinius 
servus, tibi notus, aufugit. Is Athenis apud Patronem 3 
Epicureum pro libero fuit. Inde in Asiam venit. Postea 
Plato quidam Sardianus, 4 Epictireus, qui Athenis solet 
esse multum 5 et qui turn Athenis f uerat, cum Licinius eo 5 



3 business. 4 am engaged. 5 my weak voice. 

4. 1 A paragraph about a runaway slave, fiom a letter by Cicero at 
Rome, Nov., 59 b.c, to his brother, then governor of the province of Asia. 
2 of Aesopus, a Roman tragedian. 3 Patron, the Epicurean. 4 of Sardis, 
5 much {of the time) . 



148 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 




A Grain-mill at Pompeii 

(Notice the baking oven at the left) 



venisset, cum eum fugitivum esse postea ex Aesopi litteris 
cognosset, hominem comprehendit et in custodiam 
Ephesi tradidit, sed 6 in piiblicam 7 an in plstrmum 8 non 
satis ex litteris eius intellegere potuimus. Tu, quoquo 

lomodo est, quoniam Ephesi est, hominem investlges velim 
summaque dlligentia vel tecum deducas. Noll spectare 
quantl homo est ; parvi enim preti est, qui iam nihil! est ; 
sed tanto dolore Aesopus est adfectus propter servl scelus et 
audaciam ut nihil gratius facere possis, quam si ilium per te 

15 recuperarit. 9 

(Ad Q. Frat. I. 2.) 



6 but (whether) . 
by slaves. 9 recover. 



7 sc. custodiam. 8 a grain-mill, sometimes worked 



EPISTULAE SELECTAE 



149 






£ 



A Group of Roman Women 

(From a Herculanean wall painting) 

5. To his Wife and Family, in Rome. 1 

Tullius S. D. Terentiae et Tulliolae et Ciceroni Suis. 
Noli putare me ad quemquam longiores epistulas 
scribere, nisi si quis ad me pltira scripsit, cui puto rescribi 

5. 1 Written at Thessalonica, Oct., 58 b.c, during Cicero's exile. 



150 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

oportere ; nee enim habeo, quod scrlbam, nee hoc tempore 
quidquam difficilius facio. Ad te vero et ad nostram 

5Tulliolam 2 non queo 3 sine plurimis lacrimis scrlbere ; 
vos enim video esse miserrimas, quas ego beatissimas 
semper esse volul idque praestare 4 debui et, nisi tarn timidl 
fuissemus, praestitissem. 

Plsonem 5 nostrum merito eius amo pliirimum; eum, ut 

10 potul, per litteras cohortatus sum gratiasque egi, ut debui. 
In no vis tribunis pi. 6 intellego spem te habere ; id erit fir- 
mum/ si Pompei voluntas erit, sed Crassum tamen metuo. 
A te quidem omnia fieri fortissime et amantissime video, 
nee mlror, sed maereo casum eiusmodl, ut tantls tuls miserils 

15 meae miseriae subleventur. 8 Nam ad me P. Valerius, homo 
officiosus, 9 scrlpsit, id quod ego maximo cum fletti legl, 
quemadmodum a 10 Vestae ad tabulam u Valeriam ducta 
esses. Hem, 12 mea lux, meum deslderium, 13 unde omnes 
opem petere solebant ! te nunc, mea Terentia, sic vexarl, 

20 sic iacere in lacrimis et sordibus, 14 idque fieri mea culpa, 
qui ceteros servavl, ut nos perlremus ! 

Quod de domo scrlbis, hoc est de area, 15 ego vero turn 
denique mihi videbor restitiitus, si ilia nobis erit restituta. 
Verum haec non sunt in nostra manu ; illud doleo, quae 

25 impensa 16 f acienda est, in eius partem 17 te miseram et 
despoliatam venire. Quod si conficitur negotium, 18 omnia 
consequemur ; sin eadem nos fortiina premet, etiamne 
reliquias 19 tuas misera proicies ? Obsecro te, mea vita, 
quod ad sumptum attinet, 20 sine 21 alios, qui possunt, si 

30 modo volunt, sustinere, et valetiidinem istam Inflrmam, si 

2 little Tullia. 3 I am able. 4 to have secured. 5 Tullia's husband 
6 for plebis. 7 a safe thing (to depend on). 8 are relieved. 9 obliging 10 sc. 
templo. n the office of Valerius, probably a bank. 12 alas. 13 love. u mourn- 
ing. 15 de area : about its site, Cicero's house had been destroyed when 
he was banished. 16 quae impensa : the expense which. v in eius partem 
venire: share. 18 i. e., his recall from banishment. 19 what you have left. 
20 quod . . . attinet: as to the expense (of my support) . 21 imperative. 




A Roman Woman Sacrificing 



[151] 



152 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

me amas, noli vexare. Nam mihi ante oculos dies 
noctesque versaris ; omnes labores te excipere video ; 
timeo, ut sustineas. Sed video in te esse omnia 22 ; quare, 
ut id, quod speras et quod agis, consequamur, servi vale- 

35 tudinl. 

Ego, ad quos scrlbam, nescio, nisi ad eos, qui ad me 
scrlbunt, aut ad eos, de quibus ad me vos aliquid scrlbitis. 
Longius, quoniam ita vobis placet, non discedam ; sed 
velim quam saepissime litteras mittatis, praesertim si 

40 quid est firmius, quod speremus. Valete, mea desideria, 
valete. 

(Ad Fam. XIV. 2.) 

6. To Caesar, in Gaul x 

Cicero Caesari Imp. 2 S. D. 

Vide quam mihi persuaserim te me esse alterum 3 non 
modo in els rebus, quae ad me ipsum, sed etiam in els, quae 
ad meos pertinent. C. Trebatium cogitaram, quocumque 
exirem, mecum ducere, ut eum meis omnibus studiis, 

5beneficils quam ornatissimum domum redticerem. Sed 
postea quam et Pompei commoratio diiiturnior erat, quam 
putaram, et mea quaedam tibi non ignota dubitatio 
aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe 
tardare, vide quid mihi stimpserim. Coepi velle ea 

10 Trebatium exspectare a te, quae sperasset a me, neque 
mehercule minus el prolixe 4 de tua voluntate promisl, 
quam eram solitus de mea polliceri. Casus 5 vero mlri- 
ficus 6 quidam intervenit quasi vel testis opmionis meae vel 
sponsor 7 humanitatis tuae. Nam cum de hoc ipso Tre- 

22 all (our hopes) . 

6. x Part of a letter from Rome, Apr., 54 B.C., recommending Tre- 
batius, a famous jurist, to Caesar. 2 imperatori. 3 te . . . alterum: 
that you are my second self. 4 freely. 5 coincidence. 6 extraordinary. 1 a 
-pledge. 



EPISTULAE SELECTAE 153 

batio cum Balbo nostro loquerer acciiratius 8 domi meae, 15 
litterae mihi dantur a te, quibus in extremis scrlptum erat : 
" Mescinium Riifum, quern mihi commendas, vel regem 
Galliae faciam, vel hunc Leptae delega, 9 si vis. Tti ad me 
alium mitte, quern ornem." Sustulimus 10 mantis et ego et 
Balbus ; tanta fuit opportunities, ut illud nescio quid non 20 
fortuitum, 11 sed divinum videretur. Mitto igitur ad te 
Trebatium atque ita mitto, ut initio mea sponte, post 
autem invitatu tuo mittendum duxerim. 12 Hunc, mi 
Caesar, sic velim omni tua comitate 13 complectare, ut 
omnia, quae per me possis addtici ut in meos conferre veils, 25 
in unum hunc conferas. 

(Ad Fam. VII. 5.) 



7. To Trebatius Testa, in Gaul. 1 

Cicero Trebatio. 

Ego te commendare non desisto ; sed, quid proficiam, 
ex te scire cupio. Spem maximam habeo in Balbo, ad 
quern de te diligentissime et saepissime scribo. Illud 
soleo mlrari, non me totiens accipere tuas litteras, quotiens 
a Quinto mihi fratre adferuntur. 5 

In Britannia nihil esse audio neque auri neque argenti. 
Id si ita est, essedum 2 aliquod capias, suadeo, et ad nos 
quam primum recurras. Sin autem sine Britannia tamen 
adsequi, quod volumus, possumus, perfice, ut sis in famil- 
iaribus Caesaris. Multum te in eo frater adiuvabit meus, 10 
multum Balbus, sed, mihi crede, tuus pudor et labor pluri- 
mum. Imperatorem liberalissimum, aetatem 3 oppor- 

8 with unusual earnestness. 9 intrust. 10 lifted in surprise. n accidental. 
12 believed. 13 kindness. 

7. 1 From Rome, May, 54 b.c. Trebatius was with Caesar, to gain 
military experience. 2 a war-chariot, neut. 3 Balbus was thirty-five. 



154 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

ttinissimam, commendationem certe singularem habes, ut 
tibi tinum timendum sit, ne ipse tibi defuisse videare. 

(Ad Fam. VII. 7.) 

8. To Tiro, at Patrae. 1 

Tullius et Cicero S. D. Tironl Sud. 

Septimum iam diem Corcyrae tenebamur ; Qulntus 
autem pater et fllius 2 Buthrotl. 3 SollicitI eramus de 
tua valetiidine mirum in modum, nee mlrabamur nihil a 
te litterarum ; els enim ventls istim 4 navigatur, qui si 

5essent, nos Corcyrae non sederemus. Cura igitur te 
et conflrma et, cum commode et per valetudinem et per 
anni tempus navigare poteris, ad nos amantissimos tul 
veni. Nemo nos amat, qui te non dlligat ; cams omnibus 
exspectatusque venies. Cura ut valeas. Etiam atque 

10 etiam, Tiro noster, vale. 

(Ad Fam. XVI. 7.) 

9. To L. Papirius Paetus. 1 
Cicero Paeto. 

Heri 2 veni in Cimianum, 3 eras ad te fortasse. Sed 
cum certum sciam, faciam te paulo ante certiorem. Etsi 4 
M. Caeparius, cum mihi in silva Galllnaria 5 obviam ve- 
nisset 6 quaeslssemque, quid ageres, dixit te in lecto esse, 
5 quod ex pedibus laborares. Tull scilicet moleste, ut 
debul, sed tamen constitul ad te venire, ut et viderem te et 
vlserem et cenarem etiam ; non enim arbitror coquum 7 

8. 1 From Cicero and his son Tullius to Tiro, his secretary ; written at 
Corcyra, Nov. 17, 50 b.c. 2 The younger Quintus, son of Cicero's 
brother. 3 at Buthrotum. 4 thence, from Patrae. 

9. 1 Written at Cumae, Nov. 19, 46 B.C. Paetus was a friend living 
near Naples. 2 yesterday. 3 my Cumaean estate. 4 and I shall come 
although. B a wood in Campania, near Cumae. 6 obviam venisset: had 
met. 7 the cook. 



EPISTULAE SELECTAE 155 

etiam te arthrlticum 8 habere. Expecta igitur hospitem 
cum minime edacem, 9 turn inimlcum cenis stimptuosis. 

(Ad Fam. IX. 23.) 

10. To C. Cassius Longinus, in Syria. 1 
Cicero Cassio Sal. 

Vellem Idibus Martils me ad cenam invitasses ; re- 
liquiarum 2 nihil fuisset. Nunc me reliquiae vestrae exer- 
cent, et quidem praeter ceteros me. Quamquam egregios 
consules habemus, sed turpissimos consulages ; senatum 
fortem, sed Infimo 3 quemque honore fortissimum. Populo 5 
vero nihil fortius, nihil melius, Italiaque tiniversa ; nihil 
autem foedius Philippo et Pisone legatis, nihil nagitio- 
sius ; qui cum essent missi, ut Antonio ex senatus sententia 4 
certas res nuntiarent, cum ille earum rerum null! paruisset, 
ultro 5 ab illo ad nos intolerabilia postulata rettulerunt. io 
Itaque ad nos concurritur, 6 factique iam in re salutan 7 
populares sumus. 

Sed tii quid ageres, 8 quid acttirus, ubi denique esses, 
nesciebam. Fama nuntiabat te esse in Syria ; auctor erat 
nemo. De Brtito, quo 9 propius est, eo firmiora videntur 15 
esse quae ntintiantur. Dolabella 10 valde vituperabatur u 
ab hominibus non msulsis, 12 quod tibi tarn cito succederet, 
cum tti vixdum xxx. dies in Syria fuisses ; itaque con- 

8 attacked with gout. 9 greedy. In joking with Paetus, Cicero always 
pretended to be a great eater. 

10. i Written at Rome, Feb. 2, 43 b.c. Cassius, the leading conspira- 
tor against Caesar, was governor of Syria, 44-42 b.c. 2 fragments, leav- 
ings, i.e., Anthony would also have been killed. The cena was the assas- 
sination of Caesar, which Cicero applauded. 3 infimo . . . honore : the 
lowest in rank. 4 in accordance with the vote. 6 on his part. 6 i.e., my 
house is thronged. 7 in re salutari : though supporting a sound constitu- 
tional measure. 8 trans, the impf., ageres, esses . . . erat by the pres. 
(180). 9 as. 10 Dolabella, who was to succeed Cassius, scarcely allowed 
him the legal month's grace to leave the province. " was criticised. 12 non 
insulsis : of wit. 



156 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

stabat eum recipl in Syriam non oportere. Summa laus et 
2otua et BrutI est, quod exercitum praeter spem exlstima- 
minl comparasse. Scrlberem pliira, si rem causamque 
nossem ; nunc quae scribo, scribo ex oplnione hominum 
atque fama. Tuas litteras avide exspecto. Vale. 

(Ad Fam. XII. 4.) 




Tombs on the Appian Way 

M. TULLI CICERONIS 
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 

AD T. POMPONIUM ATTICUM 

Cicero's essay " De Senectute " is a treatise in praise of old age, so 
charmingly written that Montaigne said of it, that " it made one long 
to grow old." It is cast in the form of a dialogue, in which Marcus Cato 
the Elder, in his eighty-fourth year, converses with two young companions, 
Scipio Africanus and Gaius Laelius. Cicero says, " I introduced Cato, 
the old man, speaking, because no personage seemed better fitted to talk 
concerning old age, than he who had been an old man a very long time, and 
in old age itself had flourished beyond others." 

Old age not burdensome to Cato. 

2. Scipio. Saepe numero 1 admirari soleo cum hoc C. 
Laelio cum ceterarum rerum tuam excellentem, M. 
Cato, perfectamque sapientiam, turn vel maxime, quod 

2. ! very often. 
157 



158 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

numquam tibi senectutem gravem 2 esse senserim, quae 
5plerlsque senibus sic odiosa est, ut onus se Aetna gravius 
dicant sustinere. 

Cato. Rem haud sane difficilem, Scipio et Laell, 
admlrari videminl. Quibus enim nihil est in ipsis opis ad 
bene beateque vlvendum, els omnis aetas gravis est ; qui 

10 autem omnia bona a se ipsl petunt, els nihil malum potest 
viderl, quod naturae necessitas adferat. Quo in genere est 
in prlmis senectus ; quam ut adipiscantur omnes optant, 
eandem accusant adept! ; tanta est stultitiae 3 inconstantia 4 
atque perversitas. Obrepere 5 aiunt earn citius quam 

15 putassent. Prlmum quis coegit eos falsum putare ? Qui 6 
enim citius adulescentiae senectus quam pueritiae adules- 
centia obrepit ? Deinde qui 6 minus gravis esset els senec- 
tus, si octingentesimum annum agerent quam si octo- 
gesimum ? Praeterita enim aetas quam vis longa, cum 

20effluxisset, 7 nulla consolatione permulcere 8 posset stultam 
senectutem. Quocirca si sapientiam meam admlrari soletis 
(quae utinam dlgna esset oplnione vestra nostroque 
cognomine! 9 ), in hoc sumus sapientes, quod naturam 
optimam ducem tamquam deum sequimur eique paremus ; 

25 a qua non verl simile est, cum ceterae partes aetatis bene 
dlscriptae 10 sint, extremum actum tamquam ab inertl 
poeta esse neglectum. Sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid 
extremum, 11 et tamquam in arborum bads 12 terraeque 
fructibus, maturitate tempestlva quasi vietum 13 et 

30 cadticum, 14 quod ferendum est molliter 15 sapientl. Quid 
est enim aliud Gigantum 16 modo bellare cum dls nisi 
naturae repugnare ? 

Laelius. AtquI, 17 Cato, gratissimum nobis, ut etiam 

2 burdensome. 3 of folly. l inconsistency . 5 comes on. 6 how? 7 has 
streamedby. 8 soothe. 9 my surname "Sapiens." 10 composed, actum: act. 
Cf. Shakespeare's Seven Ages of Man. » end. n in the case of the fruits. 
13 a time oj 'bending. u a time of falling. 15 patiently. 1C of giants. v and yet. 



CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 159 

pro Scipione pollicear, feceris, si, quoniam speramus, 
volumus quidem certe senes fieri, multo ante a te didi-35 
cerimus, quibus facillime rationibus ingravescentem aeta- 
tem ferre possimus. 

Cato. Faciam vero, Laeli, praesertim si utrique 
vestrum, ut dicis, gratum futurum est. 

Laelius. Volumus sane, nisi molestum est, Cato, tarn- 40 
quam longam aliquam viam confeceris, quam nobis 
quoque ingrediendum sit, isttic, 18 quo pervenisti, videre 
quale sit. 

He consents to discourse on the enjoyments of old age. 

3. Cato. Faciam, ut potero, Laeli. Saepe enim inter- 
fui querelis x aequalium 2 meorum (pares autem vetere 45 
proverbio cum paribus facillime congregantur) , quae C. 
Salmator, quae Sp. Albums, homines consulares, nostrl 
fere aequales, deplorare solebant, turn quod voluptatibus 
carerent, sine quibus vltam nullam putarent, turn quod 
spernerentur 3 ab els, a quibus essent coll 4 solitT. Qui 50 
mihi non id videbantur acctisare, quod esset accusandum. 
Nam si id culpa senectiitis accideret, eadem mihi usti 
venirent 5 reliquisque omnibus maioribus natu, quorum 
ego multorum cognovi senecttitem sine querela, qui se et 
libidinum vinculis laxatos 6 esse non moleste ferrent, nee a 55 
suis despicerentur. Sed omnium istius modi querelarum 
in moribus est culpa, non in aetate. Moderati 7 enim et 
nee difficiles 8 nee inhiimani senes tolerabilem senectiitem 
agunt ; importiinitas 9 autem et inhumanitas omni aetati 
molesta est. 60 

Laelius. Est, ut dicis, Cato ; sed fortasse dixerit 

18 istuc quo quale sit : what is the character of that stage at which. 

3. i have been conversant with the complaints. 2 contemporaries. 3 were 
despised. 4 to be respected. 5 usu venirent : would happen. 6 set free. 
7 temperate. 8 morose. 9 rudeness. 



160 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



quispiam tibi propter opes et copias et dignitatem tuam 
tolerabiliorem senectutem viderl, id autem non posse 
multis contingere. 
65 Cato. Est istud quidem, Laeli, aliquid, sed nequaquam 10 
in isto sunt omnia. Ut Themistocles fertur Seriphio u 
cuidam in itirgio 12 respondisse, cum ille dixisset non eum 

sua, sed patriae glo- 
ria splendorem 13 
adsecutum : " Nee 
hercule," inquit, u si 
ego Seriphius essem, 
nee tii si Atheni- 
ensis, clarus um- 
quam fuisses." 
Quod eodem modo 
de senectute dici 
potest. Nee enim 
in summa inopia 
levis esse senectus 
potest, ne sapient! 
quidem, nee Insipi- 
enti etiam in sum- 
ma copia non gra- 
vis. Aptissima 14 
omnino sunt, Scipio 

Themistocles e ^ L ae Ji ? arma Senec- 

tutis artes exercitationesque virttitum, quae in omni aetate 
cultae, cum diu multumque vixeris, mlrificos 15 efferunt 
9ofructtis, non solum quia numquam deserunt ne extremo 
quidem tempore aetatis (quamquam id quidem maximum 
est), verum etiam quia conscientia bene actae vitae multo- 
rumque bene factorum recordatio 16 iucundissima est. 

10 by no means. n a Seriphian. 12 a dispute. 13 eminence. 14 fittest. 
15 wondrous. 16 recollection. 




CATO MAIOR DE SENEOTUTE LIBER 161 

The topics of his theme. 

5. Etenim, cum complector animo, quattuor reperio 
causas, cur senecttis misera videatur: tinam, quod avocet95 
a rebus gerendis ; alteram, quod corpus f aciat Inflrmius ; 
tertiam, quod privet fere omnibus voluptatibus ; quartam, 
quod haud procul absit a morte. Earum, si placet, causa- 
rum quanta quamque sit iusta una quaeque, videamus. 

Youth and age. 

6. "A rebus gerendis 1 senectus abstrahit." Quibus?ioo 
An els, quae iuventute geruntur et viribus ? Nullaene 
igiturres sunt seniles, 2 quae vel 3 Inflrmls corporibus animo 
tamen administrentur ? Nihil ergo agebat Q. Maximus, 
nihil L. Paulus, pater tuus, socer 4 optimi virl, fill mel ? 
Ceteri senes, Fabricil, Curii, Coruncanil, cum rem pu- 105 
blicam consilio et auctoritate defendebant, nihil agebant ? 
Ad Appi Claudl 5 senecttltem accedebat etiam, ut caecus 6 
esset ; tamen is, cum sententia senatus incllnaret ad 
pacem cum Pyrrho foedusque faciendum, non dubitavit 
dicere ilia, quae versibus persecutus 7 est Ennius : no 

Quo 8 vob!smentes,rectae quae stare solebant 
Antehac, dementes sese flexere vial? 
ceteraque gravissime 9 ; notum 10 enim vobls carmen est ; 
et tamen ipslus Appi exstat oratio. 11 Atque haec ille egit 
septimo decimo anno post alterum consulatum, cum inter 115 
duos consulates annl decern interfuissent censorque ante 

6. 1 a rebus gerendis, from our activities. 2 activities for old men. 3 even. 
4 father-in-law. 5 Appius Claudius, censor 312 b.c, consul 307 b.c. He 
commenced the Appian Way and completed the Appian Aqueduct. 
From him Roman jurisprudence, oratory, grammar, and Latin prose 
date their beginning. 6 blind. 7 expressed. 8 quo, w. viai (archaic gen. of 
via) — quern in locum : " On what wild course have wits, once true, but witless 
now, misguided you?" 9 in the most dignified style. 10 hence there is no 
reason for quoting further from Ennius. u the speech against peace w. 
Pyrrhus. 




[162] 



CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 



163 



superiorem consulatum fuisset ; ex quo intellegitur Pyrrhi 
bello grandem 12 sane fuisse ; et tamen 13 sic a patribus 
accepimus. 

Nihil igitur adferunt, u qui in re gerenda versarl 120 
senectutem negant, similesque 15 sunt, ut si qui guberna- 
torem 16 in navigando nihil agere dicant, cum alii malos 17 
scandant, 18 alii per foros 19 cursent, aliisentlnam exhauriant, 
ille autem clavum 20 tenens quietus sedeat in puppi, non f a- 
ciat ea, quae iuvenes, at vero multo maiora et meliorai25 
faciat. Non viribus aut velocitate aut celeritate corporum 
res magnae geruntur, sed 
consilio, auctoritate, sen- 
tentia ; quibus non modo 
non orbari, 21 sed 22 etiam 
augeri senectus solet. Nisi 
forte ego vobis, qui et miles 
et tribunus et legatus et 
consul versatus sum in 
vario genere bellorum, ces- 
sare 23 nunc videor, cum 
bella non gero. At se- 
natui quae sint gerenda 
praescribo, et quo modo ; Karthagini male iam diu cogi- 
tanti bellum multo ante u denuntio ; de qua vereri non 140 
desinam, quam illam excisam 25 esse cognovero. 

12 aged, sc. eum as subj. of fuisse. 13 i.e., although old, he exhibited such 
ability and energy. u say nothing to the point. 15 similesque. . . qui : 
and are like those who. 16 pilot. 17 masts. 18 climb. 19 gangways. 20 rudder. 
21 to be deprived (of). 22 repeat quibus, by which. 23 to be inactive. 2i i.e., 
before it is declared by the state. 25 destroyed. It was Cato who used to 
end all his speeches in the Senate with censeo delendam esse Karthaginem. 




Activities on Shipboard 

(From a Pompeian tomb-relief) 



164 



M. TULLI CICERONIS 



The wisdom of old age. 

10. Videtisne, ut l apud 2 Homerum saepissime Nestor 
de virtutibus suis praedicet ? Tertiam iam enim aetatem 3 
hominum videbat, nee erat ei verendum, ne vera praedi- 
145 cans de se nimis videretur aut Insolens aut loquax. Ete- 
nim, ut ait Homerus, "ex eius lingua melle 4 dulcior fluebat 
oratio/' quam ad suavitatem 5 niillis egebat corporis viribus. 

Et tamen dux ille 
Graeciae nusquam 6 
optat, ut Aiacis 7 
similes habeat de- 
cern, sed ut Nesto- 
ris ; quod si sibi 
accident, non dubi- 
tat, quin brevi 8 sit 
Troia peritiira. 

The pleasure of agri- 
culture in old age. 

17. Multas ad 

res perutiles Xeno- 

phontis librl sunt ; 

quos legite, quaeso, 

studiose, ut facitis. 

Quam copiose ab eo 

agri cultiira lauda- 

Homer tur in eo libro, qui 

est de tuenda re 

166 familiar!, 1 qui Oeconomicus Inscribitur ! Atque ut in- 

tellegatis nihil el tarn regale videri quam studium agri 

colendi, Socrates in eo libro loquitur cum Critobulo 




3 generation. 4 honey. 5 sweetness. 6 nowhere. 7 Ajax. 



10. i how. 
8 sc. tempore. 

17. i on the management of one's property. 



CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 



165 



Cyrum minorem, Persarum regem, praestantem ingenio 

atque imperi gloria, cum Lysander Lacedaemonius, virno 

summae virtutis, venisset 

ad eum Sardls 2 eique dona 

a sociis attulisset, et ceteris 

in rebus comem 3 erga 

Lysandrum atque huma- 

num 4 fuisse et el quen- 

dam consaeptum 5 agrum 

diligenter consitum 6 

ostendisse. Cum autem 

admiraretur Lysander et 

proceritates 7 arborum et 

derectos 8 in qumcuncem 9 

ordines et humum sub- 

actam 10 atque puram et 

suavitatem odorum, qui 

adflarentur ex floribus, 

turn eum dlxisse mirarl 

se non modo dlligentiam, 

sed etiam sollertiam u 

eius, a quo essent ilia 

dlmensa atque discripta ; 

et Cyrum respondisse : 

u Atqui ego ista sum 

omnia dimensus; mei 

sunt ordines, mea di- 

scriptio, 12 multae etiam 

istarum arborum mea 

manu sunt satae." 13 

Tum Lysandrum intu- Socrates 




2 ace. to Sardis. 3 affable. 4 kind. 5 fenced. 6 planted. 7 the i 
5 arranged. 9 in fives. 10 cultivated. n skill. 12 plan. 13 planted. 





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k ■-"■" ";//! 


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,: . ' 






! &£ 



[166] 



CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 167 

entem purpuram eius et nitorem 14 corporis ornatumque 15 200 
Persicum multo auro multlsque gemmis 16 dixisse : " Rite 17 
vero te, Cyre, beatum ferunt, quoniam virtutl tuae fortuna 
coniuncta est." 

Spartan respect for old age. 

18. Lysandrum Lacedaemonium, cuius modo feci men- 
tionem, dicere aiunt solitum Lacedaemonem * esse ho- 205 
nestissimum clomicilium senectutis ; nusquam enim tan- 
tum 2 tribuitur aetati, nusquam est senectiis honoratior. 
Quln etiam memoriae proditum est, cum Athenis ludis 
quidam in theatrum grandis 3 natu venisset, magno con- 
sessu 4 locum nusquam el datum a suls civibus ; cum au- 210 
tern ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legatl cum essent, 
certo in loco consederant, consurrexisse 5 omnes ill! dlcuntur 

et senem sessum 6 recepisse. Quibus cum a ciincto consessti 
plausus 7 esset multiplex datus, dixisse ex eis quendam 
Athenienses scire, quae recta essent, sed facere nolle. 215 

The harvest time of life. 

19. Horae quidem cedunt et dies et menses et anni, nee 
praeteritum tempus umquam revertitur, nee, quid sequa- 
tur, sciri potest ; quod cuique temporis ad vivendum da- 
tur, eo debet esse contentus. Neque enim histrioni, 1 ut 
placeat, peragenda fabula 2 est, modo, 3 in quocumque22o 
fuerit actti, probetur, neque sapienti usque ad " Plaudite " 4 
veniendum est. Breve enim tempus aetatis satis longum 
est ad bene honesteque vivendum ; sin processerit lon- 
gius, 5 non magis dolendum est, quam agricolae dolent 

14 splendor. 15 attire. 16 jewels. 17 rightly. 

18. i Sparta. 2 so much respect. 3 grandis natu : elderly. 4 assembly. 
6 to have risen up. 6 to a seat. 7 plausus multiplex : rounds of applause. 

19. 1 actor, dative. 2 the play. 3 if only. 4 " applaud " the word with 
which the chief actor closed the play. 5 sc. aetate. 



168 M. TULLI CICERONIS 

225 praeterita verni 6 temporis suavitate aestatem autum- 
numque venisse. Ver enim tamquam adulescentiam 
significat ostenditque fructus futuros, reliqua autem tem- 
pora demetendls 7 fructibus et percipiendis 8 accommo- 
data sunt. Fructus autem senectutis est, ut saepe dlxl, ante 

230 partorum bonorum memoria et copia. 

The soul is immortal. 

22. Apud x Xenophontem autem moriens Cyrus maior 
haec dicit : " Nolite arbitrary o mihi carissimT Mil, me, 
cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore. Nee 
enim, dum eram vobiscum, animum meum videbatis, sed 

235 eum esse in hoc corpore ex els rebus, quas gerebam, in- 
tellegebatis. Eundem igitur esse creditote, 2 etiamsi nul- 
lum videbitis. Nee vero clarorum virorum post mortem 
honores permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi effi- 
cerent, quo diutius memoriam sui teneremus. Mihi 

240quidem numquam persuaderl potuit animos, dum in cor- 
poribus essent mortalibus, vivere, cum excessissent ex els, 
emori ; nee vero turn animum esse Insipientem, 3 cum ex 
Insipienti corpore evasisset ; sed cum omni admixtione 4 
corporis llberatus purus et integer esse coepisset, turn esse 

245 sapientem. Atque etiam cum hominis nattira morte 
dissolvitur, ceterarum rerum perspicuum 5 est quo quaeque 
discedat ; abeunt enim illuc 6 omnia, unde orta sunt; ani- 
mus autem solus, nee cum adest nee cum discedit, ap- 
paret. lam vero videtis nihil esse morti tarn simile quam 

250somnum. AtquI dormientium animi maxime declarant 
dlvlnitatem suam ; multa enim, cum remiss! 7 et liberi 
sunt, futiira prospiciunt. Ex quo intellegitur, quales 
futiiri sint, cum se plane 8 corporis vinculis relaxaverint. 

6 of spring. 7 reaping. 8 gathering. 

22. 1 in. 2 you must believe. 3 without consciousness. 4 connection 
(with). 5 clear; rerum limits quaeque. 6 to the place. 7 released. 8 entirely. 



CATO MAIOR DE SEXECTUTE LIBER 



169 



Quare, si haec ita sunt, sic me colitote," 9 inquit, "ut 
deum ; sin una est interitiirus animus cum corpore, vos 255 
tamen. deos verentes, qui hanc omnem pulchritudinem 10 
tuentur et regunt, memoriam nostri pie inviolateque n 
servabitis." 

9 you must reverence. l0 beautiful {world) . n affectionately and sacredly. 




C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 
BELLUM CATILINAE 



Sallust (C. Sallustius Crispus, 86-35 B.C.) was tribune of the people 
in 52 ; was expelled from the Senate in 50, being an opponent of Cicero, 
and Pompey, but restored later by Caesar ; was praetor in 46, and gov- 
ernor of Numidia. After Caesar's assassination he wrote Bellum Cati- 
linae and Bellum Iugurthinum. In the former he gives an account of 
the conspiracy of Catiline and the moral condition of the times. The 
speeches of Caesar and Cato before the Senate, concerning the punish- 
ment of the conspirators, are of special interest (chapters 51, 52). 

The character of Catiline. 

5. L. Catillna, nobill genere natus, fuit magna vi et 
animl et corporis sed ingenio malo pravoque. 1 Huic 
ab adulescentia bella intestlna, caedes, raplnae, discordia 
clvllis, grata fuere 2 ; ibique 3 iuventutem suam exercuit. 

5 Corpus patiens mediae, 4 algoris, 5 vigiliae, supra quam 
cuiquam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus, 6 varius, 
cuius rei libet simulator ac dissimulator ; 7 alien! 8 adpe- 
tens, sui proftisus, ardens in cupiditatibus ; satis eloquen- 
tiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus 9 animus immoderata, 

io incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post 
dominationem L. Sullae libido maxima invaserat rei 
publicae capiendae ; neque id quibus modls adsequeretur, 
dum sibi regnum pararet, quicquam pens! 10 habebat. 
Agitabatur magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei 

15 familiaris et conscientia scelerum ; quae utraque els 

5. i depraved. 2 = fuerunt. 3 and in these. 4 hunger. 5 cold. 6 subtle. 
7 pretending and dissembling anything you please (libet). 8 other mens 
property. 9 insatiable. 10 scrapie. 

170 



^ELLUM CATILINAE 171 

artibus auxerat, quas supra memoravi. Incitabant prae- 
terea corruptl civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa n 
inter se mala, liixuria atque avaritia, vexabant. 

Virtues of the Ancient Romans. 

Res ipsa hortarl videtur, quoniam de moribus clvi- 
tatis tempus admonuit, supra repetere ac 12 paucis In- 20 
stittita maiorum doml militiaeque ; quo modo rem ptiblicam 
habuerint quant amque reliquerint; ut, paulatim immu- 
tata ex pulcherrima atque optima, pessima ac flagitio- 
sissima facta sit, disserere. 

6. Urbem Romam, sicuti ego accepi, 1 condidere 2 25 
atque habuere initio Troiani, qui Aenea duce profugi 3 
sedibus incertis vagabantur ; cumque els Aborigines, 
genus hominum agreste, 4 sine legibus, sine imperio, 
liberum atque solutum. 5 Hi postquam in una moenia 6 
convenere, dispari genere, dissimili lingua, alii alio more30 
viventes, incredibile memoratti est quam facile coaluerint. 7 
Sed postquam res eorum, civibus, moribus, agrls aucta, 
satis prospera satisque pollens 8 videbatur, sicutl 9 pleraque 
mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur 
reges popullque fmitimi bello temptare ; 10 pauci ex amlcis 35 
auxilio esse, 10 nam ceteri metu perculsi a periculls aberant. 
At Romani doml militiaeque intent! u festinare parare, 
alius alium hortarl, hostibus obviam 12 ire, libertatem, 
patriam, parentesque armis tegere. Post ubi pericula 
virtiite propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant, 40 
magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficiis amicitias 
parabant. Imperium legitimum, 13 nomen imperi regium 14 
habebant. Delect!, quibus corpus annis Infirmum, in- 

11 contending. 12 w. disserere (1. 24), to describe. 

6. » understand. 2 = condiderunt. 3 as exiles. 4 savage. 5 uncon- 
trolled. 6 city. 7 united. 8 powerful. 9 sicuti . . . habentur : as is gen- 
erally the case in human affairs. 10 historical inf. " intend festinare : 
with alertness made haste. 12 met. ls regulated by laws. 14 monarchy. 



172 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 

genium sapientia validum erat, rel publicae consultabant ; 

45 el vel aetate vel ctirae similitudine 15 patres appellabantur. 
Post ubi regium imperium, quod initio conservandae 
libertatis 16 atque augendae rel publicae fuerat, in super- 
biam dominationemque se convertit, immutato more 
annua imperia bmosque imperatores sibi fecere ; eo modo 

50 minime posse putabant per licentiam msolescere 17 ani- 
mum humanum. 

7. Sed ea tempestate 1 coepere se quisque magis ex- 
tollere 2 magisque ingenium in promptti habere. 3 Nam 
regibus boni 4 quam mall 5 suspectiores sunt, semperque 

55eis aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas, incredi- 
bile memoratu est, adepta 6 llbertate quantum brevl 7 
creverit ; tanta cupido gloriae incesserat. lam primum 
iuventus, simul laboris ac belli patiens 8 erat, in castris per 
tisum militiam discebat, magisque in decoris 9 armls et 

60 mllitaribus equis quam in scortis atque convivils libidinem 
habebant. Igitur talibus viris non labor Insolitus, non 
locus ullus asper 10 aut arduus u erat, non armatus hostis 
formidolosus ; virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maxi- 
mum certamen inter ipsos erat : se quisque hostem ferire, 12 

65mtirum ascendere, conspici dum tale facinus faceret, pro- 
perabat. Eas divitias, earn bonam famam magnamque 
nobilitatem putabant. Laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales 
erant ; gloriam ingentem, divitias honestas 13 volebant. 
Memorare possem, quibus in locls maximas hostium copias 

7opopulus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes natiira 
munitas pugnando ceperit, nl 14 ea res longius nos ab in- 
cepto traheret. 

8. Sed profecto fortiina in omnl re dominatur ; ea res 

15 similarity. 16 sc. causa. 17 grow overbearing. 

7. i period. 2 to seek distinction. 3 in promptu habere : show. A the 
meritorious. 5 the undeserving . 6 secured. 7 sc. tempore. 8 able to bear. 
9 fine. 10 difficult. n inaccessible. 12 to wound. 13 moderate. u but that. 



BELLUM CATILINAE 173 

cunctas ex libldine magis quam ex vero celebrat 1 obscurat- 
que. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti ego aestimo, satis 75 
amplae magnificaeque fuere, verum aliquanto minores 
tamen quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere 2 ibi 
scriptorum magna ingenia, per terrarum orbem Athe- 
niensium facta pro maximis celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui 
ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea verbis potuere 80 
extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano num- 
quam ea copia fuit, quia pmdentissimus 3 quisque maxime 
negotiosus erat ; ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat ; 
optimus quisque facere quam dicere, sua ab alils bene facta 
laudarl quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. 85 

9. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur ; 
concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat ; itis bonumque 
apud eos non legibus magis quam nattira valebat. Iiirgia, 1 
discordias, simultates cum hostibus exercebant ; elves cum 
clvibus de virtiite certabant. In suppliers 2 deorum 90 
magnifici, domi parcl, 3 in amlcos fideles erant. Duabus 
his artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate, 
seque remque piiblicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego 
maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in bello saepius 
vindicatum 4 est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem 95 
ptignaverant, quique tardius, revocati, 5 proelio excesse- 
rant, quam 6 qui slgna relinquere aut puis! loco cedere ausi 
erant ; in pace vero quod benefices quam metfi imperium 
agitabant, 7 et accepta iniuria ignoscere quam persequl 
malebant. 100 

Caesar's speech in the Senate Dec. 5, 63 B.C. 

Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, rogatus sententiam a 
consule huiusce modi verba loctitus est : 

8. x she (ea) makes famous. 2 flourished. 3 most talented. 

9. 1 strife. 2 the worship. 3 frugal. 4 punishment was inflicted. 5 when 
commanded to retreat. 6 sc. in eos. 7 managed. 



174 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 

51 (a). " Omnes homines, patres conscrlptl, qui de 
rebus dubils consultant, ab odio, amicitia, Ira, atque 

105 misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud 1 facile animus 
verum providet, ubi ilia officiunt, 2 neque quisquam om- 
nium libldinl simul et usul 3 paruit. Ubi intenderis 4 
ingenium, valet : si libido possidet, 5 ea dominatur, animus 
nihil valet. Magna mihi copia est memorandl, 6 patres 

no conscrlptl, qui reges atque populi Ira aut misericordia 
impulsl male consuluerint. Sed ea malo dicere, quae 
maiores nostrl contra libidinem animl sul recte atque 
ordine 7 fecere. Bello Macedonico, quod cum rege Perse 
gessimus, Rhodiorum clvitas magna atque magnifica, 

us quae populi RomanI opibus creverat, Inflda atque ad versa 8 
nobis fuit. Sed postquam bello confecto de Rhodils 
consultum est, maiores nostrl, ne quis dlvitiarum magis 
quam iniuriae causa bellum inceptum dlceret, impunltos 
eos dlmlsere. 9 Item bellls Ptmicls omnibus, cum saepe 

120 Carthaginienses et in pace et per indtitias multa nefaria 
facinora fecissent, numquam ipsl per occasionem 10 talia 
fecere ; magis quid se dlgnum foret, 11 quam quid in illos 
iiire fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobls providen- 
dum est, patres conscrlptl, ne plus apud vos valeat P. 

i25LentulI et ceterorum scelus quam vestra dlgnitas, neu 
magis Irae vestrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si dlgna 
poena pro factls eorum reperltur, novum consilium 12 
adprobo ; sin magnitudo sceleris omnium ingenia 13 exsu- 
perat, his utendum censeo, quae legibus comparata sunt. 

130 51 (6). Plerique eorum, qui ante me sententias dixerunt, 
composite atque magnifice 1 casum rei piiblicae miseratl 

51(a). i not. 2 obstruct the view. s interest. 4 freely exert. 5 holds 
possession. 6 i.e., I could easily mention. 7 properly. 8 hostile. 9 left. 
10 when opportunity offered. « = esset. 12 i.e., of putting citizens to 
death in violation of law. 13 imaginations. 

51 (b) . ! in studied and impressive language. 



BELLUM CATILINAE 175 

sunt. Quae belli saevitia 2 esset, quae victls acciderent, 
enumeravere ; rapi virgines pueros ; divelli llberos a 
parentum complexu ; matres familiarum pati quae vic- 
toribus conlibuissent ; 3 fana atque domos spoliarl ; cae- 135 
dem, incendia fieri ; postremo armls, cadaveribus, 4 cruore, 5 
atque luctu. omnia complerl. Sed, per deos immortales, 
quo 6 ilia oratio pertinuit ? An uti vos Infestos coniura- 
tioni faceret? Scilicet, quern res tanta et tarn atrox non 
pernio vit, eum oratio accendet. 7 Non ita est, nequei^o 
cuiquam mortalium iniiiriae suae parvae videntur ; multi 
eas gravius aequo 8 habuere. Sed alia aliis licentia est, 
patres conscrlpti. Qui demissl 9 in obsciiro vltam habent, 
si quid Iracundia dellquere, 10 paucl sciunt ; fama atque 
f orttina eorum pares sunt ; qui magno imperio praediti 145 
in excelso n aetatem agunt, eorum facta ctinctl mortales 
novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima licentia est ; 
neque studere 12 neque odisse, sed minime IrascI decet ; 
quae apud alios Iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio 13 superbia 
atque crtidelitas appellatur. Equidem ego sic exlstimo, 150 
patres conscrlpti, omnes cruciatus minores quam facinora 
illorum esse. Sed plerlque mortales postrema meminere 
et in hominibus impils sceleris eorum obllti de poena 
disserunt, 14 si ea paulo saevior fuit. 

51 (c). D. Sllanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certoi55 
scio quae dixerit, studio 1 rel ptiblicae dlxisse, neque ilium 
in tanta re gratiam aut inimlcitias exercere ; eos mores 
eamque modestiam 2 virl cognovl. Verum sententia 
eius mihi non crudelis (quid enim in tales homines criidele 
fieri potest ?) , sed aliena a re publica nostra videtur. 160 
Nam profecto aut metus aut initiria 3 te subegit, Sllane, 

2 barbarity. 3 should please. 4 corpses. 5 blood. 6 to what end. 7 will 
inflame. 8 than was right. 9 sunk. 10 have done wrong. " in an exalted 
station. 12 to show favor. 13 in the powerful. u talk. 

51 (c). 1 from zeal for. 2 moderation. 3 the nature of the crime. 



176 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 

consulem designatum, genus poenae novum decernere. 
De timore super vacaneum 4 est disserere, cum praesertim 
dlligentia clarissimi virl, consulis, tanta praesidia sint in 

I65armis. De poena possum equidem dlcere, id quod res 
habet, 5 in ltictu atque miseriis mortem aerumnarum 6 
requiem, non cruciatum esse ; earn cuncta mortalium mala 
dissolvere ; ultra neque ctirae neque gaudio locum esse. 
Sed, per deos immortales, quam ob rem in sententiam non 

170 addidistl, uti prius verberibus in eos animadverteretur ? 
An quia lex Porcia 7 vetat ? At aliae leges item condem- 
natis civibus non animam eripi, sed exsilium permittl 
iubent. An quia gravius est verberarl quam necari? 
Quid autem acerbum aut nimis grave est in homines tanti 

175 facinoris convictos ? Sin quia levius est, qui 8 convenit 9 
in minore negotio legem timere, 10 cum earn in maiore 
neglegeris ? 

51 (d). At enim quis reprehendet quod in parricidas rei 
piiblicae decretum erit? Tempus, 1 dies, 2 fortiina, cuius 

180 libido 3 gentibus moderatur. 4 Illis merito accidet, quic- 
quid evenerit ; ceterum 5 vos, patres conscript!, quid in 
alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala exempla 6 ex 
rebus bonis orta sunt. Sed ubi imperium ad ignaros 7 
eius aut minus bonos pervenit, novum illud exemplum 

185 ab dignis 8 et idoneis ad mdlgnos et non idoneos trans- 
ferer. Lacedaemonii, devictls Atheniensibus, triginta 
viros imposuere, 9 qui rem publicam eorum tractarent. 
Ei primo coepere pessimum quemque et omnibus invisum 
indemnatum necare ; ea populus laetari 10 et merito 



4 needless. 5 id . . . habet: what is the truth. 6 from hardship. 7 the 
Porcian Law ordained that no one should bind, scourge, or kill a Roman. 
8 how. 9 is it consistent. 10 observe. 

51 (d). l sc. reprehendet. 2 the course of events. 3 caprice. 4 sways, 
w. dat. 5 but. 6 i.e., examples of severe punishment. 7 into the hands of 
the ignorant. 8 sc. poena. 9 appointed. 10 hist. inf. 



BELLUM CATILINAE 177 

dicere fieri. Post ubi paulatim licentia crevit, itixta n 190 
bonds et malos libldinose 12 interficere, ceteros metti 
terrere ; ita clvitas servitiite oppressa stultae 13 laetitiae 
graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria victor Sulla cum 
Damasippum 14 et alios eius modi, qui malo rel pfiblicae 
creverant, iugularl iussit, quis non factum eius laudabat ? 195 
Homines scelestos 15 et factiosos, qui seditionibus rem 
publicam exagitaverant, merito necatos aiebant. Sed ea 
res magnae initium cladis fuit. Nam utl 16 quisque 
domum aut villain, postremo 17 vas 18 aut vestlmentum 
alicuius concuplverat, dabat operam, ut is in proscrlptorum 200 
numero esset. Ita illi, quibus DamasippI mors laetitiae 
fuerat, paulo post ipsi trahebantur, neque prius finis 
iugulandl fuit, quam Sulla omnes suos dlvitiis explevit. 19 
Atque ego haec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus 
vereor, sed in magria civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. 205 
Potest alio tempore, alio consule, cui item exercitus in 
manti sit, falsum aliquid pro vero credl ; 20 ubi hoc exemplo 
per senattis decretum consul gladium ediixerit, quis ill! 
flnem statuet aut quis moderabitur ? 

51 (e). Maiores nostrl, patres conscriptl, neque consili2io 
neque audaciae umquam eguere ; neque illls superbia 
obstabat, quo minus aliena Instituta, si modo proba 1 
erant, imitarentur. Arma atque tela mllitaria ab Sam- 
nltibus, Insignia magistratuum ab Tuscls pleraque stimp- 
serunt. Postremo quod ubique apud socios aut hostes2i5 
idoneum videbatur, cum summo studio domi exseque- 
bantur ; 2 imitarl quam invidere 3 bonis malebant. Sed 
eodem illo tempore Graeciae morem imitatl verberibus 
animadvertebant in cives, de condemnatls summum 4 

11 without discrimination. 12 at their pleasure. 13 imprudent. 14 before 
Sulla's victory Damasippus had put to death some of the senators. 
15 wicked. 16 when. 17 or even. 18 plate. 19 satisfied. 20 may be credited. 

51 (e). ! worthy of regard. 2 adopted. 3 envy. 4 i.e., death. 



178 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 

220 supplicium sumebant. Postquam res ptiblica adolevit 5 
et multitudine clvium factiones valuere, circumveniri 6 
innocentes, alia huiusce modi fieri coepere ; turn lex Porcia 
aliaeque leges paratae sunt, quibus legibus exsilium 
damnatis permissum est. Hanc ego causam, patres 

225 conscript!, quo minus novum consilium capiamus, in prl- 
mis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque sapientia maior 
illls fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantum imperium fecere, 
quam in nobis, qui ea bene parta 7 vix retinemus. 

Placet igitur eos dlmitt! et auger! exercitum Catilmae? 

23oMinime. Sed ita censeo, publicandas eorum peciinias, 
ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia, quae maxime 
opibus valent ; neu quis de els postea ad senatum referat 
neve cum populo agat ; qui aliter fecerit, senatum exlsti- 
mare eum contra rem publicam et saltitem omnium fac- 

235 turum." 

The Execution of the Conspirators. 

55. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam 
discessit, consul optimum factu ratus 1 noctem quae In- 
stabat antecapere, 2 ne quid eo spatio novaretur, 3 trium- 
viros 4 quae supplicium postulabat parare iubet. Ipse 

240 praesidiis dispositis Lentulum in carcerem 5 deducit; 
idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est in carcere locus, quod 
Tullianum 6 appellatur, ubi paululum 7 ascenderis ad 
laevam, 8 circiter duodecim pedes hum! depressus ; 9 eum 
miiniunt undique parietes atque insuper 10 camera lapideis 

245 f ornicibus iuncta; 11 sed incultu, 12 tenebrls, odore, foeda 
atque terribilis eius facies 13 est. In eum locum postquam 

5 grew. 6 to be involved. 7 acquired. 

55. x thinking. 2 to anticipate. 3 ne quid novaretur: that no new de- 
velopments might arise. 4 the three officers in charge of executions. 
5 the city prison. See Introd. 43. 6 See cuts on pp. 32 and 231. 7 a little. 
8 to the left. 9 humi depressus : sunk in the ground. 10 above. n camera 
. . . iuncta, a chamber formed of stone arches. 12 neglect. 13 condition. 



BELLUM CATILINAE 179 

demissus est Lentulus, vindices 14 rerum capitalium, qui- 
bus praeceptum erat, laqueo 15 gulam l6 fregere. Ita ille 
patricius ex gente clarissima Corneliorum, qui consulare 
imperium Romae habuerat, dignum moribus 17 f actisque 250 
suls exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, 
Caepario, eodem modo supplicium sumptum est. 

14 punishers. 15 with a noose. 16 neck. " character. 



abbr. 

abs. 

adj. 

adv. 

App. 

appos. 

Ar. 

cf. (confer) 

comp. 

conj. 

cons. 

def. 

dem. 

dep. 

dir. disc. 



ff- ■ 
freq. 
F. P. 

i.e. (id 

impers 

impf. 

indecl. 

indef. 

indie. 

interj. 

interrog. 



est) 



ABBREVIATIONS 

abbreviated intr intransitive 

absolute Introd. . . . Introduction 

adjective irr irregular 

adverb I line 

Appendix lit literally 

apposition loc locative 

Archias num numeral 

compare obj object 

comparative P Pompey's 

conjunction Command 

consonant p page 

defective part. . . . ■ . participle 

demonstrative pass passive 

deponent perf. .... perfect 

direct discourse plup pluperfect 

distributive poss possessive 

following pred. .... predicate 

frequentative prep preposition 

future perfect pron pronoun 

that is rel relative 

impersonal s.c. (scilicet) . . supply 

imperfect subj subject 

indeclinable subjv subjunctive 

indefinite sup superlative 

indicative tr transitive 

interjection trans translate 

interrogative w with 



180 



NOTES 

References to Latin Grammars are indicated as follows: 
A., Allen and Greenough's New ; B., Bennett's ; Bur., Burton's ; 
G., Gildersleeve and Lodge's ; H., Harkness's Complete ; HB., 
Hale and Buck's. References without a preceding initial are 
made to the Grammatical Appendix of this book. 

FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

1. Catiline. — Lucius Sergius Catiline, who was born about 
108 b.c, belonged to a patrician family that had fallen into 
poverty. According to Cicero and the historian Sallust, he was a 
man of remarkable powers of body and mind, but a reckless 
debauchee whose strong influence was perverted. He appears first 
in history in connection with the proscriptions of Sulla. His 
own hands were stained, it is said, with the blood of his wife, 
his son, and his brother-in-law. Catiline was praetor in 68 b.c. 
and governor of the province of Africa in 67. Returning to Rome, 
he was prevented from standing for the consulship in 66 by threats 
of prosecution for extortion in his province. He then formed a 
plot to kill the consuls-elect, Cotta and Torquatus, on January 1, 
65 b.c, and to make himself and Autronius consuls in their place. 
This so-called first conspiracy was discovered and failed, and on 
a second attempt, February 5, was frustrated because Catiline 
gave the signal too soon. 

2. The Conspiracy. — In 65 and 64 b.c, Catiline again sought 
the consulship but failed, Cicero and Antonius being elected for 
63. Maddened by his fourth failure at the election, in July 63, 
he planned his insurrection, known as " The Conspiracy of Cati- 
line." The plot included the murder of Cicero, the massacre of 
enemies, the burning of the city, and the seizing of the government. 
The city was filled with dangerous classes, men who had lost their 
fortunes acquired during the civil wars, and discontented veterans 

181 



182 



NOTES 



of Sulla. These Catiline would stir to revolution by hope of " new 
tablets," being emboldened himself by the silent approval of 
many men of rank. Recruits for his army were to be drawn 
from the colonies in Italy and Gaul. " The wild shepherds, the 
brigands of the hills, the slaves and gladiators were all to play 
their part." Cicero was fully informed of the details by the 
mistress of one of the conspirators. When he disclosed the con- 
spiracy to the Senate on October 21, that body virtually declared 
martial law by its decree " Let the consuls see to it that the state 
suffer no harm." On October 27, Manlius raised the standard of 
the rebel forces at Faesulae, in Etruria. The next day Cicero 
foiled the projected murder of the Optimates. On November 1 
the rebels attempted to seize the fortress of Praeneste near Rome, 
but were successfully resisted by the inhabitants, upon Cicero's 
warning. Then occurred the meeting of the conspirators in the 
house of Laeca on the night of November 6, when two men volun- 
teered to murder Cicero. But the consul learned of the design in 
time to take precaution. 

3. The First Oration. — On the 8th of November, 63 B.C., 
the Senate met for safety in the temple of Jupiter Stator, on the 
Palatine Hill, surrounded by a special guard of knights. Catiline 




The Temple of Jupiter Stator 
(Kestored) 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 183 

boldly took his place among the other senators, conscious in all 
probability of the purpose of the meeting. It was then that Cicero 
delivered the oration which is one of the world's masterpieces of 
eloquence, The First Oration against Catiline. 

Consult Forsyth, W., " Life of Cicero," Vol. I, p. 131 ; 
Strachan-Davidson, J. L., "Cicero," Ch. V; Froude, J. A., 
" Caesar," Ch. XI. For a defense of Catiline, see Beesly, A. H., 
" Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius," and " Catiline as a Party 
Leader." 

OUTLINE 

I. Propositio — 

a. Catiline's audacity, Ch. 1. 

b. Catiline deserving of punishment, Ch. 2. 
II. Narratio — 

The movements and plans of the conspirators, Ch. 3, 4. 

III. Hortatio — 

Catiline exhorted to leave the city, Ch. 5-10. 

IV. Peroratio — 

Reasons for allowing Catiline to go unpunished, Ch. 11-13. 

Chapter 1 „ „ 

PAGE 

i. abutere : fut. ind. In the second sing, pass., Cicero regu- 1 
larly uses the ending -ris only in the pres. indie, -re in other 
tenses; HB. 151. Catilina : case, 96. 1 patientia : case, 147. 2 

2. Quam diu etiam : how much longer? furor iste tuus : that 
frenzy of yours. 

3. audacia : sc. tua. Nihilne : not at all, stronger than nonne. 
For the case of nihil see 129. 3 For the repetition of nihil in the 
following phrases, " anaphora," see 235. The sentence may be 
rendered in the passive : are you not alarmed at all by the night 
guard ? 

4. Palati : the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills on which 
Rome was built. It was famous for its temples, for the resi- 
dences of prominent men, including Cicero, and later for the pal- 
aces of the emperors. Hence our words "palatial," "palace." 
The conspirators would attempt to seize this part of the city. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB 


1 — 398 


340 


171 


201 


402 


400 


2 — 572 


410 


218 


407 


477 


429 


» — 522 


,397 


185 


333 


416 


387 



184 



NOTES 



PAGE 
1 




The Palatine Hill as seen from the Forum 

5. bonorum : i.e. good citizens. They had probably assem- 
bled outside the Temple of Jupiter Stator, in which the Senate 
had met for safety (hie . . . locus, 1. 6). The Senate house was 
the Curia Hostilia (Introd. 43), but a session might be held in 
any temple for special reasons. 

6. horum : i.e. the senators. 

7. moverunt : alarmed, disturbed. Pater e : note the order of 
words ; 233, a. non : used for nonne. 

8. Constrictam . . . teneri : is held in check, as might be said 
of a wild beast. 

9. proxima (nocte) : Nov. 7. superiore : Nov. 6 ; see Introd. 
Note, p. 184. 

10. egeris, fueris, etc. : subjunctives in indirect questions, de- 
pending on ignorare ; 202. 1 quid consili : what plan; consili : gen. 
of the whole ; 103. 2 



A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


574 


300 


467 


649 


537 


346 


201 


367 


441 


346 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 185 

PAGE 

ii. quern . . . arbitraris : what man of us do you think is not 1 
aware? nostrum: for the form of this gen., see 162, b. 1 

12. tempora: ace. of exclamation; 130. 2 haec : the con- 
spiracy, consul : Cicero. 

13. hie : Catiline. 

14. fit . . . particeps : takes part in the public deliberations. 
consili : case, 104. 3 

15. oculis : i.e., as he glances about ; abl. of means. 

16. fortes : ironical, satis facere videmur (sc. nobis) : we 
think we are doing our duty (lit., seem to ourselves, etc.). 

17. istius : of that scoundrel, vitemus : subjunctive in indir. 
disc, depending on videmur (we think). 

18. te duci oportebat : you ought to have been led. For the 2 
pres. inf. translated as if perf., see 209, b. 4 iussu consulis : the 
Senate had given the consuls special authority by its decree of 
Oct. 21. See Introductory Note, p. 182. 

19. conferri : w. oportebat, ought to have been fought. See 
note on 1. 18. 

20. An : this particle ordinarily connects the members of a 
double question, with the meaning or. Here, as in early Latin, 
it is used somewhat like -ne, or nonne, but putting strong em- 
phasis on the preceding statement ; 89, 6. 5 Trans, did not a 
most honorable man . . . kill . . . ; (and) shall we endure 
(perferemus, 1. 24) . . .? 

21. Scipio, Gracchum: Tiberius Gracchus, a tribune of the 
people in 133 B.C., had aroused the opposition of the wealthy by 
reviving the law limiting the amount of land to be held by an 
individual. Though he was a patriot and reformer, he was 
not always legal in his methods. He was put to death by a 
mob of his opponents led by P. Scipio Nasica. The latter is 
called a private citizen (privatus, 1. 22) because the high priest 
was not classed as a magistrate. 

24. Nam . . . quod : for I pass over that precedent as too 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


x — 663 


295 


242 


304 


500 


254 


2 — 501 


397 


183 


343 


421 


399 


3 — 425 


349 


204 


374 


450 


354 


4 — 948 


486 


270 


653 


617 


582 


8 — 368 




162, 4, 






236 



186 NOTES 

PAGE 

2 ancient, that. The plural ilia may imply other similar prece- 
dents in the mind of the speaker. 

25. Maelium : M. Maelius, a rich plebeian, in the famine of 
439 b.c. obtained grain for the sufferers. Charged by the 
patricians with seeking favor in order to make himself king, he 
was summoned before the dictator Cincinnatus, but refusing to 
obey the summons was slain by Ahala, the master of horse. 

26. Fuit, fuit : the figure of anaphora ; 235. ista : such. 

29. senatus consultum : the decree of Oct. 21. in te : against 
you. 

30. rei publicae : dat. w. deest ; trans, the republic does not 
lack, huius ordinis : i.e. the Senate. 

Chapter 2 

32. Decrevit : " A Roman citizen had the right to appeal to 
the people in a case of life or death, but the Senate found means 
of suspending this right, when it wished to get rid of an enemy, 
by establishing a special commission or by passing a senatus 
consultum ultimum.' 1 '' — -Abbott, quondam: in 121 b.c. ut . . . 
videret, ne . . . caperet, object clauses ; 205, a. 1 

34. intercessit: between the passing of the decree and the 
execution. 

35. C. Gracchus : a more able statesman than his brother 
Tiberius (1. 21). As tribune in 123 and 122 b.c, he accom- 
plished many reforms in the interest of the people. His in- 
fluence, however, was undermined by the Senate, whose su- 
premacy he had attacked. Defeated for the tribuneship of 121, 
he met the fate of his brother in the insurrection which followed, 
patre, etc. : abl. of description. The father of Gracchus had 
been censor, twice consul, and twice honored with a triumph. 
His mother Cornelia, famed for her " jewels," was the daughter 
of Cornelius Scipio (avo), the conqueror of Hannibal. 

36. Note the emphatic position of occisus est, and of decrevit, 
interfectus est above; 233, a. Fulvius : it is said that three 
thousand of the followers of Gracchus perished after him. 

37. Mario, Valerio : datives. Marius, the conqueror of the 
Cimbri and Teutones, was consul for the sixth time in 100 b.c. 

Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

* — 826 563 295 546 565 502 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 187 

PAGE 

As leader of the democracy, he was to some extent in sympathy 2 
with Saturninus and Servilius (1. 39), but because of their un- 
scrupulous action, ending in 
the murder of their rival 
Memmius, he was compelled 
to carry out the Senate's 
decree against them. 

38. res publica : the safety 
of the republic. Num . . . re- 
morata est? in the case of 
. . . was death delayed . . . ? 
(Lit., did death delay them?) 

40. mors ac poena : omit 
ac ; poena explains mors, rei 
publicae : 98. 1 vicesimum : 
Cicero uses round numbers. 
From Oct. 21, when the de- 
cree was passed, to Nov. 8 
was eighteen days. 

41. aciem : edge, as of a 
sword. 

43. tabulis : i.e. the public 
records, vagina : the meta- 
phor of a sword is continued. 

44. ex : according to. te 
. . . convenit : you should have 
been put to death (lit., it was 
fitting, etc.). 

47. patres conscripti : conscript fathers, a phrase used in 3 
addressing the senators in a body. The expression was prob- 
ably patres et conscripti at first, patres referring to the original 
senators, who were patricians, conscripti to the plebeians who 
were enrolled and admitted later. (Introd. 28.) 

49. inertiae : for the case, see 105. 2 

50. Etruria faucibus : at Faesulae (modern Fiesole), about 
three miles from Florence. "It is a position of great natural 
strength, commanding a wide view of the valley of the Arno 




Caius Marius 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


1 — 402 


343 


199 


363 


440 


344 


a — 431 


352 


208 


378 


456 


342 



188 NOTES 

PAGE 

3 and the Tuscan plain. To the northwest lie the passes (fauces) 
by which the great roads crossed the Apennines." — Nicol. 

52. imperatorem ducemque : Catiline. 

55. comprehendi : w. iussero. Trans, iussero as if pres. 
Latin is more exact than English in its use of tenses, and there- 
fore uses the fut. perf. here. 

56. credo . . . dicat : the sentence is ironical. Cicero means 
that he fears the charge of slowness rather than of severity in 
his treatment of the conspirators. Trans. / shall have to fear, 
I suppose, that all good citizens will not say my action was too 
tardy, rather than that any one should say it was too severe, non : 
modifies dicant (to be supplied w. omnes boni), but not dicat. 

59. certa de causa : for a definite reason, stated in the next 
sentence, ut faciam : to do. 

61. tui : for the gen. w. similis, see 119, a. 1 qui . . . fateatur : 
as not to admit; rel. clause of result ; 192, a. 2 

62. qui . . . audeat : a clause of description ; 192. 3 

63. multis et firmis : English omits the connective. 

64. commovere te : to raise a hand against. 

65. sentientem : though you do not perceive; 223. 4 

Chapter 3 

67. quod . . . exspectes : a descriptive clause ; 192. 5 

69. domus : the house of Laeca ; see 1. 98. parietibus : 
paries, wall of a house ; moenia, walls of a city ; murus, the 
general word for wall. 

70. omnia : nom. ; note the position. 

71. caedis : for the case, see 108. 6 

4 72. luce : note the position ; 233, a. 

73. licet recognoscas : you may recall (lit., it is permitted that 
you recall). The subjunctive verb here has a substantive force, 
subject of licet ; 205, d, note. 7 ante . . . Nov. : = Oct. 21 ; see 
248. 8 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


y— 410 


385 


204 


359 


435 


339 


2 — 798 


537 


284 


631 


591 


521 


3 — 798 


535 


283 


631 


591 


521 


4 — 991 


496 


337 


667 


638 


604 


5 — 798 


535 


283 


631 


591 


521 


6 — 438 


350 


206 


376 


454 


350 


7 — 828 


565 


295, 6 


607 


564, 1 


531 


8 — 604 


631 


371 


App. 


754 


660 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 189 

PAGE 

75. dicere : used for dixisse. futurus esset : indirect discourse. 4 
78. Num . . . fefellit . . . res: was I mistaken either (lit., not 
only) in the fact or (verum). 

81. idem: also, w. ego. contulisse : appointed. 

82. in : the object is the phrase ante . . . Nov. 

83. conservandi : singular for plural, because of the ap- 
parently singular form sui. Trans, for the purpose of saving 
themselves. 

84. cum . . . profugerunt : the indicative in a clause of date, 
not of description ; 195. l 

88. nostra ( = nostri, gen. pi.) caede : with the slaughter of us; 
164, b. 

89. cum . . . dicebas : see note on 1. 84. Quid : again. 
Praeneste : an ancient town, twenty miles southeast of Rome. 

92. agis, moliris, cogitas : note the climax ; 239. 

Chapter 4 

95. noctem superiorem : night before last, i.e. Nov. 6. 

96. iam : note the difference in the meanings of iam in the 
Vocab. 

97. priore : = superiore. 

98. inter falcarios : among (i.e. into the street or quarters 
of) the scythe makers. 

99. eodem : adv. eius amentiae : in the same madness. 

103. Ubinam gentium? where in the world f gen. of the whole; 5 
103. 2 

106. hoc consilio : i.e. the Roman Senate, noted for its dig- 
nity, nostro omnium : of all of us; we should expect nostri, 
gen. pi. of nos ; see note on 1. 88. 

107. qui . . . cogitent : a descriptive clause, 192. 3 de huius 
urbis : w. exitio. 

109. sententiam rogo : it was the custom for the presiding 
officer of the Senate to call upon the members, in order of rank, 
to express their views upon the question before them. " The 
senator might express verbal agreement, or simply nod or raise 
his hand, or he might rise and make a speech." 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


857 


545 


288 


580 


600 


550 


412 


346 


201 


367 


441 


346 


798 


535 


283 


631 


591 


521 



190 NOTES 

PAGE 

5 115. distribuisti partes: i.e. assigned to different conspirators 
divisions in which they were to carry out the plans of Catiline. 

116. quo: where? quemque : i.e. each one of the conspira- 
tors. 

118. quos relinqueres : may be a purpose clause, men {whom) 
to leave; or an indirect deliberative question, whom you would 
leave (direct, whom shall we leave?). 

I3i. confirmasti: = confirmavisti. 

124. paulum : w. morae, a gen. of the whole. 

127. equites : knights, members of the equestrian order, qui 
. . . liberarent : a clause of purpose. 

129. in meo lectulo : in my very bed. 

133. salutatum : supine. This refers to an early morning call 
or greeting which prominent Romans received from their clients, 
venissent : causal and temporal. 

134. id temporis : at that time; id is an adverbial ace, tem- 
poris a gen. of the whole. 

Chapter 5 

6 136. Quae . . . sint: causal, since these things are so. 

137. Egredere : imperative. 

138. Nimium diu desiderant : has too long been missing; 173, c. 1 
castra : the camp referred to in 1. 49. 

139. Educ : used for educe, si minus : if 7iot. 

141. dum modo : if only, introducing a clause of proviso ; 199. 2 
me atque te : the Latin order is the reverse of the English. 

142. feram, patiar, sinam : synonyms, used for emphasis. 

144. Magna : w. gratia, 1. 145. habenda est : is due. atque : 
and especially, huic : the orator pointed to the statue of the god 
in whose temple the Senate was assembled. 

145. Iovi Statori : the flight of the Romans from their enemies, 
the Sabines, in the time of Romulus, was said to have been stayed 
by Jupiter. Hence the epithet stator, stayer. 

147. saepius : too often. 

148. in : in the case of. homine : i.e. Catiline, periclitanda : 
passive in meaning ; 220, a. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


1 — 749 


466 


259 


230 


533 


485 


2 — 929 


528 


310 


593 


587 


529 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 191 

PAGE 

149. consuli designato : Roman officers were elected in July, 6 
usually, and entered upon their duties the following January. 
During the intervening half year they were designati, elect. 

151. Cum voluisti: temporal, w. indie; 195, b. 1 proximis 
comitiis : abl. of time when, at the last election; not held until 
Oct. 28 (63 b.c), owing to political disturbances. For Roman 
elections see Introd. 25. 

151. campo : the Campus Martius, a plain in Rome along 
the Tiber, dedicated to Mars, where the general assembly of 
the people (comitia centuriata) was held. 

152. competitores : Decimus Silanus, Lucius Murena, and Ser- 
vilius Sulpicius. The first two were elected. 

153. nullo tumultu . . . concitato : without causing any public 
disturbance. Cicero might have called upon the forces of the 

. state for aid. 

155. petisti : aimed at. 

157. Nunc iam : now actually. 

160. id quod est primum : namely to put Catiline to death, 
huius imperi proprium : in accordance with this authority. Cicero 
refers to the special power conferred on him by the Senate. 
For the gen., see 119, b. 2 

162. ad : as regards. 

165. quod te iam dudum hortor : as (lit., which) I have long 
been urging upon you. For the tense of hortor, see note on 1. 138. 

166. tuorum comitum: a defining gen., consisting of your 
followers, sentina: dregs; primarily, the bilge water of a ship; 
243. If Catiline should go from the city, his associates would 
follow. 

167. me imperante : abl. abs. 

168. quod faciebas : which you were preparing to do, i.e. to 
leave the city. For this force of the impf., see 174, 6. 3 Exire 
. . . hostem : note the word order. 









Chapter 6 






171. 


Quid est 


: : what is 


there f 








172. 


possit, 


metuat, 


oderit : 


subjunctives in 


descriptive 


clauses. 


A. 








H. 




Bur. 


B. 




G. 


HB. 


1 — S57 


545 


288 




580 


600 


550 


2 — 410 


385 


204 




359 


451 


339 


3 — 752 


470 


260 




233 


530 


484 



192 NOTES 

PAGE 

7 174. oderit: the perf. tense of this def. vb. has the force of 

the present, nota inusta : runaway slaves were branded on the 
forehead as a punishment, domesticae : referring to domestic 
or family scandal ; privatarum rerum : of private life, in a broader 

sense. • 

176. haeret in fama : clings to your name. Quae libido . . . 
afuit : from what lust have your eyes ever been free4"~ 

178. Cui adulescentulo : w. praetulisti, before what young 
man f quern inretisses : a descriptive~ciause, meaning a young 
man such as you had ensnared. 

179. ad audaciam : i.e. for some daring deed. 

180. praetulisti : as a slave by night carried a torch before his 
master to light the way, so Catiline guided the youth into crime. 

181. Quid vero : but again, morte : abl. of means, novis 
nuptiis : dat. of purpose. 

182. alio scelere : the murder of his son in addition to the 
implied murder of his first wife. 

183. cumulasti : = cumulavisti. praetermitto : the orator, by 
pretending to omit, really emphasizes the statement. This 
figure of rhetoric is called praeteritio, a passing over. 

184. tanti facinoris immanitas : a crime so enormous. 

185. non vindicata esse : to have been left unpunished. 

186. omnes : to be taken w. ruinas in the main clause, utter 
ruin. 

187. proximis Idibus : Nov. 13. Debts. . were due on the 
Kalends and Ides of each month. 

190. summam rem publicam : the highest welfare of the state. 

193. cum : causal, horum : the senators. 

194. Lepidus and Tullus were consuls in 66 b.c. On Dec. 31 
of that year Catiline had planned to kill the new consuls, Cotta 
and Torquatus, who were to take office the following day. 

195. comitio : see Vocab. cum telo : armed. 

196. paravisse : repeat te as subj. sceleri ac f urori : w. 
obstitisse; trans, passively, and that your criminal frenzy was 
checked. 

198. fortunam: fortunately for the state the first conspiracy 
of Catiline had failed, because the signal was given too soon. 
ilia : the following, omitto : see note on 1. 183. 

199. neque . . . postea : your later crimes are indeed neither un- 
known nor few in number, non multa : few; the figure litotes ; 242. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 193 

PAGE 

200. designatum : sc. consulem. 9 

201. petitiones : thrusts, as made by gladiators. 
203. declinatione et corpore : hendiadys ; 240. 

205. iihLL dat. of reference w. manibus, from your hands. 

206. Quae . . . nescio quod : / know not by what ceremonies, 
etc. . . . because. 

207. initiata : it was customary for assassins to consecrate their 
weapons to some deity. 

Chapter 7 

209. Nunc ve.ro : the orator here begins a calmer appeal, 
based on Catiline's present life. 

211. debeo : sc. permotus esse, nulla: not at all. 

213. hoc: this (lack of greeting), post: within. 

214. vocis contumeliam : the reproach of speech. 

216. Quid . . . putas : and again, with what feelings, I ask, 
ought you to bear the fact that, etc.? The two quod-clauses are 
subjects of ferendum (esse); 204. x ista : those near you. 





SUBSELLIUM 

subsellia : the low seats of the senators, distinguished from the 
sella curulis, the official chair of the consul. 

217. consulares : Catiline's place was with the other ex- 
praetors next to the exconsuls (consulares). tibi : dat. of agent, 
used w. a compound tense; 116. 2 

218. fuerunt : have been, used for sunt to denote what is no 
longer true. 

221. si . . . metuerent: if my slaves feared me, not if they 
should fear ; a condition contrary to fact ; 198, a. z The subject 
servi is more emphatic by its position. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


-822 


572 


299 


525 


588 


552 


-480 


374 


189 


354 


431 


373 



194 NOTES 

PAGE 

9 223. putarem: I should think, the conclusion of the con- 

ditional sentence. 1 meis civibus : dat. of agent; 116. 2 

225. carere me (subj.) aspectu : to withdraw from the sight 
(lit., to be without the sight) ; 149. 3 

226. Tu : emphatic position. 

230. odissent : expresses the same time as timerent ; see 
Vocab. neque : and not. 
10 232. patria : our country. 

234. huius : of her. Note the absence of interrogative words 
here and in lines 214 and 223 ; 88, c. 4 

236. Quae : now she. tacita : though silent. 

237. aliquot annis : for several years; abl. of time within 
which. 

238. tibi uni : in the case of you alone; dat. of reference ; 115. 5 

239. neces : Catiline took part in the proscriptions of Sulla, 
in 82 b.c. vexatio : referring to Catiline's misgovernment of 
Africa during his propraetorship in that province in 67 b.c. 

240. quaestiones : the law courts; Introd. 41. In 65 b.c. 
Catiline had been tried for his extortion in Africa, but by bribery 
secured an acquittal. 

243. me totam : that I, the whole state, in contrast w. unum te. 

244. quicquid increpuerit : at every sound (lit., whatever makes 
a noise). 

245. a . . . abhorreat : is not connected with; subj. because 
the clause is descriptive. 

247. mihi: from me; dat. of separation ; 113. 8 

Chapter 8 

249. si . . . loquatur : a condition less probable, should 

speak; 198, c. 7 

251. Quid . . . dedisti? What of the fact that of your own 

accord (ipse) you put yourself in custody? Catiline had been 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


1 — 919 


514 


301 


589 


571 


581 


2 — 480 


374 


189 


354 


431 


373 


3 — 528 


409 


214 


405 


458 


425 


4 — 363 


330 


162 


454 


378 


231 


5 — 470 


376 


188 


356 


433 


366 


6 — 477 


381 


188 


345 


427 


371 


7 — 915 


514 


301 


596 


571 


573 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 195 

PAGE 

accused of inciting to riot (de vi). A citizen who was to be 10 
tried for a crime against the state might place himself under 
the protection (custodia libera) of some man of rank who be- 
came responsible for his appearance at court. Note that such 
protection was refused Catiline by an ex-consul, by the consul 
Cicero, and by a praetor. 

252. ad : = apud, at the house of. 

254. domi meae : locative, at my house; 154. 

255. tulisses : had received, isdem parietibus : in the same 
house walls; loc. abl. moenibus (1. 257) : by the same city walls; 
abl. of means. 

256. qui . . . essem : since I was; a causal rel. clause ; 192, c. 1 
259. optimum : said w. irony. M. Metellum : a friend of 

Catiline, of whom little is known, videlicet : of course, ironical. 

262. quam longe videtur : how far does it seem that he, etc. 
(lit., does he seem) f 

263. dignum custodia ; 150. 2 iudicarit : perf. subj. 11 

264. emori, abire : i.e. suicide or exile. 

265. suppliciis : abl. of separation. 

268. Refer ad senatum : sc. rem, lay the matter before the 
Senate; a technical expression. The Senate, however, had no 
power to banish a citizen. 

270. id quod abhorret : an act which is foreign to. 

271. faciam ut intellegas : / will make you understand. 

273. hanc vocem : this word, i.e. exsilium. 

274. attendis, animadvertis : synonyms. 

276. auctoritatem loquentium, etc. : the expressed command of 
those whose silent desire. 

277. si . . . intulisset : a condition contrary to fact ; 198, o. 3 

278. Sestio : a friend of Cicero who was now quaestor. Mar- 
cello : Marcellus became consul in 51 b.c. Cicero delivered an 
oration Pro Sestio, in 56 b.c. and another Pro Mar cello in 46 b.c. 

279. hoc in templo : a temple was a place of special safety. 12 

280. vim et manus : violent hands; what figure of speech? 

281. quiescunt: are silent; tacent: say nothing. Note the 
climax in this passage. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


— 807 


535 


283 


626 


592 


523 


— 587 


418 


226 


397 


481 


442 


— 919 


514 


304 


597 


577 


581 



196 NOTES 

PAGE 

12 282. hi (i.e. the senators), equites, cives : the orator includes 

all classes of citizens, as arrayed against Catiline. 

286. studia : sympathies, feelings, voces : shouts, raised by the 
crowd, when the conspirator entered the temple, or during the 
speech. 

287. iam diu, iam pridem : see note on 1. 138 and 1. 165. 
289. prosequantur : it was the custom for citizens going into 

exile to be escorted to the city gate by their friends. 

Chapter 9 

291. Quamquam: and yet, a common meaning in transitions. 
The clauses Te ut . . . frangat, etc. are exclamatory questions, 1 
and may be explained as subjects of potestne fieri (can it be?) 
to be understood. Note the emphatic position of the pronouns. 
Trans. You be subdued by anything! You ever reform! 

293. Utinam . . . duint: a wish expressing possibility. 
that the gods may give; 188. 2 

294. duint : an old form of do, = dent. 

295. animum induxeris : you determine (lit., bring your mind 
to). The tense is fut. perf., which is to be translated by the pres. 
after si. 

296. nobis : indirect obj. of impendeat. si minus : if not. 

297. recenti memoria : abl. of cause, at : at least, impen- 
deat : indir. question w. quanta. 

298. est tanti : it is worth while (lit., of such value); 110. 3 dum 
modo : if only, introducing a clause of proviso ; 199. 4 privata : 
i.e. confined to myself. 

300. commoveare : for the ending, see note on 1.1. tem- 
poribus : to the needs; cf. " hour of need." 

301. est postulandum: the ut-clauses preceding are the sub- 
ject, is : such a man. 

303. ratio : reason. 

305. vis : from volo. 

306. feram, si f eceris : for the form of condition see 198, c. 5 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


1 — 772 


462 





558 


559 


503 


2 — 773 


441 


279 


260 


558 


510 


3 — 424 


417 


203 


380 


448 


356 


4 — 929 


528 


310 


573 


587 


529 


6 — 911 


514 


301 


589 


571 


573 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



197 



307. istius : this pronoun expressing contempt is used in ref- 
erence to Catiline twelve times in this oration. 
309. mavis : from malo. 

311. latrocinio : in brigandage, a me: modifies eiectus and 
invitatus. 

312. ad alienos : sc. isse. 

3 14. quid . . . invitem ? why should I invite t A deliberative 
question; 201. l a quo . . . sciam : a descriptive clause ; 192. 2 

315. Forum Aurelium: a small town about fifty miles north 
of Rome, praestolarentur : sub j. of purpose. 

316. cui: dat. of agent, cum Manlio diem: Oct. 27; see 
1.76. 

317. a quo: i.e. Catiline ; modifies esse praemissam. aquilam 
illam : a standard which, according to Catiline, had been in the 
army of Marius in the war with the Cimbri. It was regarded 



PAGE 

12 



13 



* 






R' Ml 


I ^^"**ij||g^|a^| 


.;. JFjJ , 




c 



A Roman House (Pompeii) 
(Showing the shrine (sacrarium) in place) 



A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


444 


277 


265 


642 


513 


535 


283 


631 


591 


521 



198 NOTES 

PAGE 

13 with reverence, and kept in a sacred place or shrine (sacrarium) 
to bring good fortune to the cause of Catiline. 

320. Tu ut . . . possis : the same construction as in 1. 291. 



Chapter 10 

14 323. tandem aliquando : at last (lit., some time at length). 

iam pridem rapiebat : has long been hurrying; 174, c. 1 

325. haec res : i.e. joining Manlius in rebellion against the 
country. 

326. peperit : from pario. voluntas : desire. 

327. Nunquam non modo : not only . . . never. 

329. ex perditis atque derelictis conflatam : composed of men 
morally ruined, and deserted, ab f ortuna : modifying derelictis. 
The abl. of agent is used instead of the abl. of means, because 
fortuna is personified. 

331. Hie: here, i.e. in company with such men. perfruere : 
note the ending of the second person singular, gaudiis : abl. of 
cause. 

334. Ad . . . studium : for the pursuit of a life like this. 
meditati sunt : were designed. The deponent verb is here 
passive in meaning. f eruntur : see Vocab. 

335. iacere : in appos. w. labores (practices), ad . . . stu- 
prum : to watch for some intrigue. 

338. bonis otiosorum : for the property (goods) of peaceable 
men. ubi ostentes : an opportunity to display (lit., where you 
may display) ; rel. clause of purpose ; ubi = locum in quo. 

339. patientiam : Catiline, according to the historians, was a 
man of great physical strength and endurance. His character is 
here depicted in darkest colors. 

340. Tantum : so much, explained by the following ut-clauses, 
which are appositive clauses of result. 

341. a consulatu reppuli : kept from, etc. Catiline had been 
a candidate for the consulship in the election of 63 b.c. His 
defeat was brought about by Cicero, exsul, consul : a play upon 
words. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


-753 


471 


260 


234 


535 


485 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 199 



Chapter 11 

PAGE 

345. Nunc, patres conscripti : the peroration or conclusion 14 
(chapters 11-13) is thought by critics to have been added or at 
least revised by Cicero when he wrote the oration later for pub- 
lication. It seems too elaborate to have been delivered as here 
given. 

346. detester ac deprecer : I may avert by -protest and entreaty, 

347. dicam: future, quae is relative not interrogative, 
penitus : adv., but may be rendered inmost, w. animus. 

350. loquatur : should speak. The conclusion of this condi- 
tion is implied in the first sentence of chapter 12 : His . . . voci- 
bus . . . respondebo. 

351. Tune : = tu + ne, to be taken w. patiere, 1. 355. hostem : 15 
pred. ace. ; 122, a. 1 

354. servorum : eight years before this time the slaves under 
Spartacus had defeated several Roman armies and even threat- 
ened the city itself. 

355. emissus, immissus : another play upon words (lit., let 
out, let into), driven out, let free against; cf. 1. 341. 

357. duci, rapi, mactari : a pass. inf. may be used w. impero 
instead of the regular ut and the subj. 

358. mactari : note the meanings of this word, as given in 
the larger dictionaries : 1. to honor the gods; 2. to honor a man; 
3. to present a man with anything good; 4. to present a man with 
an evil, hence to punish. 

359. persaepe : this is an exaggeration. In chapter 1, Cicero 
mentions only one instance of a private citizen, that of P. Scipio, 
which was exceptional. 

360. leges : the Valerian law of 509 b.c, the Porcian law of 
198 b.c, and the Sempronian law of 122 b.c, provided that no 
Roman citizen should be scourged or put to death without the 
consent of the people, and that voluntary exile might be sub- 
stituted for these penalties. 

362. qui a . . . def ecerunt : who have been traitors to. 

363. invidiam posteritatis : it was the odium resulting from 
Cicero's prosecution of the conspirators that led to his banish- 
ment in 58 b.c. 

Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

l — 389 284 168 211 612 319 



200 NOTES 

PAGE 

15 364. praeclaram gratiam : ironical, fine gratitude. 

365. hominem . . . cognitum : Cicero was a novus homo, i.e. 
he was the first of his family to hold the higher offices ; see 
Introd. 3. nulla commendatione : abl. of description, tarn ma- 
ture : Cicero held all his offices at the earliest legal age ; see Introd. 
32. 

366. omnes honorum gradus : what were they? See Introd. 
32. 

369. severitatis : arising from severity; poss. gen. 

Chapter 12 

374. His ego, etc. : see note on 1. 350. 

375. hoc idem: i.e. that Catiline should be put to death. 
mentibus : sentiments. 

376. hoc: explained by Catilinam . . . multari. optimum 
factu : the best thing to do; 229. l si iudicarem, dedissem : 
Cicero uses the impf. iudicarem rather than the plup., because 
he is still of the same opinion. Trans, if I judged (not if I should 
judge); 198. 2 

378. gladiatori : used as a word of reproach. 

379. Saturnini, etc. : these names recall the incidents men- 
tioned in chapter 2. 

380. superiorum : men of former times. 

382. verendum . . . erat : I had no need to fear, quid : w. 
invidiae, gen. of the whole, parricida : cf. patria, quae com- 
munis est parens, 1. 232. The abl. abs. w. interfecto has the 
force of a condition. 

16 383. mini redundaret : shoidd overwhelm me, as a wave (unda). 

384. hoc animo fui ut putarem : I have been disposed to con- 
sider (lit., been of such a mind that I considered) . The ut-clause 
expresses result. 

385. gloriam, non invidiam: pred. ace, as glory, not unpopu- 
larity. 

387. qui videant: subjv. in a descriptive clause, ea quae 
imminent : we might expect a subjv. by attraction, but the 
indie, is used when the relative clause forms a circumlocution 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


x — 1017 


510 


340 


436 


635 


619 


2 — 919 


517 


304 


597 


579 


581 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 201 

PAGE 

that may be expressed by a single word. Here ea quae imminent 16 
is equivalent to pericula. 1 

388. qui aluerunt: while this clause is descriptive, it is nol 
closely attached to the antecedent (nonnulli), and hence does 
not take the subjv. 2 

389. non credendo : by not believing that there was a con- 
spiracy. 

392. regie : after the expulsion of the Tarquins, a word sug- 
gesting king was odious to Roman ears. 

393. intendit : sc. ire. pervenerit : perf. subjv. in indir. dis- 
course, used for a direct fut. perf. ; 216, b. z 

395. Hoc uno interfecto : conditional, as in 1. 382. uno = 
solo. 

397. reprimi, comprimi : repress (or check), suppress. 



"** s [Chapter 13J 

403. diu versamur: we have long been living, i.e. since the 
time of Catiline's first conspiracy, 65 b.c. nescio quo pacto : 
somehow (lit., I know not in what way), nescio quo is used as a 
compound indef. pron. 

404. maturitas erupit : the full development has burst {upon). 
406. latrocinio : concretely, a band of brigands. 

408. inclusum penitus : deep hidden. 

409. Ut, sic (1. 412) : introducing clauses of comparison. Ut 
saepe : as it often happens that. 

410. cum: when, aestu febrique : by the heat of fever. What 
figure? 

413. relevatus : concessive, reliquis vivis : conditional abl. 
abs. 

415. secedant : let them begone; subjv. of command ; 187, 6. 4 17 

416. quod : rel. pron., having as antecedent the clause muro 
. . . secernantur. 

418. circumstare tribunal : for the purpose of intimidating the 
court. The tribunal was a raised platform on which the praetor's 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


— 905 


593 





629 








— 806 














568 


— 794 


484 


269 


514 


644 


470 


— 768 


439 


275 


263 


559 


501 



r\ rvo 



o 



202 NOTES 

PAGE 

17 chair (sella curulis) was placed, praetoris urbani : see Introd. 
34. cum gladiis : with swords (in their hands) ; abl. of accom- 
paniment. 

419. curiam : Introd. 29. malleolos : fire darts, shaped like 
hammers having the end covered w. lighted pitch or tow. 

420. sit inscriptum : let it be written once for all. The perfect 
tense is here used w. more positiveness than the present; HB. 
490. 

427. Hisce ominibus : with these words of warning, cum 
salute : to the safety. These ablatives denote attendant circum- 
stance ; 140. l 

430. Iuppiter : the orator addresses his final words to the 
deity whose statue was before him. 

431. qui : whose worship, haec urbs : sc. constituta est. The 
temple to Jupiter vowed by Romulus was not built till 294 b.c. 

432. Statorem : protector ; cf. chapter 5, 1. 145. 

436. foedere : abl. of means, inter se : together. 

437. vivos mortuosque : the Romans believed in a future 
existence. 

Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

a — 556 221 473 422 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

At the conclusion of Cicero's oration against him, Catiline 
replied in his own defense, but upon speaking abusively of the 
consul, was interrupted by the senators, who called him " traitor " 
and "assassin." (See Sallust, Ch. 31). That night he left the 
city, pretending to go to Marseilles into exile, but in reality to 
join his army in Etruria, and assume the insignia of a consul. 




The Rostra (restored) 

The Second Oration was delivered the following day (Nov. 9, 
63 b.c.) from the rostra before the people in the Forum, to ac- 
quaint them officially of the facts, and to justify his own course. 



OUTLINE 

I. Exordium — Catiline's departure, Ch. 1. 
II. Narratio — 

1. Cicero's defense against the charge of 

(a) Too great leniency, Ch. 2-5 ; 

(b) Too great severity, Ch. 6, 7. 

2. The forces of Catiline, Ch. 8-10. 

203 



204 NOTES 

PAGE 

19 3. The forces of the republic, Ch. 11. 

III. Peroratio — The consul's vigilance and the protection of the 
gods. 

Chapter 1 

i. Tandem aliquando : an emphatic expression, now at last. 
Quirites : fellow citizens. This word, of uncertain origin, was 
applied to the Romans as civilians ; Romani, as warriors and 
rulers. 

3. ferro flammaque : we say with fire and sword. 

4. eiecimus, etc. : an anticlimax. Note the climax and asynde- 
ton in the next sentence, Abiit, etc. See 237 and 239. ipsum : 
of his own accord. 

5. verbis : with words of farewell, used in irony. For the 
same thought see Oration I, line 289. 

6. Nulla iam : see Vocab. for iam w. negatives. 

7. moenibus ipsis : dat. of ind. obj., against the city, i.e. the 
walled city. 

9. inter versabitur : will play about, sica ilia : the famous 
dagger, referred to in Oration I, 1. 205. 

10. campo, foro, curia: .'.'the three chief centers of Roman 
public life." 

11. domesticos parietes : Cicero may have had in mind the 
attempt on his own life, loco motus est : he was forced from his 
position, i.e. vantage ground, as a wrestler or gladiator. 

13. bellum iustum : a regular war, i.e. with an open enemy, 
not with insidious conspirators. 

16. Quod : causal, vero : but. cruentum : red with blood, 
used as a pred. adj. 

17. ei: dat. of reference, 115, a. 1 

20. Iacet prostratus : as a defeated gladiator. 
21 23. e suis faucibus : the figure of animal of prey. 

24. evomuerit, proiecerit : subjv. in a quoted causal clause ; 
196. 2 

Chapter 2 

26. quales . . . oportebat : as all ought to have been; see note 
on Cat. I, 1. 18. If the citizens had all desired the arrest of 
Catiline, the consul's task would have been easier. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


— 471 


377 


188 


350 


425 


368 


— 886 


540 


2S6 


541 


588 


535 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 205 

PAGE 

26. qui . . . accuset : a clause of description, in hoc ipso : 21 
in this very thing, i.e. the fact of Catiline's departure. 

30. Interfectum esse : the perf. tense is here used for em- 
phasis instead of the pres. ; HB. 490. 

31. adfectum: we should expect this word to precede inter- 
fectum, as it does in thought. 

32. mos maiorum : see Cat. I. 1. 362. huius imperi : of this 
authority, vested in the consul. 

33. res publica : the public welfare. 

34. qui . . . crederent : a clause of description, def errem : 
subjv., by attraction. 

35. defenderent : sc. eum. si iudicarem : if I judged; a 
condition contrary to fact. 

38. periculo : at the risk, cum : causal, ne . . . probata : 
as the matter had not even then been made clear to all of you. 

40. multassem : should punish; a subjv. in indir. disc, for 
multavero. 

41. hue: to this point, ut . . . possetis : a clause of result. 

43. Quern hostem : to preserve the emphasis, trans, as for 
this enemy, quam . . . putem : indir. question, depending on 
intellegatis, how much I think he should be feared. 

44. licet intellegatis : you may know (lit., it is permitted that 
you know), intellegatis (without ut) is the subject of licet, 
hinc : explained by the following clause. 

45. quod exierit: subjv. as if quoted from another person, 
parum comitatus : with so small an escort. 

46. Utinam eduxisset ; 188. l 

47. Tongilium, etc. : friends of Catiline, mini : an ethical 
dat. not easily translated. / see, bless me, thank Heaven, are 
suggested equivalents ; 115, b. 2 in praetexta : see Vocab. 

50. quanto aere alieno : how much in debt (lit., of how great 
debt); abl. of description. 

Chapter 3 

52. ilium exercitum : of Catiline, prae : in comparison with. 
Gallicanis legionibus : the Roman garrison in Cisalpine Gaul. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


1 — 773 


441 


279 


260 


558 


510 


* — 478 


380 


18S 


351 


432 


372 



206 NOTES 

PAGE 

22 54. Metellus : the praetor mentioned in Cat., I, 1. 257. habuit : 

has made, his copiis : w. prae, 1. 52. 

55. magno opere : greatly, ex senibus : referring to the 
veterans of Sulla ; the abl. denotes material, 134, a. 1 

56. ex agresti luxuria : abstract for the concrete, of luxurious 
countrymen, a phrase nearly repeated in ex . . . decoctoribus. 

57. vadimonia : these men in debt were under bail to appear 
at court, quam : rather than. 

58. quibus si : = et si eis. aciem : the battle array. 

59. edictum praetoris : at the beginning of his year of office, 
the praetor or judge issued a statement of the principles he 
would follow in his administration. These of course would 
concern the bankrupts. 

61. unguentis, purpura: the use of these was a sign of de- 
generation in the eyes of the sterner Romans. 

62. mallem: a potential subjv., I should prefer; 189. 2 Here 
it takes the place of utinam before eduxisset, to express a wish ; 
cf. 1. 46., suos milites : pred. ace, as his soldiers. 

66. quid cogitent : indir. question, object of scire. 
68. cui sit . . . attributa : Catiline had assigned the various 
parts of Italy to his lieutenants. 

70. has . . . insidias : the execution in the city of these plots 
of murder and of fire. 

71. superioris noctis : Nov. 6, when the meeting was held at 
Laeca's house. 

73. Ne : surely, or / assure you. 

Chapter 4 

76. Quod : what, explained by the noun clause ut . . . videre- 
tis, that you should see. 

78. nisi si : unless, quis : any one. Catilinae similes : men 
like Catiline (cf. " the likes of "). Catilinae is in the gen. case, 
like tui in Cat. y I, 1. 61. 

81. concedam : fut. exeant : let them begone, nepatiantur; 
187. b. 3 desiderio sui : with longing for them. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


— 539 


403 





396 


467 


406 


— 776 


447 


280 


257 


556 


519 


— 768 


439 


275 


263 


559 


501 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 207 

82. miserum : in misery. Aurelia via : abl. of the route taken ; 
146. l This road extended from Rome along the coast to Pisa. 
Another road would have been more direct to the camp of Man- 
lius, but Catiline was pretending to go to another place ; see 
1. 215. 

83. ad vesperam : by evening. 

85. O rem publicam : cf. O tempora, Cat., I, 1. 12. sentinam 
urbis, exhausto : the figure of the ship of state. Catiline is com- 
pared to the " bilge water " of the ship. 

88. quod . . . conceperit : a descriptive clause. 

89. tota Italia : the loc. abl. may omit in when tota modifies 
the noun. 

97. lam vero : and again. 

98. alios : some; aliorum (1. 9^ 

99. serviebat : ministered to. 
aliis, aliis : to some, to others. 

100. impellendo : 227, d. 2 



PAGE 

22 



23 



, of others. 
Repeat qui as the subject. 



116. eius studia . 

ferent sphere of life. 



Chapter 5 
ratione : his varied activities in a dif- 




Gladiators 

(From a Pompeian tomb relief) 

117. ludo gladiatorio : gladiators were trained in schools in 
Rome, Capua, and other places. They were slaves, originally 
captives taken in war. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


— 581 


429 


218 


—1014 


501 


338 



G. 



HB. 

426 
611 



208 NOTES 

PAGE 

24 118. audacior: bolder, than the rest ; so levior (1. 119). fate- 
atur : subjv. in a descriptive clause. 

1 19. nemo in scaena : actors as well as gladiators were slaves 
as a rule, their art being considered unworthy of Romans. 

121. exercitatione : abl. of means, adsuef actus frigore . . . 

122. perferendis : trained to endure cold (lit., in enduring); abl. of 
specification. Cicero spoke of Catiline's powers of endurance in 
Cat., I, 1. 339. fortis : pred. adj. w. praedicabatur. 

123. cum: concessive, industriae subsidia: the aids of in- 
dustry. 

126. O nos beatos : for the ace, cf. 1. 85. 

129. libidines, audaciae : used concretely, deeds of passion, 
acts of boldness. 

131. res: money, fides: credit. 

133. quae erat (sc. eis) : which they had. in abundantia : in 
their (time of) prosperity. 

134. comissationes solum: if they aimed only at revelry, 
they would be tolerable, but they mingle their revelry with 
plans of murder and fire. 

136. hoc : explained by insidiari. quis possit : who would be 
able? potential subjv. in a rhetorical question; 201. * 

138. mihi : ethical dat., implying sarcasm or disgust, which 
we may express by the tone of the voice ; or trans, bless me. 
accubantes : it was the Roman custom to recline at table. 

143. Quibus: = sed eis: dat. w. impendere ; 112, b. 2 

144. improbitati : dat. w. debitam. 

146. sanare : sc. eos as obj. sustulerit : fut. perf . 

147. breve nescio : = quoddam breve ; cf. Cat. I, 1. 403. 

150. externa: sc. bella. unius virtute : i.e. of Pompey, who 
had suppressed the Mediterranean pirates, and conquered eastern 
nations, terra marique : loc. abl. 

151. pacata: ended, intus, intus : anaphora; 235. 3 

25 154. Huicbello: dat. w. ducem ; 118. 4 

156. quacumque ratione : sc. potero. quae resecanda erunt : 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


*— 771 


268 


277 


259 


557 


519 


2— 456 


367 


187 


346 


426 


362 


s— 1070 





350 





666 


632 


*— 461 


366 








436 


363 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 209 

whatever will have to be cut away, a figure derived from surgery page 
or from pruning. 

Chapter 6 

160. etiam : still, sunt qui : there are some who. 26 

161. Quod si : now if . . . this, verbo : i.e. by a mere word 
163. videlicet : used in irony. 

165. paruit, ivit : note the frequent occurrence of asyndeton ; 
237. 

168. patres conscriptos : see note Cat., I, 1. 47. Quo: there. 

169. Quis (senator) : the usual adj. form is qui. 

170. ita . . . ut: as (lit., so . . . as). 

171. Quin etiam: why even; cf. Cat., I, 1. 213. 

173. Hie: adv., hereupon, at this point. 

174. vehemens : ironical. 

175. in nocturno . . . necne : a double indir. question, 
whether . . . or not. utrum (or ne), whether, is omitted; 89. 

179. ei: by him; dat. of agent, ratio: plan. 

180. teneretur : was caught ("cornered"), eo, quo: to that 
place, to which. 

181. secures, fasces: symbols of authority, carried by lictors 
before Roman magistrates. 

182. aquilam : cf. Cat., I, 1. 317. 

184. cum scirem : causal ; note the anaphora in the sentence. 

185. credo : J suppose. 

186. iste : said with contempt. 

189. Massiliam: a city of Gaul founded by a Greek colony. 
It was a favorite place of exile for Romans. 

Chapter 7 

190. condicionem miseram : grievous task. 28 

192. consiliis meis : by my counsels. Note the asyndeton in 
this line. 

193. pertimuerit : becomes alarmed. The conditional clause 
si . . . converterit includes five verbs in the fut. perf. ; the 
conclusion begins w. non ille (1. 196). 

196. non ille : w. dicetur (1. 199), he will not be said, spoliatus, 
obstupefactus, perterritus, depulsus : sc. esse w. each and 
connect w. dicetur. armis : of the arms; separation. 

199. eiectus : w. esse, vi et minis : with threats of violence; 
hendiadys. 



210 NOTES 

PAGE 

28 203. Est . . . tanti : it is worth while for me; 110. x 

204. dum modo : introducing a clause of proviso ; 199. 2 
a : from. 

29 205. Dicatur : let him be said. 

210. triduo : time within which. 

211. ne . . . sit : in appos. w. illud. invidiosum : a cause 
(source) of unpopularity, quod emiserim : that I let him go. 
The subjv. is used because the orator is quoting his enemies. 
The quod-clause is subj. of sit. 

213. profectus sit : he has gone away (of his own will). 

214. idem quid dicerent : what would the same men say? 
Quamquam : and yet. 

216. verentur : the associates of Catiline feared that he had 
gone to Massilia, and hence had given up the war. tarn miseri- 
cors : these men preferred to have him lead the army, even to 
certain death, than be safe in exile. 

217. qui . . . malit : a descriptive clause of result. 

218. Ille : w. mallet : he would prefer. 

222. vivis nobis : abl. abs., leaving us alive; but nobis may 
here refer to Cicero alone, optemus : hortatory ; 187. 3 



Chapter 8 

225. quod: as (lit., which), referring to murus interest; cf. 
Cat, I, 1. 141. 

226. dissimulant : conceal their sentiments, in contrast w. 
fatetur (1. 225). 

229. sanare sibi ipsos : to cure them for their own sakes (lit., 
for themselves), placare : reconcile to. 

230. neque : = et non. 

232. generibus : classes. 

233. singulis : to each of the classes, quam : any, sc. medi- 
cinam adferre. 

30 235. est : consists, eorum : pred. gen. in aere alieno : con- 

cessive, though in debt. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


— 424 


417 


203 


3S0 


448 


356 


— 929 


528 


310 


573 


587 


529 


— 768 


439 


274 


263 


559 


501 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 211 

PAGE 

236. quarum : = sed earum. dissolvi : reflexive, to free them- 30 
selves. 

238. voluntas: intention. 

239. Tu . . . sis et dubites : a potential rhetorical question 1 
implying a negative answer, is it possible that you are . . . and 
(yet) hesitate? Tu : used without reference to a particular per- 
son, agris, etc. : abl. of means. 

240. familia : slaves, not family. 

241. fidem : credit. 

244. tabulas novas : debtors were sometimes relieved by a law 
providing for new accounts (lit., new tablets), the creditors receiv- 
ing only a part of their due. Catiline proposed to cancel debts 
entirely. 

245. meo beneficio : thanks to me (lit. by my kindness). 

247. Quod si : = et si id. 

248. cum usuris : against the interest on their debts. 

249. fructibus : with the profits, locupletioribus his uteremur : 
we should find them richer. It would be wiser, he says, to sell 
part of their property and pay the creditors. 

250. minime : least of all the classes. 

252. permanebunt : sc. in sententia, cling to their opinions. 

Chapter 9 

254. Alterum : secundum, est : consists. 

256. honores : i.e. offices. 

257. Quibus . . . videtur : to whom it seems necessary to give 
this warning, hoc: explained by me vigilare, etc. (1. 260). 

259. reliquis omnibus : ind. obj. of praecipiendum est, which 
is to be supplied, ut desperent : expressing purpose. 

261. animos : courage. 

265. praesentes : in person, used w. deos. sint : w. adepti : 
this perf. subjv. stands for a fut. perf. ind. of dir. disc. 

267. quae : referring to cinere et sanguine. 31 

270. gladiator! : i.e. to some man like Spartacus, who for 
two years (73-71 b.c.) headed a band of gladiators and slaves 
against the Roman forces, sit necesse : it would be necessary. 

271. aetate adfectum (adj.) : feeling the effects of age, advanced 
in years. 

Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

l — 771 444 277 466 559 503 



212 NOTES 

PAGE 

31 277. quas Sulla constituit : Sulla gave land to 120,000 of his 
men, after the civil war with Marius. He planted one colony 
in Faesulae, where Catiline's army was now encamped. 

278. universas : as a whole, civium : pred. gen. esse : con- 
sist of. 

284. sumptuosius : render by too. 

292. salvi : solvent, freed from debt. 

293. sit excitandus : would have to be summoned. Sulla died 
in 78 b.c. 

295. agrestes : countrymen, the neighbors of the farming 
veterans. 

296. rapinarum veterum : such as they had in their soldier 
days. 

32 298. eos hoc moneo : J give them this advice; 121. l desinant : 
let them cease. This is the medicina (1. 233) for the third class 
of revolutionists, proscriptiones, dictaturas : recalling the days 
of the civil war in which these men had served. 

300. ista non modo, etc. : non is understood after modo, but 
it is simpler to connect ne (not) w. passurae. Trans, not only 
men but even beasts seem to me to be unwilling to endure such things. 



Chapter 10 

303. sane : utterly; in 1. 318, by all means. 

304. premuntur : have been overwhelmed. 

305. emergunt : rise, i.e. from their sea of debt, male ge- 
rendo negotio : by badly managing their affairs. 

307. vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione : the three legal steps 
in a case against debtors : 1. the giving of a bail bond to appear 
at court ; 2. the trial ; 3. the confiscation or sale of the property 
to pay the claim of the creditor. 

310. quam primum : as soon as possible. 

311. corruant : sub j v. expressing command. 

312. Connect ne (not) w. sentiant ; cf. 1. 301. 

318. pereant : expressing command. 

319. career : the state prison was built in the time of the kings 
and still exists, covered by a small church. It was used for 



Bur. A. B. G. H. 

-504 390 178 333 412 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 213 

PAGE 

executions, or for detention until the time of trial, imprisonment 33 
as a punishment being unknown. See cuts, pp. 32 and 231, and 
description, pp. 178, 179. 

321. genere : character, quod . . . est: one that is Catiline's 
own. Catilinae : gen. case; 119, 6. 1 

322. de complexu . . . sinu : composed of his bosom friends. 

323. pexo : i.e. elaborately dressed, capillo : abl. of descrip- 
tion, imberbes : because of their youth, bene barbatos : with 
well-trimmed beards, a mark of affectation, since it was not the 
custom for Romans to wear beards at this time. 

324. manicatis tunicis : the tunic was the main garment of the 
Romans, worn with or without the toga. Ordinarily it had very 
short sleeves and reached only to the knees, velis non togis : 
these dandies wore togas (the outer garment or robe) so large 
that they were compared to sails. 

325. quorum . . . expromitur : trans, actively, who spend all 
the energy of their lives and wakeful nights (lit., labor of keeping 
awake). 

331. scitote : know; a fut. imperative used for the pres., 
which is lacking for this verb, hoc : sing, to agree w. seminarium. 
We should say these men. 

333. isti miseri : such wretches. 

Chaptek 11 

339. pertimescendum : ironical, cum : causal. 

340. cohortem praetoriam : a general's bodyguard. 

341. Instruite nunc contra: here begins a notable passage of 
rhetorical comparison. 

343. gladiatori : Cicero again selects this word to express his 

contempt of Catiline. 

345. florem : i.e. the best or finest part. 34 

347. tumulis silvestribus : these hillsides around Faesulae 

were all that Catiline yet possessed. 

350. eget : w. quibus ; 149. 

351. equitibus : knights, not cavalry. 

354. quam . . . iaceant : how powerless they are (lit., how 
prostrate they lie). 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


410 


385 


204 


359 


435 


339 


528 


409 


214 


405 


458 


425 



214 NOTES 

PAGE 

34 355- ex hac parte : on this side, illinc : on that (side), pudor : 
modesty, pudicitia : purity. 

358. honestas : honor. 

359. aequitas, etc. : the four cardinal virtues, according to 
Plato were justice, self-control, courage, wisdom. 

362. bona ratio cum perdita : sound (political) principle against 
corrupt. 

363. omnium rerum desperatione : utter despair. 

Chapter 12 

368. cum : causal, quern ad modum : as. 

369. antea : the speech, as written, contains no earlier use of 
these words (defendite, etc.). 

370. mini : contrasted w. vos (1. 368) ; dat. of agent w. 
consultum; 116 j 1 trans, actively, I have taken care, urbi : dat. 
of possessor w. esset. 

371. Coloni : Roman citizens who became colonists of other 
parts of Italy. 

372. municipes : inhabitants of free towns who gained the right 
of Roman citizenship. 

374. quam : for agreement w. manum see 167, b. 2 

375. certissimam : most faithful, animo meliore : better dis- 
posed. 

35 376. patriciorum : some of Catiline's leading associates were 
patricians. 

377. hoc : i.e. the present state of affairs. 
381. quern vocari videtis : officers were probably summoning 
senators to a meeting, as Cicero spoke. 
386. hoc exspectavit : has had this object. 



36 



387. 


Quod reliquum est : 


as for the future. 




389. 


mihi vivendum : that I must live; 225, a. 3 




390. 


portis, viae : dat. of 


possessor. 




391. 


Qui vero : but he who 






396. 


carcerem : the state 


prison ; see note on 1. 319. 




399- 


voluerunt : intended. 






Bur. 


A. B. 


G. H. 


HB. 


- 480 


374 189 


354 431 


373 


- 707 


306 250 


614 396 


326 


-1000 


500 337 


251 621 


600 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



215 



Chapter 13 



403. res : se. sedentur, shall 
be brought to an end. 

408. togato : the toga was 
the garb of peace, distinguished 
from the paludamentum, or 
military cloak. The phrase 
therefore implies that there 
would be no real warfare. 

410. Quod : = et id. 

417. patriae : ind. obj. of 
impendens. 

422. optandum : to be hoped 
for. 

424. mea prudentia fretus : 
relying on my prudence; 150. 1 

425. et : omit, non dubiis : 
unmistakable. 

426. quibus ducibus : under 
whose leadership; abl. abs. 

431. quam urbem hanc : 
trans, hanc urbem quam. In 
the Latin order the rel. clause 
precedes, for emphasis. 




PAGE 

36 



37 



Cicero in the Toga 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


— 576 


431 


218 


401 


476 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

The Senate promptly declared Catiline an enemy of the state 
and offered amnesty to all his followers who would lay down 
their arms. To Cicero was assigned the guarding of the city, 
and to his colleague, Antonius, the command of the army. The 
documentary evidence needed against the conspirators was sup- 
plied by the Allobroges who had come to Rome to secure aid for 
their financial difficulties. Their patron at Rome was Q. Fabius 
Sanga. To him they reported the overtures made to them by the 
conspirators, and he in turn informed Cicero. By design they 
were to feign enthusiasm and require written statements from the 
leaders. On the night following December 2, they left Rome with 
Volturcius, and were arrested on the Mulvian Bridge three miles 
north of the city. The Gauls and the leading conspirators were 
brought before the Senate, which hastily convened in the Temple 
of Concord. The meeting was prolonged till the dusk of evening, 
when Cicero gave an account of it to the people who were await- 
ing the news outside the temple. This was the Third Oration 
against Catiline (December 3, 63 B.C.). 

OUTLINE 

I. Exordium — The exposure of the conspiracy, Ch. 1. 
II. Narratio — 

1. The arrest of the Allobroges, Ch. 2, 3. 

2. The testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls before the 

Senate, Ch. 4, 5. 

3. The action of the Senate, Ch. 6. 

4. Success due to the absence of Catiline, and to divine aid, 

Ch. 7-9. 
III. Peroratio — The people exhorted to express their gratitude 
and to fulfill their duties as citizens, Ch. 10-12. 
216 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 217 



Chapter 1 

PAGE 

I. Rem publicam . . . videtis : this long sentence illustrates - 38 
the "period" in Latin rhetoric; 234. l We may translate the 
objects first, then introduce the verb and the participles, vitam : 

we should say lives. 

3. domicilium : urbem is an appositive. 

4. deorum : subjective gen. w. amore ; 98. 2 

7. non minus iucundi : the figure of litotes ; 242. 

9. salutis . . . condicio : the joy of safety is certain, (while) 
our lot at birth is uncertain; i.e. whether we are destined to good 
fortune or not. sensu : consciousness. 

II. prof ecto : w. debebit. ilium: i.e. Romulus. 

13. benevolentia famaque : with our loyalty and regard for his 
fame, sustulimus : exalted. The Romans deified their heroes 
and leaders. As a deity Romulus was called Quirinus. 

14. debebit : he (Cicero) will deserve. 

15. urbi, etc. : dat. w. subiectos, circumdatos. 39 

20. comperta : logically should precede inlustrata. exponam : 
/ will tell (the facts). 

21. et quanta . . . sint : obj. of scire. 

22. investigata, comprehensa : investigated, detected (lit., 
tracked, caught). 

23. exspectatis : are waiting to hear. 

24. ut : ever since. 

26. cum reliquisset : having left. 

Chapter 2 

29. cum eiciebam : indicative because the clause is merely 
temporal, and not descriptive ; 195, b. 3 

30. ilia : sc. invidia. 

31. quod exierit : sub j v., quoting what men will say ; 196, a. 4 
33. restitissent : what form would the direct discourse re- 
quire? 216, b. 5 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 





600 


351 


684 


685 


630 


— 402 


343 


199 


363 


440 


344 


— 857 


545 


288 


580 


601 


550 


— 886 


540 


286 


541 


588 


555 


— 794 


484 


319, a 


516 


541 


469 



218 NOTES 

page 34. putabam : / was thinking; the time denoted is the same 
39 as that of eiciebam and volebam ; of. putavi, 1. 48. 

36. in eo : explained by the noun clause ut . . . sentirem ac 
viderem, in the effort to know and see. 

38. auribus : ind. obj. w. minorem fidem faceret : found too little 
credence in your ears. 

39. faceret : subjv. by attraction, oratio mea : my words. 

40. ut . . . comprehenderem : stating the purpose of viderem, 

42. Allobrogum : this Gallic tribe had been conquered by the 
Romans in 121 b.c. Their envoys had come to Rome to com- 
plain of the provincial government. 

43. Lentulo : one of the praetors who was allied with Catiline. 

44. eodem itinere : i.e. through Etruria, where Catiline had 
his headquarters. 

46. Volturcium : he was sent along as an agent of the con- 
spirators. 
41 49. ut : repeating ut of 1. 48, for emphasis. 

51. praetores : there were eight praetors in the city. Though 
they were primarily legal officers, judges, they had also the 
power to command troops (imperium). 

52. amantissimos rei publicae (gen.) : most patriotic. 

54. qui . . . omnia sentirent : who entertained all sentiments, 
a descriptive causal clause. 

56. pontem Mulvium : across the Tiber, about two miles 
north of the city, now called Ponte Molle. 

60. praefectura Reatina: a provincial town governed by an 
officer (praefectus) sent from Rome, and having Cicero as a 
patron (patronus). Introd. 21. 

Chapter 3 

69. erat commissa : had begun, litterae : letters; the pi. 
may mean either letter or letters. 

70. integris signis : with seals unbroken, ipsi : the Allobroges 
and Volturcius. 

73. Gabinium : this man had brought about the conference 
of the Allobroges and the conspirators. 

76. credo : ironical, I suppose. Lentulus was known for his 
sluggishness as well as his wickedness, in litteris dandis : in 
writing the letter. This letter, however, was very short ; see 
chapter 5, 1. 155. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 219 

PAGI 

78. viris placeret : it seemed best to the men. The subject of 42 
placeret is the infinitive clause litteras . . . aperiri . . . deferri. 

80. prius : to be taken w. quam. 

81. tumultus iniectus (esse) civitati : English inverts this 
construction, the state was thrown into panic. 

82. negavi . . . def errem : / said that I would not fail to lay 
before the public council (the Senate) the case as a whole which 
concerned the public peril (lit. would not act so as not to refer, etc.). 

87. frequentem : full. 

89. qui efferet : purpose. 

90. si quid . . . esset : any weapons there might be. esset : 
subjv. by attraction. 

Chapter 4 

92. fidem publicam : a promise of pardon in the name of the 
state, because of his turning state's evidence. 

93. quae sciret: subjv. by attraction. 

96. litteras : a letter, ut uteretur : advising him to employ. 

98. ut . . . esset ille : a noun clause explaining consilio. 

100. caedem infinitam: the plan was to kill the senators and 
as many other citizens as possible. 

103. litteras: letters. 

105. sibi praescriptum . . . mitterent : that they had been 
directed to send. 

108. ex fatis Sibyllinis : according to the Sibylline prophecies. 
The tradition was that the Cumaean prophetess, Sibyl, had sold 
to King Tarquin her books of prophecy, written in Greek hexam- 
eters. These books were destroyed in the Capitol fire, in 83 
b.c, but were replaced by others, haruspicum : the soothsayers 
foretold the future and interpreted the divine will chiefly by 
inspecting the entrails of animals slain in sacrifice. 

109. Cornelium : his full name was P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura. 
no. esset necesse : it was ordained. Cinna : L. Cornelius 

Cinna, the successor of Marius as leader of the popular party. 43 

in. Sulla : L. Cornelius Sulla, the dictator and rival of Marius. 

fatalem : ordained by fate. 

113. virginum absolutionem : six Vestal Virgins guarded the 

sacred perpetual fire in the Temple of Vesta. If a Vestal broke 

her vows, she was to be buried alive. Nothing is known of the 

acquittal referred to. 



PAGE 

43 



220 



NOTES 



114. Capitoli incensionem : the Capitol, or Temple of Jupiter, 
was burned in 83 b.c. 

115. Cethego : dat. of possessor. 

116. Saturnalibus : on the Saturnalia, a festival of merriment 
and good will in honor of Saturn, beignning Dee. 17. Revolu- 
tionists select holidays as the time for executing their plots. 

Chapter 5 

118. ne longum sit: not to be tedious, tabellas : short letters 
were written on tablets (tabellae) made of two or more thin boards 



44 




Tabellae et Stilus 

fastened together. The inner surfaces were hollowed out and 
the depressions filled with wax, so as to leave a raised rim, re- 
sembling our slates. Writing was done upon the wax by means 
of a pointed instrument (stilus). The letter was bound with a 
thread (linum), and sealed on the knot with wax (cera). 

119. datae : written; sc. esse. 

120. signum : the seal made on the knot with a signet ring. 

121. Erat scriptum : the sub j. is the inf. clause following. 

123. orare : the subj. is sese (Cethegus). sibi recepissent: 
had undertaken for him, i.e. had promised him (Cethegus). 

124. qui: = cum is, although he; 192, b. 1 

125. apud ipsum : at his house. 



A. 

535 



B. 

283 



G. 

634 



H. 

593 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 221 

PAGE 

127. recitatis litteris : by the reading of the letters, abiectus 44 
conscientia : conscience-smitten. 

129. manum: handwriting. 

130. in eandem sententiam : to the same purport. 
133. avi tui: P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 b.c. 
135- revocare debuit : ought to have recalled. 

136. eadem ratione : of the same character; abl. of description. 

137. si vellet: subjv. in implied indir. disc. 

139. exposito atque edito : given and taken down (recorded). 

140. quid sibi esset : what he had to do (lit., what there was to 
him). 

144. fatis Sibyllinis : cf. 1. 108. 

145. subito : adv. 

146. posset infitiari : might have denied. 

147. eum: obj. of defecit (1. 150). 
151. litteras: the letter. 

154. Erant: it was. sine nomine: the customary greeting 
was omitted, as well as the name of the writer. 
156. quern in locum : to what position, in the plot. 
158. infimorum: of the lowest, referring to the slaves. 45 

161. cum . . . turn : not only . . . but also. 

Chapter 6 

168. Indiciis . . . editis : cf. 1. 139. The evidence was 
recorded by the clerks of the Senate. 

169. de summa re publica : for the highest welfare of the state. 
fieri placeret : should be done (lit., was pleasing to be done). 

170. principibus: i.e. the leading men of the Senate, includ- 
ing ex-consuls and consuls elect. See Introd. 30. 

171. sine ulla varietate : without any dissenting voice, unani- 
mously. 

176. sit liberata : subjv. in a quoted reason. 

177. forti fidelique : may best be taken as pred. adj. Trans. 
/ had found (usus essem) their service brave and loyal. 

178. collegae meo : C. Antonius, the other consul. He was 
in sympathy with Catiline, but was made neutral by the promise 
of the province of Macedonia for his proconsulship. 

181. abdicasset : see Vocab. A Roman magistrate could not 
be brought to trial until he resigned his office, in custodiam : 
cf. Cat. 1, 1. 251. 



222 



NOTES 



PAGE 

45 



46 



184. hoc decretum est: this decree was passed (lit., this was 
decreed). L. Cassium : a senator mentioned in 1. 105. 

187. Apulia: a district used chiefly for grazing; cf. Cat. II, 
1. 68. indicatum : proved. 

188. deduxit : " deducere is the technical word for leading 
forth or conducting a colony to a place. The Roman colonia 
marched out in military style, sub vexillo." — Nicol. 

190. versatus : engaged. 
192. ea . . . ut : such . . . that. 

194. novem hominum : of this number Lentulus, Cethegus, 
Statilius, and Gabinius were already under arrest ; Ceparius fled 
from Rome when the conspiracy was discovered, but was ar- 
rested later ; the rest escaped punishment by flight. 

197. supplicatio : a solemn thanksgiving to the gods for vic- 
tory, declared by the 
Senate. The student 
will recall the instances 
mentioned in Caesar's 
Gallic War. 

199. togato : i.e. in a 
civil capacity. 

202. hoc interest : 
there is this difference 
(lit., differs this), hoc: 
ace. used adverbially. 1 
The indicative (inter- 
est) is used because the 
difference exists 
whether the comparison (conferatur) should be made or not. 

203. gesta : sc. re publica. 

204. quod primum fuit : the resignation of Lentulus men- 
tioned in the next sentence. 

206. indiciis, confessionibus : abl. of cause, iudicio : abl. of 
accordance. 

208-211. Order: ut in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberare- 
mur ea religione, quae . . . fuerat (which had not prevented 




A Roman Sacrifice 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


504 


390, c 


176, 2, 


332 


409, 1 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 223 

PAGE 

Marius), quo minus . . . occideret (from killing Glaucia) de 46 
quo . . . decretum. 

208. quae Mario (dat. of possessor) fuerat : lit., which had 
not been to Marius. 

209. Glauciam : praetor in 100 B.C. He was allied with 
Saturninus, the tribune, in opposing the senatorial party. See 
note on Cat. I, 1. 37. 

Chapter 7 

216. cum pellebam : indie, because the clause merely 
defines the time of the main verb ; 195, b. 1 

218. somnum, adipes, temeritatem : the characteristics of the 
men were well known to Cicero's audience. " This Cassius had 
not a lean and hungry look." — Nicol. 

220. tarn diu dum : (only) as long as. 48 

221. norat: = noverat, he knew (lit., had learned), omnium 
aditus : access to everybody; objective gen. 

223. consilium : ability, shrewdness. 

224. lam : moreover. 

226. mandarat : = mandaverat. The indicative w. cum here 
denotes repeated action, whenever, etc. ; 195, c. 2 neque confec- 
tum putabat : i.e. he did not assume that his command was 
obeyed. 

227. quod : the ace. is required only by obiret ; occurreret 
takes the dat. vigilaret, laboraret : watch for, toil for. frigus, 
etc. : cf . Cat. I, 1. 339. 

231. domesticis : i.e. within the city. 

234. Non ille . . . constituisset : he (emphatic) would not 
have fixed upon the Saturnalia (but upon an earlier date), con- 
stituisset, denuntiavisset, commisisset are subjunctives of 
" ideal certainty " (Hale), or potential subjunctives, denoting 
action contingent upon the condition implied, si in urbe 
remansisset : 189. 3 

235. tanto ante : so long in advance. 

236. neque commisisset : nor have permitted (made the mis- 
take of allowing). 

243. ut levissime dicam : to say the least. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


l — 856 


545 


288,1 


580 


600 


550 


2 — 904 


548 


288,3 


584 


601 


579 


3 — 919 


446 


280 


597 


553 


519 



224 NOTES 

PAGE 

48 244. dimicandum fuisset : we should have had to fight. The 

past indie, is more common than the subjv. (fuisset) in a peri- 
phrastic conclusion ; 198, note 2. 1 

246. tanta pace, etc. : abl. of attendant circumstance. 

Chapter 8 

247. Quamquam : and yet. 

249. Id consequi : to reach that conclusion, cum : not only. 

250. quod : because, vix humani consili esse potuisse : 
could scarcely have been within the power of human wisdom, con- 
sili : pred. gen. ; 111. 2 

49 251. ita praesentes : so clearly present. 

254. ab occidente : in the west, the unlucky quarter of the 
heavens, faces : meteors. 

255. fulminum iactus : flashes of lightning, terrae motus : 
earthquakes. 

256. nobis consulibus : in our consulship. 

260. Cotta et Torquato consulibus : the year was 65 b.c. 

261. de caelo percussas : struck by lightning. 

262. depulsa : overthrown, from their pedestals. 

263. legum aera : the laws were engraved on bronze tablets, 
tactus : struck. 

264. quern . . . meministis : which you recollect was in the 
Capitol, gilded, small, and suckling, clinging to the breast of a wolf. 
A bronze group of Romulus and Remus with the wolf-nurse, now 
in the Capitoline museum, is marked as if by lightning and is 
thought to be the statue to which Cicero refers. 

266. Quo tempore cum : when at this time. 

267. haruspices : Etruria was noted for its soothsayers. See 
note on 1. 108. 

50 270. omni ratione : by every possible means. 

271. prope fata ipsa: even the gods were subject to fate and 
could not change it. 

272. responsis : abl. of accordance, ludi : public games were 
celebrated as religious rites. They included chariot racing and 
gladiatorial combats. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


1 — 921 


517 


304, 3 


597, R. 3 


582 


582, 3 


2 — 408 


343 


203 


366 


447 


340 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



225 




Gladiatorial Combats 

(From a Pompeian tomb relief) 

275. in excelso : on a high situation, contra atque . . . 
fuerat : opposite to its former position. 

277. illud signum : that statue, just finished. 

281. conlocandum locaverunt : gave the contract for setting up. 

282. superioribus consulibus : in the preceding consulships. 

283. nobis : sc. consulibus. 



50 



Chapter 9 

284. Hie : in this matter, aversus a : obstinate against. 

285. mente captus : deprived of reason (lit., captured in mind). 
qui . . . neget : as to say that . . . not; a descriptive clause of 
result. 

288. esset responsum : by the soothsayers. 

289. rei publicae : dat., for, etc. et ea : and that too. 

292. Illud . . . est : was not this fact so opportune (praesens) ? 
Illud is explained by the second ut- clause following (ut . . . 
statueretur), the first ut- clause expressing result. 

293- Optimi Maximi : best (and) mightiest. 

294. per forum in aedem : the conspirators were taken from 
Cicero's house on the Palatine Hill, and hence would have to be 
led through the Forum to reach the temple on the Capitoline Hill. 

299. Quo : wherefore, odio digni : for construction see 150. l 

302. Quibus si : = et si eis. restitisse : from resisto. si 
dicam : if I should say; 198, c, 2. 2 



51 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


1 — 587 


418, b 


226,2 


397, 2 


481 


442 


2 — 915 


516,6 


303 


596 


576 


580 



226 NOTES 

PAGE 

51 303. non ferendus : unbearable, ille, ille Iuppiter : he, yonder 
Jupiter, said with a gesture toward the new statue. 

314. suscepi : I have cherished. 

322. creditae : entrusted. 

324. commissae : given over. 

327. nisi . . . ereptum : unless prudence had been taken 
from this great audacity, i.e. from these bold men. audaciae : 
dat. of separation, 113. 1 

331. Quidvero: sc. dicam. 

52 334. patriciis hominibus : Catiline, Cethegus, Lentulus, etc. 
336. id : explained by the preceding noun clause ut homines 

. . . anteponerent. praesertim qui : especially since they. 

Chapter 10 

339. pulvinaria : altars, more exactly cushioned couches on 
which the images of the gods were laid before the altars. Food 
and wine were set before the images in the feast called lectister- 
nium. 

340. celebratote : imperative fut., second pers. plur. 

342. iusti : connect w. ac debiti, just and deserved, habiti 
sunt : have been paid. 

345. me uno togato : cf. Cat., II, 1. 408. 

347. civiles dissensiones : the instances of civil strife cited 
by Cicero in 11. 348-360 occurred during the war between the 
democratic party under Marius and the aristocratic party under 
Sulla, 88-77 b.c. 

348. Sulla . . . Suspicium : P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune of 
the plebs in 88 b.c, proposed a law transferring the command 
against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marched upon 
Rome and drove out his enemies. Sulpicius was killed ; Marius 
escaped to Africa. 

349. Marium custodem : so called because he saved Rome 
from the Cimbri and Teutones in 102 b.c. 

351. Octavius . . . collegam : in 87 b.c. the consuls were Cn. 
Octavius, a partisan of Sulla, and L. Cornelius Cinna, leader of 
the democratic party in the absence of Marius. Cinna proposed 
to enlarge the franchise privileges of the Italians and began an 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


KB. 


477 


381 


188, d 


345 


427 


371 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 227 

PAGE 

agitation in favor of his party. In the riots that followed 10,000 53 
are said to have perished. Octavius was victorious, and Cinna 
fled from Rome. 

352. hie locus : the Forum. 

353. redundavit: was filled, w. acervis; ran, w. sanguine; an 
instance of zeugma ; 247. 1 Cinna cum Mario : these leaders 
returned to the city at the head of a large army and took ven- 
geance upon their enemies. 

354. clarissimis viris : including Octavius the consul, Anto- 
nius the orator, Scaevola the highpriest. Marius died a few 
days after the victory and Cinna returned to power. 

356. Sulla : having finished the war with Mithridates, 83 b.c, 
Sulla entered Rome and placed 5000 names upon his proscription 
lists, remaining dictator till his death, 78 b.c. ne . . . opus 
est : it is quite needless to say. 

358. Lepidus, Catulo : consuls 78 b.c. The former, a Marian, 
attempted to overthrow Sulla's constitution, but was driven from 
the city by his colleague. 

359. rei publicae : dat. w. attulit. 
367. quaesivit : aimed at. 

369. uno maximo : without exception (lit., alone) the greatest. 

370. quale bellum : a war such as. 

371. quo in bello : a war which. 54 

372. constituta : laid down, ut omnes . . . ducerentur : that 
all should be classed as enemies, etc., a noun clause explaining lex 
haec. salva urbe : abl. abs. 

379. tantum civium : only so many citizens. 
382. restitisset : had survived. The subjv. depends on putas- 
sent, and would be fut. perf. in dir. disc. 

Chapter 11 

388. pro : in return for. rebus : services. 
397. In animis : note the emphatic position. 
399. condi et conlocari : to be stored and treasured. Nihil 
mutum : as a statue. 

401. nostrae res : my deeds. 

402. litterarum monumentis : in the records of literature. 55 



Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

-1070 374 690 751 631 



228 NOTES 

PAGE 

55 403. eandem diem intellego propagatam esse : / feel sure that 

the same time has been granted. Cicero means that his consulship 
will be remembered as long as the city stands. 

406. quorum alter : i.e. Pompey, who had conquered Mithri- 
dates. 

408. terminaret : limited; the subjv. depends on intellego. 
alter : i.e. Cicero himself. 

Chapter 12 

410. quae illorum : as {in the case) of those men. 

411. mini . . . illi : contrasted emphatically. 

413. vestrum est : it is your duty. The subj. of est is pro- 
videre (1. 417). si ceteris . . . prosunt : if others deservedly 
profit by their acts, ceteris : ind. obj. 

414. Mentes : designs. 

417. mini nihil noceri potest : no harm can be done to me (lit., 
in no way can harm be done to me), nihil is an adverbial ace. For 
the passive noceri see 112 ; note 2. 1 

419. quod: rel. mini : forme. 

421. tacita: concessive, though silent, conscientiae : i.e. 
Cicero's own feeling that he had done his duty, quam qui neg- 
legunt : = et ei qui neglegunt earn. 

423. is animus : such spirit. 

424. nullius : used as gen. of nemo, audaciae : dat. 

426. in me unum : within five years Cicero was forced to go 
into exile because of his part in punishing the conspirators. 

427. qua condicione : in what position, i.e. what is to be their lot. 

429. mini ipsi : as for myself; dat. w. adquiri. 

430. ad vitae fructum : to life's enjoyment. 

431. quicquam altius : Cicero now held the highest office in 
the state. 

58 434. ut privatus . . . ornem : that as a private citizen I will 

uphold and dignify. 

435. laedat, valeat: supply a connective, ut mini valeat ad 
gloriam : that it may redound to my glory. 

437. gesserim : subjv. by attraction. 

440. vestrum : objective gen. pi. of vos. 

441. aeque : see Vocab. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


459 


369 


187 


346 


426,3 


364 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

1. The penalty. — On December 4, the Senate voted rewards to 
the Allobroges and Volturcius, and heard further evidence. Fi- 
nally, on December 5, this body met in the Temple of Concord at 
the foot of the Capitoline Hill, to consider the question of punish- 
ment for the prisoners. Silanus advocated the death penalty ; 
Caesar, life imprisonment and the confiscation of their property. 
Then the consul, as the presiding officer, reviewed the two opin- 
ions in his Fourth Oration against Catiline. He was followed by 
M. Porcius Cato, the young tribune-elect, who in a speech of 
great vigor declared that the conspirators were criminals who 
deserved death. The Senate had been strongly impressed by 




M. Porcius Cato (Uticensis) and his Wife 
229 



230 



NOTES 



the proposal of Caesar, but, after hearing Cato, decided for imme- 
diate execution. 

2. The execution. — Without delay, the five prisoners were 
taken to the state's prison, known as the Tullianum, where in the 

gg~T sSHlli 



Sia 




A Section of the Tullianum 

(Showing the upper and the lower dungeon pictured on page 32 of the text. See 
Sallust's description, chapter 55, page 178.) 

lower dungeon, death was inflicted by strangling. (See Introd. 
43.) On his way across the Forum Cicero announced to the 
populace " Yixerunt" " they have lived." Although the law 
provided that Roman citizens should not be put to death without 
appeal to the people, Cicero attempted to justify the Senate's 
course on the plea that such men were not to be treated as citizens. 
3. The fate of Catiline. — Early in 62 b.c. the rebel forces, 
attempting to escape into Cisalpine Gaul, were annihilated near 
Faesulae, between two divisions of the Roman army. Of Cati- 
line, who led them, the historian Floras wrote, Catilina longe a 
suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, pulcherrimd morte, si pro 
patrid sic concidisset. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 231 

OUTLINE 
I. Exordium — The welfare of the state alone to be consulted, 

Ch. 1, 2. 
II. Narratio — The two propositions for punishment, Ch. 3-5. 

III. Propositio et Confirmatio — The relative merits of these 
propositions, Ch. 6-9. 

IV. Peroratio — The Senate's duty to the state and to the consul, 
Ch. 10, 11. 

Chapter 1 page 

i. in me : toward me. vestrum : poss. gen. of vos. 57 

3. vestro : sc. periculo. depulsum sit : implied indir. disc, 
for depulsum erit. 

4. iucunda : pleasing, grata : welcome. 

7. si . . . data est : i.e. if the consulship has been given to me 
on these terms. 
9. f eram : fut. 

13. aequitas continetur : justice is centered. The reference is 
to the law courts of basilicas, located around the Forum, cam- 
pus consecratus : the consuls were elected by the Comitia Cen- 
turiata, which met in the Campus Martius. But no election could 
take place until the auspices were favorable. 

14. auxilium . . . gentium: the Senate, meeting usually in 
the Curia, determined the policy of the Roman government 
toward foreign nations. 

16. lectus : cf. Cat. I. 1. 129. haec sedes : the sella curulis, 
or curule chair, a symbol of authority for a 
consul, censor, praetor, curule aedile, dicta- 
tor, or magister equitum. It was shaped 
like a camp chair, without a back, resting 
on ivory legs. 

19. meo quodam dolore : with some pain 
on my own part; abl. of attendant circum- 
stance, in vestro timore : i.e. while you were Sella Curulis 
afraid. 

20. ut . . . eriperem : a noun clause explaining hunc exitum. 
22. virgines Vestales : cf. note on Cat., Ill, 1. 113. 

27. subeatur: let it be endured; 187, b. 1 fatale : cf. Cat., Ill, 59 
1. 111. 

Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

l — 768 439 275 263 559 501 




232 NOTES 

PAGE 

59 34. cur non laeter : why should I not rejoice ? A deliberative 
question; 201. x 

Chapter 2 

47. praesident : watch over, pro eo ac mereor : in such measure 
as I deserve. 

48. gratiam ; see Vocab. si quid obtigerit (fut. perf.) : if any- 
thing happens, put mildly for if I shall be killed. 

50. consulari : death could not be untimely for a man who had 
held the highest office. 

51. sapienti : Roman philosophy taught that one should en- 
dure with calmness whatever fate might befall him. 

52. fratris : Quintus Tullius Cicero, the praetor elect. In 54 
b.c. he served as a legatus with Caesar's army in Gaul; Caes, 
B. G., Bk. V, 38-52. praesentis : now present. 

60 53- horum : his friends among the senators. 

54. Neque . . . revocat : and often my thoughts are recalled 
homeward by, etc. neque non : = et. 

55. uxor : Terentia. filia : Tullia. parvulus Alius : Marcus, 
now only two years old. Cicero in his letters gives evidence of 
his affection for his family. 

57. obsidem : the thought of his son's name and welfare would 
strengthen Cicero's purpose. If he failed while performing his 
duty, the state would protect his heir. 

58. gener: C. Calpurnius Piso, Tullia's husband. He was 
not a senator, and therefore stood with the other spectators at 
the entrance of the temple. 

59. in earn partem uti : to the end (or purpose) that. 

61. una peste : in one common destruction. 

62. incumbite, circumspicite : lit., bend to the oars, look out for. 
These words with nautical meaning suggest the ship of state. 

64. Non Ti. Gracchus . . . adducitur : (it is) not Tiberius 
Gracchus . . . (who) is brought. 

69. vestram omnium : = omnium vestrum. 
72. servitia : = servi, abstract for the concrete. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


-771 


444 


277 


265 


642 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 233 



Chapter 3 

PAGE 

76. indices : the witnesses, rei : from reus. 60 

77. iudiciis : the official measures explained in the following 
statement. 

82. dandos : sc. esse. 

83. qui honos : an honor which. 

85. praemia : Sallust says that the Senate had offered to any 61 
slave who should give information, freedom and 100,000 ses- 
terces ; to a freeman, impunity and 200,000 sesterces. 

87. nominatim : the names are given by Sallust, Cat., 47, 4. 

90. tamquam integrum : as an open question. 

91. praedicam: will say first, sunt consulis : belong to the 
consul (to say) ; pred. gen. of possession. 

92. nova . . . mala : that certain strange evils were brewing and 



94. haberi : was being made. 

96. ante noctem : to be valid, a decree of the Senate must be 
passed before sunset. 

97. delatum sit : has been reported. 

99. Latius opinione : more widely than is supposed. 

100. transcendit Alpes : this refers to the Allobroges. 

101. provincias : Catiline expected aid from Spain, and from 
Mauretania in northern Africa. 

102. sustentando aut prolatando : by forbearance or delay. 

Chapter 4 

104. sententias : the motions offered, or opinions expressed by 
the senators, when called upon by the presiding officer ; cf . Cat. 
I. 1. 109. D. Silani : being consul elect he was entitled to speak 
first ; see Introd. 30. 

105. haec : these things, i.e. this city. 

106. C. Caesaris : Gaius Julius Caesar, leader of the popular 
party. He had been quaestor and aedile and was now praetor 
elect for 62 b.c. 

108. amplectitur : (but) includes; asyndeton, pro : in accord- 
ance with, rerum : the crisis. 

109. versatur : is in favor of, advocates. Alter : i.e. Silanus ; 
subj. of putat. 

in. punctum : ace. of duration. 



234 NOTES 

PAGE 

61 112. vita: abl. w. frui; 147. 1 

115. Alter: i.e. Caesar, intellegit: recognizes the fact that. 

62 116. necessitatem : a necessity, when resulting from natural 
causes, laborum (obj. gen.) quietem (1. 117) : a rest from toils, 
when self-inflicted. This was the teaching of the Epicurean phi- 
losophers regarding death. 

118. inviti: used adverbially, unwillingly. 

119. Vincula et ea sempiterna : imprisonment and that too for 
life. In this argument it must be remembered that Cicero him- 
self favored the death penalty. Life imprisonment, as he shows, 
would be more severe than death, but it was not legal as a penalty, 
and besides there were no prisons for the purpose. 

121. iubet: i.e. he proposes to order them (sc. eos). Habere : 
to involve, ista res : that proposition, iniquitatem : it would be 
unfair to the towns to impose the burden of responsibility for the 
prisoners, difficultatem (1. 122) : a refusal to take them would 
embarrass the towns in their relations with Rome. 

122. si velis: if you (i.e. any one) wish; the indef. second 
person sing, requires the subjv. in subordinate clauses. 2 De- 
cernatur : let it be decreed. 

124. reperiam : sc. eos. 

125. esse suae dignitatis : (it) is consistent with their honor; 
pred. poss. gen. recusare : the obj. is id. 

126. eorum : w. vincula. ruperit : subjv. in implied ind. 
disc, representing a fut. perf. 

128. eorum : of these men, limiting poenam. 

134. ademisset: the idea that there was no life after death 
was held by many of Cicero's hearers. But this declaration does 
not agree with Cicero's own sentiment expressed at the close of 
the First Oration; Cat. I. 11. 430-437. improbis (dat.) esset 
posita : might be inspired in the wicked. 

135. apud inferos : contrasted with in vita, eius modi : modi- 
fying supplicia. illi antiqui voluerunt : the ancient (writers) held, 
or maintained. 

137. his remotis : abl. abs. expressing condition. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


! — 572 


410 


218 


407 


477 


429 


* — 912 


518,a 


302,2 


595 


388,3 


504,2 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 235 

Chapter 5 

139. mea quid intersit : what is for my interest; i.e. to advo- 
cate Cicero's plan. For the abl. mea see 107. 1 

141. hanc viam : that course, politically. Caesar was leader of 
the popular party at this time, popularis : popular, democratic. 
This word, occurring six times in this chapter, passes into the 
meanings devoted to the people's interest, and agreeable to the people. 

142. hoc auctore : abl. abs. 

143. populares : of the people, pertimescendi : w. erunt. 

144. alteram : sc. eritis secuti. nescio an : possibly, or / am 
inclined to think (lit., / do not know whether), contrahatur : 
subjv. in an indir. question. 

145. rationes : considerations. 

146. vincat : outweigh; subjv. of command. 

147. maiorum amplitudo : in the Aeneid the gens to which 
Caesar belonged is traced to lulus, grandson of Venus. 

149. Intellectum est quid interesset : it was seen (when Caesar 
spoke) what a difference there is. levitatem : " irresponsible utter- 
ances." — Nicol. 

152. de istis : eorum. 

153. non neminem : one or more. Cicero may have had in 
mind particularly the tribune elect, Q. Metellus Nepos, who 
with his veto a few weeks later prevented Cicero from addressing 
the people on the ground that the consul's execution of the con- 
spirators was illegal, de capite : regarding the life, or civil rights. 
The power to condemn a citizen to death did not belong to the 
Senate, but to the people in the Comitia Centuriata. 

154. sententiam f erat : cast a vote. Is : singular in form, re- 
ferring to non neminem. 

155. mini : in my honor. 

156. Order: lam . . . dubium est, quid, . . . iudicarit, qui. . . 
decrerit (= decreverit, subjv. by attraction). 

157. quaesitori: the investigator, i.e. Cicero. 

158. re et causa: the fact (of the conspiracy) and the case (i.e. 
the legal question). 

I 59- legem Semproniam : the law of C. Sempronius Gracchus 
reaffirming the right of Roman citizens to appeal to the people 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


-434 


355 


210 


381 


449 


345 



236 NOTES 

PAGE 

63 before they could be punished with death. But enemies of their 
country cannot be protected by this law (1. 161). 

162. latorem : if Gracchus himself was not saved by his law, 
how can these men be saved by it ? 

163. rei publicae : dat. of ind. obj. 

164. largitorem et prodigum: concessive, however lavish a 
giver. 

166. popularem : a friend of the people, homo mitissimus : 
referring to Caesar. 

169. se iactare : to make himself conspicuous, in pernicie : 
while ruining. 

Chapter 6 

173. sive hoc statueritis : i.e. if you pass Caesar's motion. 

174. comitem ad contionem : a companion for the assembly. 
After the meeting of the Senate the consul would be expected 
to call an informal assembly of the people (contio), and announce 
the Senate's decision, as he did in delivering the third oration. 
It was the custom for the man who proposed the bill to stand with 
the consul, as he thus addressed the people, populo : w. carum 
atque iucundum. 

176. populo Romano : in the eyes of the Roman people; dat. of 
reference. 

178. quae: w. crudelitas. tanti sceleris immanitate : a crime 
of such enormity (lit., the enormity of so great a crime). 

179. de meo sensu : by my own feelings. 

64 180. ita mini liceat : so may I be permitted. 
181. ut non moveor : as I am not actuated. 

186. animo : abl. of means. 

187. versatur, etc. : there rises before my eyes, mini : dat. of 
reference. 

189. proposui: I have pictured. 

190. ex fatis : in accordance with the fates; cf. Cat. Ill, 1. 111. 
purpuratum huic (dat. of reference) : his prime minister (lit., clad 
in purple), suggesting the court of an oriental king. 

192. familias : an old form of the gen. sing. 
199. de sumpserit : inflict upon (lit., take from), utrum . . . 
videatur: depending on quaero (1. 196). 

201. qui . . . lenierit : a descriptive causal clause. 

202. nocentis : referring to the slave (1. 196). in : in the case of. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 237 

PAGE 

206. id egerunt : have aimed at this, ut . . . conlocarent : 64 
in appos. w. id. 

210. fama : in the sense of infamia. 

212. L. Caesar : consul 64 b.c, a distant relative of C. Caesar. 
His sister Julia was the wife of Lentulus. 

214. virum: husband, praesentem : who was present. 66 

215. dixit: for mood see 195,6. avum : M. Fulvius Flaccus, 
the grandfather of L. Caesar. He was a partisan of C. Gracchus, 
and was killed with him ; see Cat. 1, 1. 36 and note. 

216. filium: in the revolution led by Gracchus, the son of 
Fulvius, eighteen years old, was sent to compromise with the 
government. He was thrown into prison by the consul Opimius 
and put to death. 

218. Quorum . . . factum: what deed of theirs was like this 
(crime of the conspiracy) ? 

219. Largitionis voluntas : the spirit of lavish giving, referring 
to the giving of grain and land at low rates to the people, par- 
tium : of political parties. 

223. hie : i.e. this our Lentulus, contrasted w. ille. 
228. Vereamini : you should fear, said with irony. The subjv. 
here expresses obligation. 

Chapter 7 

233. exaudio : overhear; said of the sentiments expressed by 
the senators in an undertone. 

235. ut : what is the meaning after vereri ? 205, b. 1 

237. Omnia et pro visa, etc. : hence there is no^ause for fear. 

238. cum . . . turn etiam : not only . . . but also. 

239. multo maiore : w. voluntate. 
241. generum : classes. 

243. huius templi : i.e. the Temple of Concord. 

244. inventa : known. 

252. Quid commemorem : why should I mention f A question 67 
of deliberation; 201. 2 

253. summam ordinis consilique : preeminence in rank and 
counsel, ita ut : only to. de : in. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


-838 


564 


296 


550,2 


567 


502,4 


-771 


444 


277 


265 


642 


503 



238 



NOTES 



PAGE 

67 



68 



255. ex dissensione huius ordinis : after a quarrel with this 
order. The quarrel between the Senate and the equites arose 
over the question who should be the jurors in the courts of justice. 
This right originally held by the senators alone was transferred to 
the equites by C. Gracchus. Sulla restored the right to the sena- 
tors. By the Aurelian law in 70 b.c, the jury was divided be- 
tween the senators, the equites, and the tribunes of the treasury. 

262. tribunos aerarios : their duties are not clearly defined, 
but were first connected with raising and disbursing the war tax. 
At this time they constituted an order in the state, scribas : 
on Dec. 5, the date of this oration, the clerks were customarily 
assigned by lot (sors) to the quaestors, to serve in the provinces. 
Cicero says that they had come away from the treasury because 
they were more interested in the fate of the conspirators than in 
their own fortune. 

263. quos : = eos, them, cum : conj. aerarium : the treasury 
was in the Temple of Saturn, near the Temple of Concord. 

265. ingenuorum : of free-born men, opposed to libertini, f reed- 
men. 

266. non : w. cum (1. 268), not only. 

Chapter 8 

270. libertinorum hominum : 

their freedom was gained either 
by purchase with their own sav- 
ings, or as a gift from the master 
in recognition of their merit. 

273. quidam: members of the 
conspiracy, loco : abl. of source 
or origin ; 134. 1 

278. nemo : adj., no. qui 
modo sit : providing he be ; 199. 2 

281. quantum: w. voluntatis. 

283. hoc quod auditum est: 
Plan of a Shop (Pompeii) ,, . 7 . -. , . 

v F ' this rumor, explained by lenonem 

1. Entrance 3. Place for a fire ;m«o.-;+««««, 

2. Counter 4. Stairway to upper floor ' " * "nperiTOrum. 

5,5. Backrooms 283. tabernas : the shops of 




Bur. A. 

1 — 532 403 
» — 929 528 



B. 

215 
310 



G. 

395 
573 



H. 

467 
587 



413 

529 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 239 




A Baker's Shop 

(This cut from a Pornpeian wall painting shows the typical corner counter (see plan 
on p. 238) ; the loaves of bread on the counter; the clerk, the customers, and the little 
slave reaching up to take the purchase.) 



tradesmen and artisans, especially those along the north and south 
sides of the Forum, pretio : by money. 

288. voluntate perditi : corrupt in purpose, qui non velint : 
as not to wish; subjv. of description, sellae : i.e. the workmen's 
bench. 

291. salvum : preserved. 

293. genus : class. 

294. omne instrumentum : their whole stock in trade. 

295. frequentia sustentatur, alitur otio : " chiastic " order ; 
238. quorum si : = et si eorum. 



PAGE 

68 



240 NOTES 

PAGE 

68 296. futurum fuit : would have happened; a conclusion con- 
trary to fact, the condition being implied in incensis (tabernis). 
For the form see 198, note 2. 1 

Chapter 9 

302. media : the midst of. 

306. supplex : as a suppliant. 

307. arcem et Capitolium : " the Capitoline Hill had two sum- 
mits, the arx or ancient citadel, and the height crowned by the 
Temple of Jupiter." 

308. aras Penatium: sc. publicorum. The state had its 
Penates as well as each family. The national Penates were wor- 
shiped on the Palatine, and were fabled to have come from an- 
cient Troy, ilium ignem : ever burning in the temple of Vesta. 

69 314. vestri : the form regularly used for the objective gen. pi. 
quae facultas : an advantage which. 

318. quantis . . . imperium : with how great labor the govern- 
ment (was) founded. 

320. una . . . delerit : (and) how one night almost destroyed 

(all). Literally, of course, imperium, libertatem, fortunas are obj. 

of delerit. una noi : the night of the meeting at Laeca's house, 

• or perhaps of the arrest of the Allobroges at the Mulvian Bridge. 

325. officio : 147. 

326. functa : sc. esse. 

Chapter 10 

70 337. ad sententiam (sc. rogandam) : to asking your opinions, 
as Cicero had begun to do ; cf . 1. 96. 

328. quanta : as great as; correlative w. tantam. 

334. Quodsi . . . concitata : a forecast of the exile into which 
Cicero was driven a few years later. 

339. me meorum factorum paenitebit : 106. 2 

343. quam illi minitantur: with which they threaten (me). 

345. vitae : during life (lit., of life). 

347. honestastis : = honestavistis. 

350. bene gesta : sc. re publica ; abl. abs. denoting cause. 



Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

— 923 517, d 304, 3 597, R. - 582 581, a 

-444 354 209 377 457 352 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 241 

PAGE 

352. Sit, ornetur, etc. : 187, b. 1 Scipio : the elder Seipio, who 70 
was the victorious leader in the Second Punic War. 

353. Italia : we should expect ex. 

354. alter Africanus : P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus 
Minor, son of Aemilius Paulus, but adopted into the Scipio family ; 
hence his name. He captured Carthage in 146 b.c. and Numan- 
tia in 133, thus ending the wars with Carthage and Spain. 

356. Paulus : father of the younger Scipio just mentioned. 
The Macedonian king Perses was defeated by him at Pydna in 
168 b.c. 

358. bis liberavit : by his victory over the Teutons in 102 b.c, 
and over the Cimbri in 101. 

360. res gestae : exploits, deeds, solis cursus : sc. continetur. 71 

363. quo : = ad quas. 

364. quo: a country to which (lit., whither). 

366. Quamquam : and yet. uno loco : in one respect. 

368. oppressi serviunt : (when) conquered become our slaves. 

371. cum reppuleris : when you have driven. 

372. possis : you can (w. the force of potes). Both verbs are 
in the subjv. because of the indef . second person, mihi : dat. of 
agent. 

377. a me : abl. of separation. 

380. conspirationem : not conspiracy ; see Vocab. 

Chapter 11 

382. pro imperio : in place of the military command. The rich 
province of Macedonia had fallen by lot to Cicero for his procon- 
sulship, but he had conceded it to his colleague Antonius, to secure 
the latter' s neutrality. 

385. clientelis : clientships. A province or provincial town 
might appoint an ex-governor or other influential person to be 
its representative (patronus) at Rome. The provincials were then 
his clients (clientes). hospitiis : ties of friendship, formed by 
two citizens of different states, by which they were bound to 
protect and aid each other; or a community might honor an 
individual by making him their hospes. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


-768 


438 


273 


263 


559 


500 



242 NOTES 

PAGE 

71 386. urbanis opibus : by my influence in the city. 
387. pro (meis studiis) : in return for. 

72 391. quae dum : for as long as this (memory). 

396. suo solius periculo : with risk to himself alone. What 
would solo mean ? 

405. praestare : be responsible for (stand good for). 
Read Introductory Note, p. 229. 



THE MANILIAN LAW 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

1. Mithridates. — One of Rome's most formidable foes was 
Mithridates the Great, king of Pontus, a country south of the 
Black Sea. As early as 90 b.c. he had extended his power over 
a large part of Asia Minor. Allying himself with Tigranes, king 
of Armenia, he overran the Roman province of Asia, i.e. Phrygia, 
Mysia, Caria, and Lydia. In 88 b.c, by his edict, 80,000 
Italians on the Asiatic Coast were cruelly murdered. His next 
step was to invade Greece. At this time Sulla, the Roman gen- 
eral, was sent against him, who within four years reestablished 
the Roman power, causing the king to give up his conquests, 
surrender 80 war vessels, and pay a heavy fine. This was the 
First Mithridatic War (88-84 b.c). The Second Mithridatic 
War (83-82 b.c) was of little importance, though resulting in the 
defeat of Murena, whom Sulla had left in command. 

2. The Third Mithridatic War (74-63 B.C.). — For eight years 
the king increased his forces and strengthened his cause. In 74 
he renewed hostilities by invading Bithynia. The Romans were 
led in succession by Lucullus, Glabrio, and Pompey. Lucullus, 
who was an able general, conquered both Mithridates and Ti- 
granes taking the greater part of Pontus and the Armenian capital. 
But this conquest was left incomplete by the mutiny of his sol- 
diers and his recall, secured by his enemies at Rome (74-67 b.c). 
Taking advantage of this situation, the king succeeded in recov- 
ering all his lost territory, while the incompetent Glabrio, who 
succeeded Lucullus, remained inactive (67-66 b.c). It was 
then that the Romans turned to Pompey. 

3. Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius) was preeminently a soldier. 
Born in 106 b.c, he was, at the age of 17, a subordinate to his 
father in the Social War. He had distinguished himself in Italy 
under Sulla, in Africa against the Marians who had fled there, in 
Gaul, in Spain against Sertorius, and, on his return from Spain, 

243 



244 NOTES 

against Spartacus and the slaves. In 70 he was made consul, 
though under legal age, and not having been praetor or quaestor. 
The bill of the tribune A. Gabinius, in 67 B.C., gave him supreme 
command for three years over all the Mediterranean and its 
coasts for ten miles inland. It was in the exercise of this com- 
mand that Pompey won his greatest fame, by promptly clearing 
the Mediterranean of the pirates who had been a menace to com- 
merce for many years. 

4. The Manilian Law. — With the popularity naturally result- 
ing from this career, Pompey was logically the man for the war 
with Mithridates. The tax-farming Equites and all classes ex- 
cept the conservative Optimates demanded him. C. Manilius 
the tribune nominated him early in 66 B.C., in the bill known as 
the Manilian Law. The Optimates, represented by Catulus and 
Hortensius, opposed the law on the ground that it bestowed too 
much power on an individual. Cicero, who was serving as 
praetor, was the chief advocate of the bill. The speech which he 
then delivered was his first from the Rostra to the popular 
assembly. It is noted as a model for " clearness of statement, 
beauty of diction, and regularity of construction." But it has 
been criticised because it treats the questions of public policy 
but superficially, conjuring with facts rather than weighing argu- 
ments. 

5. End of the War. — The bill was passed by the Comitia, 
and Pompey, who was still in Cilicia, hastened to encounter 
Mithridates. Within three years (66-63 B.C.), the king was 
completely vanquished, and perished in the Crimea, to which he 
had fled. 

Consult Forsyth, W., " Cicero," Vol. I, p. 100; Strachan- 
Davidson, J. L., " Cicero," p. 86; Plutarch, " Lives of Sulla, 
Lucullus, Pompey." 

OUTLINE 

I. Exordium — Reason for the speech, Ch. 1. 
II. Narratio et Partitio — The statement of the case, Ch. 2. 
III. Confirmatio — 

1. The character of the war, Ch. 2 (par. 3)-7. 

2. The greatness of the war, Ch. 8, 9. 

3. The choice of a commander. Pompey's qualifications : 

a. Military knowledge, Ch. 10 ; 

b. Ability (his soldierly and other virtues), Ch. 11-14 ; 



THE MANILIAN LAW 245 

c. Prestige, Ch. 15, 16 (par. 1) ; 

d. Good fortune ; nearness to the scene of the war, Ch. 16 

(par. 2)-17 (par. 1). 
IV. Refutatio — The objections of Hortensius, Catulus, and 
others, Ch. 17 (par. 2)-23. 
V. Peroratio — Appeal to Manlius and to the citizens, Ch. 24. 

Chapter 1 

PAGE 

i. frequens conspectus vester : the sight of your crowded as- 75 
sembly. 

2. hie locus : i.e. the rostra in the Forum. The right of ad- 
dressing the people on a question of legislation (ius agendi) be- 



Front Elevation of the Rostra (Restored) 

(The small rectangles on the front indicate the positions of the beaks of ships with 
which the rostra was ornamented and from which it took its name.) 

longed only to a magistrate (hence amplissimus, most dignified), 
though he might delegate the privilege to a private citizen (hence 
ornatissimus, most honorable. 

4. aditu laudis : pathway to fame, optimo cuique : to all the 
best men. 

6. vitae rationes : plan of life, in the practice of his legal pro- 
fession, ineunte : early (lit., beginning). 

7. per aetatem : a citizen under forty years could not be prae- 
tor, and hence had not the ius agendi. See Introd. 32. 



246 



NOTES 



PAGE 

75 



76 



8. perf ectum : refers to the thought in an address ; elaboratum 
to its form ; ' ' nothing save the finished product of talent and 
painstaking industry." — Nicol. 

io. temporibus : the necessities, periculis (1. 12) legal dangers, 
trials. 

13 caste integreque : the Cineian law (204 b.c.) made it 
illegal for advocates to receive fees. Cicero here implies his own 
innocence. 

14. dilationem : the election for the eight praetors, which was 
held in the Comitia Centuriata, was declared void on two occasions 
in 67 b.c. possibly because of some political disturbance. On 
each occasion Cicero had been elected first and unanimously 
before the postponement (dilationem) occurred. 

19. honoribus mandandis : by conferring honors {offices). 

20. ex forensi usu : i.e. from practice in the courts. 

24. ei rei : for this ability, i.e. in dicendo. quoque : as well 
as for other qualifications. 

26. laetandum esse : is a cause for rejoicing (lit., w. pass, 
force, must be rejoiced over). 

39. copia : abundance of material, modus : proper limit. 



43. 
46. 



Chapter 2 

ducitur : is derived, originates. 

alter relictus : Mithridates, after being defeated by Lu- 
cullus, had been allowed to escape, alter 
lacessitus : Tigranes had been provoked to 
warfare by the demand to surrender Mith- 
ridates, his father-in-law, who had taken 
refuge with him. 

47. Asiam : the Roman province consist- 
ing of Phrygia, Mysia, Caria, and Lydia. 

48. Equitibus : the members of the 
equestrian order, because of their wealth, 
were the financiers of Rome. 

49. magnae res aguntur: capital is at 
stake. 

51. necessitudine : Cicero himself came 
from an equestrian family. 

52. detulerunt : the obj. of this verb ex- 
Coin of Mithridates tends to neminem (1. 60). 




THE MANILIAN LAW 247 

PAGE 

53. vestra provincia : Bithynia had been bequeathed to the 76 
Romans by Nicomedes III. in 74 b.c. quae . . . est: paren- 
thetical, and not affected by the indir. disc. 

54. regnum Ariobarzanis : Cappadocia, bordering on Pontus. 77 

56. magnis rebus gestis : concessive. 

57. qui successerit : the successor of Lucullus was Glabrio, 
who was incompetent for the task, esse paratum : sc. eum as 
subj. 

58. unum : one man, Pompey. imperatorem : pred. ace. 

64. quod ( = ut id) . . . debeat : a descriptive clause of 
result. 

65. persequendi : sc. belli : of prosecuting it, i.e. following it 
up to the end. 

71. pads ornamenta, subsidia belli : chiasmus; 238. 1 
73. a vobis : abl. instead of dat. of agent, to avoid confusion 
w. quibus which is dat. of ind. obj. 

Chapter 3 

77. ilia macula: explained by quod (1. 79) . . . regnat (1. 84), 
etc. bello superiore : the First Mithridatic War, 88-83 b.c. 

78. insedit : from insido. 

80. una significatione litterarum : by one stroke of the pen, as 
we should say. Mithridates commanded that all Italians in his 
dominions be put to death. Eighty thousand are said to have 
perished. 

85. latebris : abl. of means, but trans, in the hiding places. 

86. versari : to flaunt himself. 

88. insignia victoriae : i.e. the triumphal procession in Rome, 78 
granted by the Senate on the return of the victorious army. 

89. Sulla's triumph was celebrated in 83 b.c, Murena's in 
81. 

93. quod : sc. propter id : for what they did, etc. 

94. res publica : the political situation, caused by the renewed 
supremacy of the Marian faction, while Sulla was absent. To 
meet this, Sulla returned to Rome, leaving his lieutenant Murena 
in command. 

Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

1 — 1067 59S 350 682 666 628 



248 NOTES 



Chapter 4 

PAGE 

78 98. qui : subj. of misit ; trans, w. postea cum, afterward, when 
he. 

99. classes exercitusque : for an account of his new forces and 
equipment, read Plutarch's Lucullus. 

100. potuisset : subjv. by attraction. 

102. ac litteras : we should say with despatches, eos duces : 
i.e. Sertorius and his associates, who succeeded Marius in Spain. 
Sertorius, who was a very able leader, agreed to send the king 
Roman military instructors in exchange for a fleet. 

103. disiunctissimis . . . diversis : Pontus and Spain, widely 
separated and most remote (in opposite directions) from Rome. 

104. binis : used for duobus. 1 

79 106. de imperio : for the supremacy. 
107. alterius partis : from one quarter. 

no. in altera parte : in the East, res: affairs. 

in. initia . . . gestarum : his exploits at the beginning. 

114. alio loco : in chapter 8. 

115. vera: undeserved, ei : dat. of separation. 

Chapter 5 

120. Maiores . . . gesserunt : the statement refers to cam- 
paigns against the Illyrian pirates, in 229 B.C. 

121. iniuriosius : the force of the comp. is somewhat, rather; 
so in superbius, 1. 124 ; see 160. 2 tot milibus : see note, 1. 80. 

124. appellati superbius : Sparta desired to withdraw from the 
Achaean League and appealed to Rome for help. Commissioners 
were sent to Greece to settle the difficulty (148 b.c.), but they were 
insulted in the assembly at Corinth, prevented from speaking, 
and, as some say, imprisoned. Cicero states the offense mildly 
for the sake of argument. 

125. exstinctum : agreeing in gender w. lumen ; Corinthus is 
feminine. 

126. legatum consularem : M. Aquillius, who had been con- 
sul with Marius in 101 b.c. He was sent in 90 b.c. to restore the 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


— 218 


137 


81 


97 


164 


247 


— 642 


291 


240 


297 


498 


241 



THE MANILIAN LAW 249 

PAGE 

kings of Cappadocia and Bithynia to their thrones, from which 79 
Mithridates had driven them. But, urging Nicomedes to invade 
Pontus and leading an army himself against that country, he for- 
feited his rights as an ambassador, and justly so in the eyes of 
Mithridates. 

128. libertatem imminutam : the infringement of the liberty. 
Notice this use of the participle instead of a noun w. a limiting 
gen. ; cf. ante urbem conditam. 

131. relinquetis : leave unpunished. 

J 35- Quod : the fact that, vocatur : is brought. 

138. duo reges : see 1. 45. 80 

143. alium: Glabrio. 

146. omnia : all qualifications, propter : adv. quo : for which 
reason, carent : sc. eo and see 149. l 

148. maritimum bellum : i.e. the war w. the pirates, venerit : 
subjv. due to indir. disc. 

151. quorum salutem commendetis : to have you intrust their 
safety; 192, c. 2 

152. hoc (abl.) etiam magis : and that too all the more. 

154. cum imperio : with full authority, ut: denoting result. 

Chapter 6 

161. Antiocho : the Roman people fought with Antiochus, king 
of Syria, on behalf of Pergamus and Rhodes, 192 b.c. Antiochus 
was aided by the Aetolian League (cum Aetolis). The war with 
Philip V, of Macedonia, was undertaken for the Athenians ; the 
three Punic wars, for allies in Sicily, Spain, and Africa. But the 
protection of allies in all these wars was merely a pretext for con- 
quest. 

165. de vectigalibus agatur : = vectigalia agantur. 

166. tanta : {only) so great, scarcely enough to pay the troops. 

166. eis contenti : see 150. 3 81 

171. belli utilitatem : the advantage gained by war, derived from 
the resulting revenues. 
173. in: in the case of . 



Stir. 


A. 


528 


401 


798 


535 


576 


431 



B. 

214 405 462 425 



G. 


H. 


405 


462 


631 


591 


401, 6 


476 



282 631 591 513 
219 401, 6 476 438 



250 NOTES 

PAGE 

81 178. pecuaria . . . conquiescit : "The English prefers the 

concrete, the ranches are deserted, the fields left untitled, the trading 
vessels lie idle." — Nicol. 

179. ex portu : duties on imports and exports, collected at the 
harbors, decumis : tithes (" tenths "), the tax on farm products. 
scriptura : a tax on cattle grazing in the public lands, according 
to the number listed (scribere). 

181. fructus : income. 

184. exercent: men " farmed " the taxes, i.e., took the con- 
tract for collecting them. The contract was awarded to the 
highest bidder, who paid the stated amount annually into the 
treasury, keeping as his profit any additional amount collected. 
The revenue farmers, or publicans, were of the equestrian order, 
the wealthy class. In the case of large provinces the revenues 
were farmed by great stock companies, which kept their head- 
quarters at Rome. 

187. familias : bands of helpers, chiefly slaves. 

189. custodiis : the watchtowers, where officials guarded against 
smuggling. 

190. fructui : a source of income ; 114. 1 

Chapter 7 

193. ne illud quidem : that too must not, etc. 

194. extremum : as the last topic; see 11. 62-74. 

195. quod . . . pertinet: an appos. clause explaining illud, 
the fact that, etc. 

197. ratio : regard, consideration, et : omit. The correlative 
is deinde, 1. 204. 
82 198. rationes et copias : interests and resources. 

199. ipsorum per se : on their own account. 
201. eum ordinem : the equestrian order; see note, 1. 184. 
205. partim, partim : some, others. 
207. humanitatis, sapientiae : see 111. 2 

210. a re publica : = a calamitate rei publicae. 

211. parvi ref ert : it matters little ; see 107. 3 publicanis omis- 
sis : i.e. if we leave them to their fate. 

Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

1 — 483 382 191 356 433 360 

2 — 408 343 198 366 447 340 
s — 434 355 210 381 449 345 



THE MANILIAN LAW 251 

PAGE 

212. redimendi : of contracting for {them); sc. vectigalia. 82 

216. belli Asiatici: the First Mithridatic War. id: antece- 
dent of quod, 1. 215. 

218. res: fortunes, amiserant : see 195 6. 1 

220. ut non trahant : without drawing (lit., so as not to draw). 

223. ratio pecuniarum : financial system. 

224. in foro : the center of the banks. Rome at this time was 
the greatest commercial city, implicata est et cohaeret : is closely 
involved. 

226. ut non lab ef acta concidant : without causing to totter and 
fall. 

Chapter 8 

232. belli genus : = bellum genere, the war in its nature. 83 

234. maxime laborandum est (mini) : / must take special care. 

235. vobis contemnenda : unworthy of your attention. 
239. Mithridati : an alternate form of the gen. 

241. Cyzicenorum : an appos. Cyzicum would seem better 
here. The city was important and prosperous, situated on an 
island in the Propontis opposite Byzantium (Constantinople). 
It is noted to-day for its extensive ruins. 

244. periculis : abl. of separation. 

245. ducibus Sertorianis : abl. abs., under Sertorian leaders. 
The fleet of 50 ships with 10,000 men was sent to Italy by Mith- 
ridates and Sertorius (recall their alliance, note, 1. 102). It was 
destroyed by the ships of Lucullus near Lemnos 73 B.C. 

246. raperetur : was being hurried. 
249. legionibus : dat. 

253. uno aditu : by his mere approach. This applies only to 
permultas. It took Lucullus nearly two years to complete the 
reduction of Pontus and its fortresses. 

254. alios reges : especially to his son and son-in-law, the kings 
of Bosporus and Armenia. 

256. integris vectigalibus : Lucullus completed his work with- 
out drawing upon their allies or their resources. 

257. ita : sc. dicta, so expressed. 

259. huic legi : i.e. legi Maniliae. hoc loco : the Rostra ; cf. 
1.2. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


» — 857 


545 


288 


580 


601 



252 NOTES 



Chapter 9 



84 262. reliquum : what remains of; w. bellum. 

265. Medea : daughter of the king of Colchis. According to 
the story she helped Jason, leader of the Argonauts, to win the 
Golden Fleece and then fled with him to Greece, taking her 
brother Absyrtus with her. Colchis was north of Pontus and not 
in fact part of it (eodem Ponto). 

267. eorum collectio dispersa : the collecting of the scattered re- 
mains. 

269. vim auri, etc. : the Roman soldiers who pursued the flee- 
ing Mithridates were attracted by some bags of gold that had 
burst, and they let the king escape. For the story see Plutarch's 
Lucullus, sec. 17. 

270. pulcherrimarum rerum : works of art. 
272. omnem : note the emphatic position. 
274. ilium : the father of Medea. 

277. diffidentem rebus suis : while despairing of his fortunes ; 
for the dat. see 112, b. 1 adflictum . . . recreavit "raised him up 
from his abasement and put new life into his ruined fortunes." — 
Nicol. 

283. gravis . . . opinio : a deep-seated and strong conviction, 
which was quite natural. 

288. urbem : Tigranocerta. 

289. ususerat: had fought, secundis : successful. 

290. suorum : of their friends, commovebatur : there was a 
mutiny of the army. 

86 291. illud extremum : the result. 

294. eorum : modifies auxiliis, coordinate w. adventiciis. 
296. fere : almost invariably, sic : omit. 

298. multorum opes : many men of resources, who are moved 
to pity. 

301. incolumis : i.e. in the days of his power. 
303. eo : explained by the ut-clause following. 

307. poetae : probably Naevius, who wrote of the First Punic 
War, and Ennius, who wrote the annals of Rome, both in verse. 

308. nostram calamitatem : the Romans under a lieutenant 
of Lucullus were almost annihilated at Zela, 67 b.c. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


455 


367 


187 


346 


426 


362 



THE MANILIAN LAW 253 

PAGE 

310. ex sermone rumor: rumor in conversation. 86 

312. aliqua ex parte : in some measure, incommodis : disad- 
vantages, a euphemism for great disasters. 

314. modum : a limit, vetere : i.e. of the ancestors. 

318. factum: sc. esse ; has become. 

319. coniungant : unite in waging. 

Chapter 10 

322. quare : to show why. esset : this tense is required by 87 
sequence after fecisse ; trans, by the pres. 

324. restat . . . videatur : in addition it seems necessary to 
speak. 

327. ut . . . esset : i.e. it would be difficult to decide. 

331. antiquitatis memoriam : put illogically for the glory of 
the men recorded in the past. Cicero's statement of course was 
made for effect, and must be properly discounted. 

334. res : qualities, virtutem : ability, capacity, auctorita- 
tem: personal influence (due to reputation). 

336. scientior : sc. rei militaris. debuit : deserved. 

338. patris : Cn. Pompeius Strabo, who commanded the 
army of the Senate in the Social War, 89 b.c. Pompey was then 
seventeen years old (extrema pueritia). 

339. extrema : 159. 1 

340. summi imperatoris : the father just mentioned. 

341. ipse imperator : at the age of twenty-three Pompey 
raised three legions to aid Sulla on his return from the East. 
With these he won several victories over detachments of the 
Marian army, and was saluted " imperator " by his commander. 

342. hoste, inimico : what is the difference in meaning? 

347. stipendiis : campaigns, years of service, triumphis : one 
over Africa in 81 b.c, and another over Spain ten years later. 

349. Civile, etc. : during the civil war between Marius and 
Sulla, Pompey conducted a victorious campaign in Sicily; in 
Africa he conquered the Marian forces and their ally, King 
Hiarbas of Numidia; in Transalpine Gaul, he drove back the 
mountain tribes, who attempted to prevent his march to Spain ; 
in Spain he fought against Sertorius, whose army was com- 
posed (mixtum) of Romans, Spaniards, and Orientals. 

Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

* — 646 293 241 291 497 244 



254 NOTES 

PAGE 

87 351. servile: the war against Spartacus and the slaves. 
navale : against the pirates, diversa : in different localities. 

88 353. in usu . . . militari : within the range of military ex- 
perience. 

Chapter 11 

355. virtuti : ability; the word is here used in a comprehen- 
sive sense, including soldierly and personal virtues; see 1. 335. 
oratio : words. 

359. labor in negotiis : activity in routine, labor . . . con- 
silium : briefly, these five virtues are energy, courage, diligence 
promptness, prudence. Pompey's special virtues are mentioned 
in chapter 13. 

361. tanta quanta non fuerunt: greater . . . than (lit., as 
great as they were not). 

364. Italia, Sulla : during the Civil War, Pompey was Sulla's 
ablest general; see note, 1. 341. For his services in Sicily, 
Africa, and Gaul, see note, 1. 349. 

366. non terrore belli : on Pompey's arrival one of the demo- 
cratic leaders in Sicily evacuated the island without resistance. 

368. eorum ipsorum : of those very enemies. 

369. testis, testis, testis: what figure is this? legionibus : 
dat. 

371. Hispania, saepissime : Pompey, however, accomplished 
but little in Spain until the death of Sertorius in 72 B.C., and on 
one occasion was saved from defeat only by the arrival of his 
colleague Metellus. 

373. servili bello : Crassus had practically ended this war, 
before Pompey on his way back from Spain met and easily 
destroyed a remnant of the army of Spartacus, who were trying 
to escape into Gaul. But Pompey claimed the honors of the 
bellum servile, taetro : disgraceful, because the enemy were 
slaves and gladiators, periculoso : because the slaves had 
defeated four Roman armies in succession. 

374. absente : Pompey was in Spain. 

375. quod : = et id. attenuatum . . . est : trans, by the part., 
having wasted and dwindled away. 

378. cum universa : not only in their whole extent. 
382. servitutis : the pirates often sold their captives into 
slavery. 



THE MANILIAN LAW ' 255 

PAGE 

383. hieme : men might risk the storms of winter, in order 88 
to escape the pirates who would then be inactive, ref erto : 
governs either the gen. or abl. ; 104. 1 

385. vetus : piracy in the Mediterranean had begun many 89 
years before Pompey was appointed commander (67 B.C.). 
divisum : extended, quis . . . arbitraretur : who would ever 
have thought? 201. 2 

Chapter 12 

395. proprium: characteristic, " the peculiar pride; " 119, 6. 3 
a domo : the prep, is regularly used after longe. 

396. propugnaculis : i.e. the army and navy. 

398. dicam : am I to say; subjv. ; see 201, 4 and cf. com- 
memorem, 1. 405. Note the omission of an interrogative word. 

399. Brundisio : a famous seaport, which still has some 
commercial importance. It was the terminus of the Appian Way 
and the starting point for Greece and the East. For the use of 
the prep, see 133, b. 5 hieme summa : in midwinter; cf. note 

on 1. 383. transmiserint : intr., see Vocab. 

401. legati : it is not known who these envoys were. 

402. duodecim secures: by metonymy for " two praetors," 
who were attended outside the city by six lictors each. As a 
symbol of authority each lictor carried an ax in a bundle of rods 
(fasces). Plutarch mentions the incident in his Life of Pompey, 
sec. 24. 

406. quibus . . . ducitis : owing to the decline of Italian 
farming and the increase in the population of Rome, it was 
necessary to obtain foreign supplies. The ports to which Cicero 
refers were sources of grain. 

408. inspectante praetore : under the eyes of a praetor. His 
name is unknown. 

410. liberos : a rhetorical exaggeration. According to Plu- 
tarch, a daughter of Marcus Antonius was captured by the 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


! — 429 


349 


204 


374 


453 


347 


2 — 771 


444 


277 


265 


642 


519 


3 — 410 


3S5, c 


204, 2 


359 


435, 4 


339, 


* — 771 


444 


277 


265 


642 


503 


5 — 530 


428 


229, 2 


391 


462, 3 


453 



256 NOTES 

PAGE 

89 pirates and ransomed for a large sum. Antonius, who had 
fought against them in 102 b.c, was the grandfather of the 
triumvir. 

412. Ostiense : Ostia was the port of Rome, sixteen miles 
away, at the mouth of the Tiber. The pirates had burned the 
Roman fleet in the harbor and plundered the town. 

413. cum : at the time when; hence followed by the indie. ; 
cf. transmiserint (1. 399), where the subjv. is due to the in- 
volved idea of cause. 

414. ea cui : = ea ut ei, a fleet such that a consul, etc. The 
subjv. clause is descriptive. 

416. unius hominis : Pompey. 

91 419. ei: the same persons, emphasizing vos. Oceani ostium : 
i.e. the Straits of Gibraltar. 

422. a me : stronger than the usual dat. of agent. 

425. celeriter : omit, tanti . . . navigavit : " the storm of so 
great a war swept the sea. The impetus was Pompey's fleet of 
500 war galleys." — D'Ooge. 

426. nondum tempestivo : navigation on the Mediterranean 
was suspended from November till March. 

428. frumentaria subsidia : granaries. 

430. duabus Hispaniis : two provinces, citerior and ulterior, 
divided by the river Ebro. 

433. omnemque Graeciam : and in fact all Greece. Achaia 
was the southern part, the Peloponnesus, duo maria : the Adri- 
atic and the Tuscan. 

435- ut : from the time when. 

436. Ciliciam : the stronghold of the pirates. 

439. Cretensibus : dat. of separation w. ademit. The Cre- 
tans had been almost subdued by Metellus, but sent envoys 
to Pompey, hoping for more favorable terms from him. usque 
in Pamphyliam : not far from Crete ; the great distance implied 
would be from Rome. 

Chapter 13 

446. haec : i.e. bellandi virtus, as given in chapters 11 and 12. 

447. Quid : transitional, but further. Ceterae : sc. virtutes, 
distinguished from military ability. 

92 450. artes : qualities. 

451. innocentia: Pompey's integrity, scrupulous honesty in 
money matters, is set forth in the rest of the chapter. 



THE MANILIAN LAW 257 

PAGE 

454. Quae : these qualities. 92 

455. Summa : of the highest order. 

456. ex aliorum contentione : from a comparison with (the 
qualities of) others, ipsa per sese : by themselves. 

458. ullo in numero : of any standing, of any account. 

459. centuriatus : centurions were selected from the ranks 
by the commander-in-chief because of good service, veneant: 
from veneo. 

460. Quid magnum aut amplum : obj. of cogitare ; sc. possu- 
mus putare : what great or noble thoughts . . . can we suppose that 
this man has? 

462. provinciae : sc. retinendae. The governor bribed men 
of influence (magistratibus) to secure for him a longer term of 
office. 

463. propter avaritiam : Caesar speaks of the avarice of 
generals in B.G., I, chap. 40. 

464. Romae : loc. facit . . . videamini : makes it evident that 
you recognize; 205, c. 1 

467. ante : beforehand, voluerit : fut. perf. 

469. ventum sit: they have come; impers., see 172, b; 2 
subjv. by attraction. 

470. per hosce annos : during the time of the Social and the 
Servile wars. 

472. quid . . . existimetis : the question, being deliberative, 
would also be in the subjv. in dir. disc. Utrum ... an : a 
double question; 89. 3 

474. hibernis : the allies maintained the Roman army in 
winter quarters unless they were released from the burden by a 
money payment. 

477. in iudicando : sc. alios. The governor of a province was 
judge as well as general. 

479. Hie : under these circumstances, ceteris : excellere gov- 
erns the dat. 

480. non modo manus : the second non is omitted ; trans. 
not only no hand in so great an army. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


1 — 842 


568 


297 


553 


566 


521,3 


2 — 346 


208, d 


138 


208 


302 


201, c 


3 — 372 


335 


162,4 


458 


380 


234 



258 NOTES 

PAGE 

92 482. quern ad modum hibernent : i.e. how the soldiers eon- 
duct themselves. 

93 484. ut . . . in militem : to incur expense for the soldiers (lit., 
for the soldiery), nemini vis adf ertur : no one is compelled (lit., 
force is brought upon no one). 

485. hiemis . . . perfugium : a shelter from winter (objective) , 
not for avarice (subjective). 

Pompey's integrity then is established because : (1) he is not 
bribed in selecting centurions ; (2) he does not misappropriate 
war funds ; (3) he does not allow the allies to be oppressed. 

Chapter 14 

488. Age : this imperative is used as an interj. in transitions, 
and hence is not pi. temperantia : self-control; abl. of descrip- 
tion. 

490. cursum inventum : sc. esse ; progress was made possible. 

491. eximia vis : extraordinary force (crew). War galleys were 
propelled with great speed by trained bands of rowers. 

494. instituto cursu : i.e. the course set before him. 

495. amoenitas : sc. locorum ; the charm of beautiful scenery 
did not lure him to the enjoyment of it. 

497. signa, tabulas, ornamenta : statues, paintings, works of 
art. Rome was full of art treasures of conquered peoples. 

503. fuisse : really were. 

504. quod : a fact that. 

507. maiores suos (their) : subj. of maluisse. habebamus : 
195, 6. 1 

510. privatorum: Pompey was ready to receive private 
citizens who sought to interview him. liberae : freely allowed. 

94 516. hoc loco: the Rostra, from which Pompey had spoken. 
He was not a trained orator, however. 

517. Fidem: good faith. 

518. omnium generum : to be taken w. hostes. iudicarint : 
subjv. in a causal clause. 

519. humanitate : on Pompey's kindness see Mommsen, Vol. 
IV, p. 114. dictu: see 229, b. 2 



Bur. 


A. 


!— 857 


545 


a — 1017 


510 



H. HB. 

601 550 

635 619 



THE MANILIAN LAW 259 



Chapter 15 



PAGE 



525. auctoritas : personal influence, -prestige; cf. 1. 335. 94 
Cicero has already spoken of knowledge (chapter 10), and ability 
(chapters 11-14). 

527. plurimum possit : is preeminent. 

528. Vehementer . . . ad . . . quis ignorat : who does not know 
that it has very much to do with, etc. 

531. ut contemnant: to despise; construe w. commoveri. 

532. opinione et fama : by common opinion and report. 

533. ratione certa : well-founded reason, commoveri : are in- 
fluenced. 

536. iudicia fecistis : as shown in the conferring of offices 
and commands. Pompey was consul in 70 b.c. An . . . puta- 
tis : 89, b. 

537. quo : = ut eo, that to it. illius diei : the day when 
Pompey was put in charge of the war against the pirates, 67 b.c. 

544. omnium . . . egregiarum : of all excellence, sumantur : 
independent subjv. of command; 187, b. 2 

545. qui quo die : on the day that he. 

546. vilitas : prices fell because the pirates no longer inter- 
fered w. commerce, ex : after; in 550 (ex eo), as the result of. 

548. ex . . . agrorum: conditional, = si ubertas agrorum 96 
summa fuisset. 

550. proelio : the battle of Zela. 

551. paulo ante : in chapter 9, 1. 308. invitus : adverbial. 
553- provincia : Asia. The force of cum extends to haberet. 
554. ad ipsum discrimen : at the critical moment. 

559. inflammatum : flushed (with). 

572. ipso nomine ac rumore : by the mere mention of his name. 
The people said, " The very name of Pompey has terminated the 
war." — Plutarch. 

Chapter 16 

574. Age vero : well then; cf. note, 1. 488. ilia res : that fact, 97 
explained by the quod-clauses. 
584. Cretensium : cf. note 1. 439. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


368 


335 6 


162, 4, a 


457 


380, 3 


236 


768 


439 


275 


263 


560 


501,3 



260 NOTES ' 

PAGE 

97 585. cum: concessive, noster imperator: a commander of 
ours, i.e. Quintus Metellus. 

589. ultimas terras : Pamphylia. 

598. eum: subj. of iudicari. 

600. ei . . . missum : those to whom it was annoying (Pom- 
pey's rivals) that he (the envoy) was sent to him (Pompey) rather 
than to any one else. The incident is not fully understood. We 
know that Mithridates was negotiating with Sertorius (1. 102), 
against whom Pompey and Metellus were fighting. It has been 
suggested that " Pompey caught a spy of the king in his camp 
and was led by his vanity to believe that Mithridates was 
making overtures to him." Pompey 's rivals considered this a 
slight to Metellus, who outranked him. 

606. multis . . . gestis : by many later achievements, iudiciis : 
cf. note, 1. 536. 

609. praestare de : guarantee for. 

610. meminisse : asyndeton, but which, etc. 

611. aequum est: sc. dicere. 

98 612. Maximo : Q. Fabius Maximus, who defended Rome 
against Hannibal by his policy of delay. 

613. Marcello : M. Claudius Marcellus, a brilliant general, the 
conqueror of Syracuse, 212 b.c. Scipioni : either Scipio Africanus 
the Elder, conqueror of Hannibal, or more probably Scipio 
Aemilianus the Younger, who destroyed Carthage in 146 b.c. 

616. Fuit : w. adiuncta, has been granted, quaedam : as it were. 
ad : for. 

618. f ortuna : emphatic by position. 

621. videamur : it may be seen that we. 

624. non sum praedicaturus : one of many instances of 
praeteritio, the figure by which the orator emphasizes what he 
pretends to omit. 

625. militiae : loc, and in the field (of battle), ut: how. 

626. voluntatibus : ind. obj. w. four following verbs. 
632. Quod ut : = et ut id. 

634. sicuti facitis : just as you do (wish). 

639. dubitatis quin conf eratis : do you hesitate to devote f 
dubito, hesitate, usually takes an infinitive to complete it, but 
may take quin w. a subj v., when a negative is implied, as 
here. 



THE MANILIAN LAW 261 



Chapter 17 rAGE 

644. erat deligendus : would deserve to be chosen. Why indie? 99 
See 198, note 2. 1 

646. ut . . . adsit, etc. : appositive clauses explaining oppor- 
tunitas. 

648. ab eis : i.e. Lucullus and Glabrio ; see chapter 9. acci- 
pere : sc. exercitus. 

649. quid exspectamus : why do we hesitate f 
652. cetera : sc. bella. 

655. regium : against the kings Mithridates and Tigranes. 
committamus : deliberative, should we commit. 

657. At enim: but indeed, introducing an objection to the 
argument just given. 

659. beneficiis : referring to the offices of state. 

660. adf ectus : honored. Catulus : a man of fine character, 
consul in 78 B.C., and leader of the aristocratic party. 

664. Hortensius : a famous orator and rival of Cicero. He 
was an ex-consul (hence honoris), and a man of great wealth 
fortunae). ratione : view. 

666. locis : occasions. 

670. re ac ratione : hendiadys, by a consideration of the facts. 

672. idem isti : they likewise, isti : referring to the opponents 
of the bill, et necessarium, etc. : explaining ea omnia. 

678. Hortensi : the regular voc. ending for nouns in -ius. 100 
pro : in accordance with. 

680. Gabinium : the tribune who proposed the law giving 
Pompey command against the pirates, 67 b.c. graviter ornate- 
que : with weight and eloquence, referring to the thought and the 
expression of it. 

681. promulgasset : a proposed law had to be announced at 
least seventeen days before it was voted on. 

685. vera causa : real interests. 

689. commeatu : from intercourse; abl. of separation, ex 
omnibus provinciis : with all the provinces, modifying commeatu 
(lit., a going back and forth from all the provinces). 



582, 3 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


-921 


517, c 


304, 3 


597, 3 


583 



262 



NOTES 



PAGE 

100 



Chapter 18 

694. Atheniensium, etc. : the naval supremacy of Athens 
over the Aegean began with the Persian wars in the fifth cen- 
tury b.c. Carthage held the Mediterranean for years before the 
First Punic War. Rhodes became a maritime power after the 
death of Alexander, and had assisted Rome with her fleet. 

696. rebus : resources. 

700. regionis : of its territory; modified by maritimae. 

702. ante legem Gabiniam : see note 1. 680. 

703. invictum: Cicero omits notable exceptions, however. 

704. permanserit : subjv. in a relative clause of concession ; 
192, b. 1 ac : and indeed, parte : abl. w. caruit ; 149. 2 

101 706. Antiochum : the war with Antiochus III, of Syria (192- 

189 b.c.) included two naval battles disastrous to the king. 
Persem : the last king of Macedonia. After 
his defeat at Pydna in 168 b.c, he surren- 
dered to the Roman admiral on the island 
of Samothrace without a naval battle. 
" The final supremacy of Rome upon the 
sea was all the more remarkable because 
the Romans were not naturally a nation 
of sailors. The wars with Carthage com- 
pelled them to build and equip fleets and 
learn how to use them successfully against 
the best seamen in the world." — D'Ooge. 

709. ei : we, repeating nos, 1. 705. pares : 
a match (for). 

712. Delos : after the fall of Corinth the 
Romans made this sacred island an impor- 
The Coin of Persetjs tant commercial center. 

715. idem: referring to nos. 
717. Appia Via: the famous road from Rome to Brundisium, 
built as far as Capua by Appius Claudius, 300 b.c. carebamus : 
were obliged to avoid, because of the pirates. 




Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


1 — 807 


535, e 


283 


634 


593 


523 


2 — 528 


409 


214 


405 


458 


425 



THE MANILIAN LAW 



263 



719. exuviis ornatum : 
the Rostra took its name 
from the " beaks " or 
prows, of captured ves- 
sels, with which it was 
adorned. 

Chapter 19 

721. Bono animo : with 
good motives, modifying 
dicere ; emphatic by 
position. 

723. ea quae sentie- 
•batis: i.e. your senti- 
ments in regard to the 
Gabinian law. in salute : 
in (a matter affecting) the 
safety. 

724. dolori : feelings, 
of indignation against the 
pirates. 

725. una lex : the law 
of Gabinius ; cf . note, 1. 
680. unus vir : Pompey. 
unus annus : 67 b.c. 

729. indignius obtrec- 
tatum esse : objection has 
been made the more un- 
deservedly. 

730. dicam: delibera- 
tive, shall I say? 

731. ne legaretur Ga- 
binius : that Gabinius 
might not be appointed 
lieutenant. Lieutenants 
in the provinces were 
chosen by the Senate, 
who might consult the 
preference of the gover- 
nor. Pompey desired to 
have Gabinius as his 




PAGE 

101 



A Rostral Column 

howing- the beaks of ships, similar probably to 
those on the Eostra) 



264 NOTES 

PAGE 

101 lieutenant for this war. But legally no man nor any of his 
relatives could be appointed to an office created under his own 
statute. This applied to Gabinius, for the proposed law of 
Manilius only added to the imperium that was conferred by the 
Gabinian law. 

732. Utrum idoneus . . . impetret: does he not deserve to 
obtain ? utrum, an (1. 735) introduce a double direct question ; 
see 89. 1 

733- quern velit: descriptive (a lieutenant) whom he wishes. 
qui impetret: 192, c. 2 

734. cum : translate when, but the clause is concessive. 
103 738. periculo : at his peril. The proposer of a law was treated 

as if responsible for its results. Even at the time when the bill 
was passed Gabinius narrowly escaped death at the hands of the 
senators who opposed it. 

740. An : here = nonne. 

741. honoris causa : with respect. From the use of this phrase 
it is inferred that the men were still living, cum : although. 

742. plebi : a gen. used for plebis w. tribunus. 

743. in: in the case of. diligentes : scrupulous. Cicero implies 
that the opposition to Gabinius was due to his having been 
tribune the preceding year ; but the true reason was his author- 
ship of the law bearing his name ; cf. notes on 11. 680 and 731. 

744. in (hoc imperatore) : under. 
746. De : the question of. 

748. inimicum e dictum : Cicero as praetor might bring a 
matter before the Senate for consideration, unless forbidden by 
a higher magistrate, quo minus defendam: from defending; 
205, e? 

750. intercessionem : the tribunes had the right to veto the 
action of any magistrate. 

751. minantur : i.e. to exercise the power of veto. 

752. quid liceat : the will of the people would have to be re- 
spected. 

" In fact Gabinius did serve with Pompey under the new 
commission, and took advantage of the position to amass a 
fortune." — Kelsey. 



Bur. 


A. 


B. 


G. 


H. 


HB. 


l — 372 


335 


162 


458 


380 


234 


2 — 798 


535 


283 


631 


591 


513 


» — 829 


558 


295 


549 


568 


502 



THE MANILIAN LAW 265 



Chapter 20 pAGE 

758. cum quaereret: at the time of his address before the 103 
assembly (contio). 

759. omnia : all your dependence, si quid factum esset : if any- 
thing should happen to him (lit., should have been done with him). 

760. in quo : interrogative. 
762. in eo ipso : i.e. in Catulus. 

766. quo minus, hoc magis : the less, the more; abl. of degree 
of difference. 

769. At enim : introducing the objection of Catulus. ne quid : 
let nothing. 

770. Non dicam : what figure ? hoc loco : at this point. 104 

771. consuetudini, utilitati paruisse : followed custom, con- 
sulted expediency. 

772. novorum consiliorum rationes : new measures. 

773. Punicum : the Third Punic War. 

774. uno imperatore : Scipio Aemilianus the Younger. Prec- 
edent was violated in his case, for he was chosen consul before 
he had been praetor, and later was reelected consul when it 
was illegal to hold that office twice. 

777. nuper : over forty years before. 

778. esse visum: it seemed best. Marius was elected consul 
several times in succession, owing to the stress of the Cimbrian 
War, though the law then required a lapse of ten years. 

781. novi nihil : nothing new. 

782. summa voluntate : with the full approval. 

Chapter 21 

784. adulescentulum : cf. 1. 341, and note. 

785. conficere : should raise. 

786. ductu suo : under his own leadership ; cf. suis imperiis, 
1. 346. 

788. senatorio gradu : the age required for admission to the 
Senate was thirty ; Pompey was twenty-four when he was sent 
to Sicily by Sulla. 

789. permitti : should be intrusted. 

790. bellum administrandum : the management of the war (lit., 
the war to be managed). 

794. equitem triumphare : only men of consular or praetorian 



266 NOTES 

PAGE 

104 rank were entitled to triumph. This special privilege was con- 
ferred on Pompey by the Senate ; cf . 1. 347 and note. 

796. studio : with enthusiasm. 

798. duo consules : Lepidus and Brutus declined their right 
to take the command against Sertorius. 
801. non nemo : = nonnulli. 

105 804. se mittere : i.e. that he voted to send. 

807. legibus solutus : the legal age for the consulship was 
forty-three ; Pompey was only thirty-six. Furthermore he had 
not been quaestor or praetor, as was required of candidates for 
the consulship. Hence the need of a decree in his favor. 

808. ante, quam : = antequam. 

810. iterum: cf. 1. 347 and note. 

811. Quae nova: the innovation which, in: in the case of. 
814. profecta sunt in: have been conferred upon (lit., have 

proceeded to). 

Chapter 22 

817. videant: i.e. Catulus, Hortensius, and other objectors, 
non f erendum : intolerable. 

818. illorum: i.e. the optimates, who had conferred honors 
on Pompey, which were ratified by the people. Now, he claims, 
the optimates in turn should support the will of the people. 

819. vestrum : asyndeton, but that your judgment. 

822. vel : even. 

823. isdem istis : i.e. Catulus, etc. 

826. parum consuluistis : had too little regard for. studia : 
enthusiasm. 

828. in . . . vidistis : showed deeper political insight. 

830. sibi . . . parendum esse : that they and all the others 
must bow. populi : w. auctoritati. 

106 837. qui : indef . pudore . . . moderatiores : of greater self- 
control because of their sense of honor and regard for moderation. 

842. libidines et iniurias : acts of lust and injustice. 

843. nostris magistratibus : dat. ; trans, in the eyes of, etc. 
Cicero said in another address that Pompey, when he took 
Jerusalem in 63 B.C., permitted nothing in the temple to be 
touched. 

846. quibus . . . inf eratur : a clause of purpose. 
851. Pro sociis : in defense of allies. 



THE MANILIAN LAW 267 

PAGE 

852. hostium simulatione : under the -pretense of acting against 106 
the enemy. 

854. sed : but even, animos ac spiritus capere : to satisfy 
the arrogance and insolence. 

Chapter 23 

856. conlatis signis : i.e. when the battle has been joined. 

857. nisi erit idem qui : unless he is also a man who. The 
rel. clauses are descriptive. 

861. idoneus qui mittatur : the man to be sent (lit., suitable 
who should be sent) ; a rel. clause of obligation or propriety ; 
192, c. Cf. impetret, 1. 733. 

862. pacatam, locuples : the state would not be considered 
subdued as long as plunder was possible. 

864. Ora maritima : of Asia Minor. 

866. Videbat : the subj. is ora. 107 

868. eos : refers to imperatores, not to paucos. classium 
nomine : with their so-called fleets, existing only in name. The 
money for the support of these fleets had been embezzled by 
the commanders ; see 1. 468. 

869. maiore : greater than if we had not fought, videremur : 
we were seen. 

870. cupiditate : desire for gain. 

871. iacturis : expenditures, in purchasing their appointments. 
873- Quasi videamus : a conditional clause of comparison 

takes the subjv. non : w. videamus. 

875. quin . . . credatis : we should expect the infinitive here, 
since dubitare means hesitate. 

879. est vobis auctor : you have as an authority. 

880. Servilius had fought against the pirates and the Isauri ; 
Curio (1. 883) against the Thracians and Dardanians. 

881. exstiterunt: = fuerunt. 

884. praeditus: honored (beneficiis), distinguished (rebus), 
possessing (ingenio). 

885. Lentulus : consul 72 B.C., lieutenant under Pompey in the 
war with the pirates, pro : in keeping with. 

888. auctoritatibus : abl. of means, orationi : argument. 

889. responderene : whether, etc. We should expect the 
enclitic -ne to be written w. horum instead of respondere. 



268 NOTES 



Chapter 24 

PAGE 

107 892. auctore : with the approval of. 
893. neve : and not. 

896. iterum: the first time was when the bill of Gabinius 
was passed. 

108 897. quid est quod : what reason is there to. 

898. re : the proposal, perficiendi facultate : the power to 
carry it through. 

900. beneficio : in electing him praetor. 

904. templo : not temple, but sacred spot; i.e. the Rostra. 
The word is applied to any space marked off by the augurs. 

905. ad . . . adeunt : enter the service of the state. 
907. neque quo : nor because. 

909. honoribus : what office was still to be sought by Cicero ? 

910. ut . . . oportet : as one ought to do. 

912. ab uno : from any individual, hoc loco : where political 
addresses were made. 

913. feret : permits it. 

917. tantum abest ut videar: so far am I from seeming, ut 
videar is subj. of abest; ut intellegam is a clause of result. 

920. hoc honore : the praetorship. 

921. adf ectum : the recipient of . 

924. rationibus : interests, praeferre : me is the subj. 



THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

1. Archias. — The poet, A. Licinius Archias, was a Greek, born 
at Antioch in Syria about the year 119 b.c. In his youth he 
acquired considerable fame among his fellow citizens for his 
poetical ability, and, traveling in Asia Minor, Greece, and South- 
ern Italy, was received with honor by men of rank. In 102 b.c, 
he came to Rome, where the Luculli in particular were his pa- 
trons, for whom he took the gentile name of Licinius. Accom- 
panying Marcus Lucullus, he visited Heraclea in Lucania, where 
he was honored with citizenship. Later he accompanied Lucius 
Lucullus upon his Asiatic campaign. 

In 89 b.c. the lex Plautia-Papiria gave the Roman franchise 
to all residents in Italy who were enrolled as citizens in any allied 
town, provided that they should register before a Roman praetor 
within sixty days. That same year Archias was registered by 
Quintus Metellus Pius at Rome, in accordance with the law. It 
was not until twenty-seven years later (62 b.c.) that a man named 
Grattius called his citizenship into question. This he did under 
the lex Papia, passed in 65 b.c, which required the removal of all 
foreigners from Rome. The charge was aimed not so much at 
Archias as against his patron, Lucius Lucullus, who had many 
political enemies, and whose victories had been celebrated in verse 
by the poet. 

2. The Oration. — Cicero undertook the defense of the poet, 
partly, as he says, because of his personal indebtedness to him. 
The case was tried before a jury, with Cicero's own brother as 
presiding judge (62 b.c). The oration was irregular in the fact 
that the orator argued the case but briefly, discoursing at greater 
length on the benefits of literature. " Strange words these to 
fall from the pleader's lips in the dusty atmosphere of the praetor's 
court ! non fori, neque iudiciali consuetudine, says Cicero himself, 
in the few words of graceful apology with which the speech ends. 

269 



270 NOTES 

But in truth, as tie well knew, he was not speaking to the respect- 
able gentlemen on the benches before him. He addressed a larger 
audience : posterity and the civilized world." — MackaiVs " Latin 
Literature." 

The defense was undoubtedly successful, for Archias is men- 
tioned later as a resident of Rome. 

OUTLINE 

1. Exordium et propositio — The orator's reasons for defending 

Archias, Ch. 1, 2. 
II. Narratio — The early life of Archias in Greece and his re- 
moval to Italy, Ch. 3, 4 (par. 1). 

III. Confirmatio — 

1. Proof that Archias is a Roman citizen, Ch. 4-5. 

2. Proof that Archias ought in any case to be a Roman citi- 

zen, Ch. 6-12 (par. 1). 

IV. Peroratio — Archias should be protected in his rights, Ch. 

12 (par. 2). 

Chapter 1 

i. ingeni : natural ability, talent, iudices, judges, "gentle- 
men of the jury," composing the court over which the praetor 
presided; cf. note, Cat., IV, 1. 255. quod: = et id. 

2. exiguum : the modesty here assumed by the orator was 
intended to conciliate the jury, exercitatio dicendi : readiness 
of speech, derived from practice. 

3. versatum : best taken as an adj. 

4. ratio : theoretical knowledge, of the art of public speaking. 
This is the third requisite of an orator, the others being in- 
genium and exercitatio. optimarum artium : of the liberal arts. 
Cicero means that an orator must have broad general culture. 

5. profecta : derived (from), a qua: to which, confiteor : 
" Roman juries looked on the literary barrister as unpractical ; 
hence the faltering way in which Cicero owns to a knowledge of 
Greek literature." — Reid. tempus : lit., subj. ace. of abhorruisse, 
but trans, as ace. of duration. 

6. abhorruisse : (7) have been averse, earum rerum : i.e. the 
three essential qualities, vel : strengthens in primis, especially. 

7. A. Licinius : Cicero skillfully assumes the Roman citizen- 
ship of his defendant by using only his Latin name. 



THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 271 

PAGE 

8. quoad longissime : as far back as. 110 

io. repetens : looking back, mini principem : my guide. 
ii. suscipiendam : referring to the resolution, ingrediendam 
to the actual undertaking. rationem : pursuit. Ill 

12. exstitisse : = fuisse. 

13. nonnullis : to any. saluti : 114. 1 After fuit trans, de- 
bemus ferre . . ., quantum . . ., huic . . ., a quo . . ., quo 
. . . possemus. 

14. ceteris, alios : others, some, quo . . . possemus : a 
descriptive clause. 

15. quantum . . . nobis: as far as in me lies. 

17. hoc ita dici : i.e. that I am so indebted to the poet. 

18. facultas ingeni : natural ability. 

20. dediti : devoted, fuimus : used rather than sumus be- 
cause dediti has the force of an adj. 

21. humanitatem : culture. 

Chapter 2 

24. quaestione legitima : in a legal inquiry, conducted in a 
regular court, iudicio publico : in a state trial, one in which 
the state was a party, cum agatur : though the case is tried. 

25. praetorem : Q. Cicero, brother of the orator, lieutenant 
a few years later in Caesar's army. 

26. tanto . . . frequentia : in so crowded an assembly; abl. of 
attendant circumstance. Note the hendiadys. 

29. abhorreat : differs. The difference consisted in this, that 
Cicero proposed to speak in praise of literature, as well as argue 
the case. 

30. vobis : (and) to you. 

32. hoc concursu, hac . . . humanitate : in this assembly, with 
such culture on your part; abl. of attendant circumstance. 

33. hoc praetore : Q. Cicero wrote some poetry himself, but 
only a few verses remain. 

34. de studiis humanitatis ac litterarum : about the pursuit of 
culture and the study of literature. 

35. in . . . persona : in the case of a character. 



A. B. G. H. 

382 191 356 433 



272 NOTES 

PAGE 

111 36. persona : lit. mask, a word borrowed from the stage, in 
iudiciis periculisque : in courts and lawsuits. 

39. perficiam ut putetis : J will cause you to think. 

40. segregandum : sc. esse. 

41. asciscendum fuisse : ought to have been; in dir. disc, 
asciscendus fuit; 198, note 2; 218. 1 

Chapter 3 

112 42. ut primum: as soon as. ex pueris excessit: grew out of 
boyhood. 

43. ab eis artibus : modifies contulit, which is coordinate w. 
excessit. ad (humanitatem) : with a view to. 

44. scribendi : of composition, primum : w. coepit. 

46. loco nobili : of a noble family. 

47. quondam : Antioch had lost much of its importance 
because of the Mithridatic wars and the quarrels of the Seleucidae. 
urbe : a noun in app. w. a loc. (Antiochiae) is in the abl. 

59. celebrabantur : the tense implies customary action. 
61. exspectatio : anticipation in regard to the man. 

63. ipsius : of the man himself. 

64. admiratio : the admiration he excited. Italia : i.e. southern 
Italy, known as Magna Graecia. 

68. disciplinarum : sciences, studia haec : i.e. the study of 
poetry. 

113 73- tranquillitatem : in the interval between the Gracchan 
disturbances (121 b.c.) and the Social War (90-88 B.C.). 

74. vehementius : with greater zeal. 

76. aliquid iudicare : to form any opinion, de ingeniis : 
about men of genius. 

78. Hac tanta celebritate famae : because of this fame so 
widely spread, absentibus : sc. nobis, to us who were far away. 

79. Mario, Catulo : consuls in 102 b.c. consule is singular 
because Marius was the more famous. 

80. eos : such, quorum alter : Marius. res maximas : the 
victory over the Cimbri and Teutones. 

81. alter : Catulus, who was a soldier and shared with Marius 
the glory of his victory. He was also a man of literary taste ; 
hence studium et aures : appreciation and attention. 

Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

» — 921 517, c 304, 3 597 582 581 



THE CITIZENSHIP OP ARCHIAS 273 

PAGE 

82. posset : subjv. in a descriptive clause. Luculli : a noble 113 
Roman family distinguished by Lucius and Marcus, praetexta- 
tus: a youth, properly applied to a Roman boy who wore the 
toga praetexta until his seventeenth year ; not to be taken lit- 
erally here, for the honors mentioned would scarcely have been 
given to one so young. 

84. hoc : explained by the noun clause ut . . . senectuti. 
ingeni ac litterarum : an evidence of his literary ability; pred. 
gen. 

87. illi : the well known. Numidico : Metellus was so called 
because of his victories over the Numidians. 

88. Pio : a surname given to the younger Metellus because 
he sought the recall of his father from exile. Aemilio : a great 
statesman and orator, vivebat : associated. Catulo et patre et 
filio : the father was the colleague of Marius (1. 81) ; the son 
was consul in 78 b.c, and was a prominent leader of the aris- 
tocracy. 

89. L. Crasso : a famous orator about 95 b.c. 

90. Drusum : a political leader early in the first century b.c, 
assassinated because of his efforts at reform. Catonem : prob- 
ably the father of Cato Uticensis. 

91. devinctam consuetudine : bound by ties of friendship. 

92. eum colebant : cultivated his acquaintance. 

93. si qui : whoever. 

Chapter 4 

95. satis longo intervallo : after quite a long interval; the abl. 
may be taken as absolute. 

97. decederet : was returning. Rome was still his place of 
residence. Heraclia : nothing remains to-day of this old Greek 
city of southern Italy. Quae cum: = et cum (causal) ea. 

98. esset aequissimo . . . foedere : enjoyed very favorable 
treaty rights (with Rome) ; abl. of description. 

99. cum : while, turn : at that time. 

101. civitas : citizenship, lege: known as the lex Plautia- 
Papiria from the gentile names of the tribunes who proposed it 
in 89 b.c. 

101. si qui: i.e. (civitas data est) eis qui. Note that the 
law is stated in the form of a quotation ; hence the subjv. verbs 
which in dir. disc, would be fut. perf . 



274 NOTES 

PAGE 

113 103. ferebatur : is parenthetical and not part of the wording 
of the law. 

104. praetorem: a praetor; see Introd. 34. essent prof essi : 
i.e. declared their intention to become citizens. 

114 109. causa dicta est : Archias has met the three conditions of 
the law : he was a citizen of an allied town, Heraclea, had long 
been a resident of Rome, and had made his declaration before a 
praetor, Metellus. 

no. Gratti : voc. Grattius was the prosecutor who claimed 
that Archias was not a citizen. 

in. religione et fide : scrupulous honor and good faith, non : 
not that. 

113. interfuisse : was present (when it was done), egisse : 
i.e. by his influence. 

1 14. huius indici : of this trial. 

117. Italico bello : in the Social War of 90 B.C. 

118. ad ea : in reply to the proofs. 

120. litterarum memoriam : documentary evidence. 

121. et : sc. est ridiculum. amplissimi viri : Metellus. 

122. religionem : conscientious testimony, municipi : before 
the Social War, Heraclea was an allied town without Roman 
citizenship (civitas foederata) ; afterwards, a town enjoying full 
citizen rights (municipium) ; see Introd. 21. 

124. quas idem : you yourself. An : introducing a rhetorical 
question; 89, b. ; B. 162, 4, a; Bur. 368; HB. 236; cf. Cat., I, 
1.20. 

125. tot annis : Archias came to Rome in 102, thirteen years 
before citizenship was granted (ante civitatem datam). 

128. collegio : board, consisting of eight praetors. 

Chapter 5 

130. Appi : Appius Claudius Pulcher, whose records were 
kept too carelessly (neglegentius). 

131. Gabini : = et Gabini. quamdiu . . . f uit : before he was 
tried (lit., as long as he was safe). After his praetorship Gabinius 
was convicted of extortion practiced while he was governor of 
Achaia. 

132. calamitas : he lost his civil rights, tabularum fidem : 
confidence in his records. 

133. Metellus : the third praetor mentioned. 



THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 275 

PAGE 

138. quid est quod dubitetis : what reason is there for doubting? 115 
The clause is descriptive. Archias, therefore, was a citizen not 
only of Heraclea but of other towns. 

140. mediocribus multis et praeditis : dat. arte (1. 143) : abl. 
of means. 

142. credo : J suppose, used w. irony. The four towns 
referred to were in Magna Graecia, called here Graecia. 

143. quod: the antecedent is id (1. 146). scaenicis artifici- 
bus : the Romans of the Republic regarded acting on the stage 
as unworthy of citizens. 

146. legem Papiam : the alien act of the tribune Papius, 
passed in 65 B.C., providing that all foreigners should be ex- 
pelled from Rome. It was under this act that Archias was 
brought to trial. 

150. Scilicet . . . obscurum: of course, for I suppose (ironical) 
it is not known. 

151. proximis censoribus : during the time of the last censors, 
70 b.c, and also those of 86 (superioribus) the poet was absent. 
The first censors (primis) after he became a citizen in 89, resigned 
without taking the census. 

152. apud exercitum : with the army, as a guest of the com- 
mander, cum eodem quaestore : with the same man (Lucullus) 
when he was quaestor, under Sulla. 

156. ita : thereby, pro : as. eis temporibus : beginning the 
main clause ; construe w. fecit. 

157. quern: he whom. 

158. et (omit) testamentum fecit, etc. : only citizens could 
perform these acts. 

159. civium : i.e. bequeathed by Romans. 

160. in beneficiis : among those to be rewarded. The proconsul 
(pro consule) on returning from his province would report the 
names of his followers who were to be rewarded for their ser- 
vices. The naming of Archias implied that Lucullus regarded 
him as a citizen. 

162. suo . . . iudicio : the poet and his friends have acted as 
though he were really a citizen. 

Chapter 6 

165. ubi: = id quo, the means by which (lit., wherewith); i.e. 
his poetry, ex: after. The clause is descriptive. 



276 



NOTES 



PAGE 

115 

117 



1 66. convicio : the wrangling of the courts. 

167. An : cf. 1. 126, and Cat., I, 1. 20. suppetere . . . posse : 
that we could have ideas. 

168. quod dicamus : a purpose clause, nisi excolamus : the 
subjv. may be due to the indir. disc, or may be a condition 
less probable (should cultivate). 

171. deditum: cf. dediti sumus, 1. 21. Ceteros pudeat: let 
others be ashamed. ~~~- 

173. adferre, proferre : either in speaking or writing some- 
thing new. 

174. quid pudeat: cf. Cat., I, 1. 314. 




Two Children at Dice-play 

(From a Pompeian wall painting) 



THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 277 

PAGE 

175- vivo: have lived, tempore: needs, in court; time of 116 
peril. 

178. quis reprehendat : a potential question, or a question of 
" ideal certainty." (Hale.) 

179. si: w. sumpsero, 1. 186. quantum temporum tantum : 
as much time as. suas res obeundas : attending to their business. 

182. tempestivis : protracted, beginning before the usual 
hour, which was three or four in the afternoon. 

183. alveolo : gambling flourished notwithstanding many laws 
condemning it. pilae : throwing and catching formed the basis 
of the different games of ball, but the bat seems not to have 
been used. See Johnston's The Private Life of the Romans. 

185. eo : w. magis, the more. 

186. crescit oratio et facultas : the power of public speaking is 
improved. 

187. periculis : a term referring to criminal trials. 

188. Quae : this ability, quae summa sunt : the principles of 
living, derived from philosophy. 

190. multis litteris : by wide reading. 

191. magno opere : = magnopere. laudem : true merit. 
193. parvi : of little importance; see 110. x 

196. impetus : the attacks resulting from the suppression of 
Catiline's conspiracy. 

197. exemplorum : the examples of men who have practiced 
these high principles. 

199. accederet : were thrown upon them. Literature pre- 
serves the examples of great men. imagines, expressas : words 
used of the work of a sculptor or painter. 

Chapter 7 

208. est . . . respondeam : it is clear (to me) what answer I 117 
shall give. The question is deliberative (dir. what shall I reply?). 

209. animo ac virtute : attributive w. homines. 

210. sine doctrina : pred. phrase w. fuisse. naturae . . . di- 
vino : by an almost divine quality of their very nature. 

212. ad laudem valuisse : has availed to produce true merit. 
214. idem ego : I further. 



Bur. A. B. G. 

-424 417 203 380 



278 NOTES 

PAGE 

117 215. ratio . . . doctrinae : systematic training derived from 
instruction. 

216. nescioquid: see Vocab. 

218. Africanum: Scipio Africanus the Younger, conqueror of 
Carthage, a scholar and statesman as well as soldier. Scipio, 
Laelius, and Furius were patrons of Greek culture at Rome, 
after the conquest of Greece in 146 b.c. 

220. illis temporibus : abl. of time, but trans, for (i.e. con- 
sidering) those times. 

221. Catonem: Cato, the Censor, who lived 234r-149 b.c, 
was the father of Latin prose. " He was considered by men of 
later times as the ideal of Roman character." 

222. ad percipiendam : in appreciating. 

223. adiuvarentur : were continually aided. 

227. ceterae : sc. animi remissiones. This passage in Cicero's 
tribute to letters is deservedly famous, temporum : gen. of pos- 
session. 

Chapter 8 

118 234. deberemus : it would be our duty. 

236. Rosci : Roscius, the comic actor, died a few months be- 
fore this trial. He had been a slave, but lived to realize a large 
fortune by his profession, and became the friend of Cicero and 
other public men. 

237. excellentem . . . venustatem : the excellence and charm 
of his art. 

240. animorum motus : mental activity, celeritatem ingeni- 

orum : natural quickness. 

243. novo genere dicendi : cf. 1. 27. 

244. cum : concessive, litteram nullam : not a single word. 

119 246. quae agerentur : which were then going on; i.e. current 
events. The subjv. is due to attraction, revocatum: i.e. en- 
cored. 

247. eandem rem dicere : treat the same theme. 
249. scriptorum : the Greek writers, of the same country as 
Archias. 

120 250. diligam, etc. : deliberative subjv. ; cf. 1. 176. 

253. ceterarum . . . constare : the study of other things (than 
poetry) is based on theory, rules, and practice. 

254. poetam : sc. sed. valere : derives his power (from). 
Poeta nascitur, non fit was a Latin proverb. 



THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 



279 



PAGE 

256. ille : well-known, great. Ennius, " the father of Latin 120 
poetry," was born in Calabria 239 B.C., and came to Rome in 204. 

260. Saxa . . . bes- *^1 

tiae : when Amphi- 
on, king of Thebes, 
was building the 
walls of his city, ac- 
cording to the story, 
he caused the stones 
to take their places 
by the music of his 
lyre. Orpheus in the 
same way drew after 
him wild beasts and 
even trees. 

266. pugnant in- 
ter se : there were 
seven cities claiming 
the honor of being 
the birthplace of 
Homer. 



Chapter 9 

270. repudiabi- 
mus : in questions 
of deliberation the 
fut. ind. is some- 
times used instead of 
the pres. subjv. ; 
Bur. 757; HB. 572. 

271. omne studi- 
um : his utmost zeal. 

273. Cimbricas res 




Orpheus with his Lyre 
(From a Pompeian wall painting) 



the war w. the Cimbri. 

274. durior : too rude. Marius boasted that the camp and 
battle field were his only school. 

275. aversus a : unfriendly to. 

277. Themistoclem : Themistocles, the Athenian statesman 
and commander, the victor in the battle of Salamis, 480 b.c. 
ilium, ille (1. 280) ; cf . 1. 256. 

278. quaereretur : impers. acroama : performer. This Greek 



280 NOTES 

PAGE 

121 word (lit., thing heard) comes to mean an entertainment, as a 
play, dance, or recitation ; then the person who gives the enter- 
tainment. 

281. Plotium : the first Roman teacher of rhetoric, a friend of 
Marius. 

284. ab hoc : i.e. by Archias. 

287. aperuit : especially to Roman merchants. 

122 289. natura et regione : by natural situation ; hendiadys. 
populi Romani : note the repetition and emphatic position of 
this phrase. 

290. non maxima : no very great. Plutarch says that Lucullus 
had 10,000 men against an army of 200,000. Armeniorum : the 
allies of Mithridates. 

292. urbem Cyzicenorum : Cyzicus was an important city on 
the southern coast of the Propontis, friendly to Rome, eiusdem : 
Lucullus. 

293. ore ac faucibus : the open jaws (lit., mouth and jaws). 

294. nostra f eretur : as ours (the battle) will be spoken of. 
296. apud Tenedum pugna : the battle off Tenedos, 73 b.c. 

So it is named, though really fought near Lemnos. 

298. Quae . . . efferuntur : by whose genius these deeds are 
'proclaimed. In trans, begin w. the antecedent clause ab eis, etc. 

299. Africano superiori : the elder Scipio. 

300. is : i.e. his statue. In Cicero's time, according to Livy, 
there were three statues at the entrance of the tomb of the Scipios, 
one of which was thought to be that of Ennius. 

303. huius : of the present Cato (Uticensis). Cato : the Cen- 
sor. His praises were sung by Ennius, who had served as a sol- 
dier under him in Sardinia. It was in Cato's army that Ennius 
first came to Rome in 204 b.c. 



Chapter 10 

123 307. haec : sc. carmina. fecerat : the word for " poet " in 

Greek means maker. Rudinum hominem : Ennius, born at 
Rudiae of Greek origin, became a Roman citizen late in life. 

309. civitatibus : dat. of agent. 

320. Graeca leguntur : Greek is (or Greek writings are) read. 
Archias wrote in Greek, Ennius in Latin. 

322. suis finibus : to its own boundaries (lit., by, etc.). sane : 



THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 281 

PAGE 

we must admit. Latin was spoken in Latium and in the Roman 123 
colonies, Greek in the whole civilized world. 

327. quo : wherever. The antecedent is eodem. 

329. pervenerint : subjv. in an indir. clause. 

330. cum . . . turn : while . . . at the same time. 

331. haec: i.e., these poems, ampla : honorable. 

332. de : at the risk of. 

337. qui . . . inveneris : a rel. causal clause ; 192, b 1 . 124 

338. vere : sc. dixit. 

340. Magnus : a surname given to Pompey by Sulla. 

342. in contione . . . donavit : citizenship was often conferred 
by generals in this way. 

344. eiusdem laudis : the same as Pompey received from 
Theophanes. 

346. credo : ironical. 

347. perficere non potuit : could not have managed; 198, note 
2. 2 

349. petentem : = si petisset. quern : i.e. Sulla ; subj. of 
iubere (1. 352). 

350. de populo : from the common people, untrained ; cf . 
Archias loco nobili (1. 46). ei subiecisset : had handed up to him, 
sitting upon the tribunal at the auction of the goods of the con- 
quered. 

351. quod fecisset: causal, giving Sulla's reason, in eum : 
about him. 

352. longiusculis : the only merit of the writing was its verse- 
form, consisting of alternate lines of five and six feet (elegiac 
couplets). 

355. huius : Archias. 

358. qui . . . cuperet : especially since he (Metellus) so much 
desired to have his own deeds written about. 

360. pingue . . . peregrinum : though uttering something dull 
and provincial. 

Chapter 11 

363. prae nobis ferendum : must be openly acknowledged. 

364. optimus quisque : all the best men. 



Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 

J — 807 535 283 634 592 523 

2 — 921 308, c 304,3 597 511 582,3 



282 NOTES 

PAGE 

124 366. iii eo ipso.: in the very act. 

367. despiciunt: express contempt for. praedicari . . . no- 
minari : to be named and praised. 

125 369- amicissimi sui : his own most intimate friend. 

373. ille Fulvius : Fulvius Nobilior, who was criticised by 
Cato the Censor for taking Ennius with him (comite), 180 b.c. 

374. Musis : Fulvius built a temple in Rome to Hercules and 
the Muses. 

376. prope armati : i.e. before laying down their arms. 

381. a abhorrere : to disregard. 

384. me indicabo : / will betray (accuse) myself; said in a 
jocular spirit. The phrase is generally used of criminals who 
give themselves up to the authorities, quodam: here used to 
soften the following phrase. 

392. hie : Archias. The poem dealing with the suppression 
of the conspiracy was probably never completed. 

393. res : subject, theme. 

397. quid est quod : ef. note, 1. 140. 

401. nee tantis : the conclusion begins here. 

126 403. Nunc : as it is, opposed to si nihil (1. 399). 

404. Optimo quoque : cf. 1. 364. virtus : a noble impulse. 
408. cum adaequandam : must endure to; " must be made co- 
existent with.''' — Reid. 

Chapter 12 

412. videamur : are we to seem? Deliberative subjv. 

416. cum : concessive, spatium : sc. vitae : moment of our lives. 

423. imagines : portraits, molded or carved ; perhaps the 
wax portrait masks of ancestors who had been curule magis- 
trates, simulacra : as representations ; pred. ace. in relation to 
statuas et imagines. 

427. effigiem : a delineation. 

428. nonne debemus : and ought we not? expressam : accu- 
rately drawn. 

429. omnia: obj. of spargere ac disseminare. 

127 432. sapientissimi : especially the Greek philosophers Pythag- 
oras, Socrates, and Plato, who taught immortality. 

433. pertinebit : shall continue in relation. 
435. pudore, ingenio (1. 437), causa (with a cause, 1. 439) : abl. 
of description. 

437. vetustate : by the duration (of his friendship). 



THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 



283 



438. quod . . . 
videatis : descrip- 
tive, summorum 
. . . ingeniis : by 
men of the highest 
genius. 

439. beneficio le- 
gis : the lex Plau- 
tia-Papiria. 

443. ut eum : w. 
accipiatis (1. 449), 
depending on peti- 
mus. 

451. de causa: 
i.e. on the question 
itself, chapters 1-5. 

452. omnibus: 
dat. of agent. 

453. a aliena: at 
variance with. 

454. de studio : 
on the pursuit of lit- 
erature, chapters 6- 
12, 




PAGE 

127 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



PART I. INFLECTION 



NOUNS 



FIRST DECLENSION 



SINGULAR 

N. porta l 
G. portae 
D. portae 
Ac. portam 
Ab. porta 



portae 

portarum 

portis 

portas 

portis 



SECOND DECLENSION 







SINGULAR 






N. 


amicus 


puer 


ager 


vir 


bellum 


G. 


amici 


pueri 


agri 


viri 


belli 


D. Ab. 


amicd 


puero 


agro 


viro 


bello 


Ac. 


amicum 


puerum 


agrum 


virum 


bellum 






PLURAL 






N. 


amid 


pueri 


agri 


viri 


beUa 


G. 


amicorum 


puerorum 


agrorum 


virorum 


belloru: 


D. Ab. 


amicis 


pueris 


agris 


viris 


bellis 


Ac. 


amicos 


puero s 


agros 


viros 


beUa 



1 The base of a noun is found, in any declension, by dropping the end- 
ing of the genitive singular ; the stem, by dropping -rum of the genitive 
plural in the first, second, and fifth declensions, -um in the third and 
fourth : base, port-, stem, porta. 

284 



NOUNS 



285 



THIRD DECLENSION 





SINGULAR 






N. consul 


mercator 


pater 


legio 


G. consulis 


mercatoris 


patris 


legionis 


D. consuli 


mercatori 


patri 


legioni 


Ac. consulem 


mercatorem 


patrem 


legion em 


Ab. consule 


mercatore 

PLURAL 


patre 


legidne 


N. Ac. consule s 


mercatore s 


patres 


legiones 


G. consulum 


mercatorum 


patrum 


legionum 


D. Ab. consulibus 


mercatoribus 


patribus 


legionibus 



N. lex 

G. legis 

D. leg! 

Ac. legem 

Ab. lege 



SINGULAR 






prmceps 


miles 


clvitas 


principis 


militis 


civitatis 


principi 


mlliti 


civitati 


prmcipem 


militem 


civitatem 


principe 


miKte 


clvitate 



(The plural is regular) 







SINGULAR 






N.Ac. 
G. 
D. 
Ab. 


fltimen 
fmminis 
flumini 
fliimine 


opus 
operis x 
open 
opere 

PLURAL 


tempus 
temporis 1 
tempori 
tempore 


caput 
capitis 
capiti 
capite 


N.Ac. 
G. 
D. Ab. 


fltimina 

fltiminum 

fluminibus 


opera 

operum 

operibus 


tempora 

temporum 

temporibus 


capita 

capitum 

capitibus 



1 Many words in -s, of all genders, change s to r between two vowels : 
aes, aeris ; mos, moris ; ius, iuris. 



286 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 









SINGULAR 






N. 


caedes 


navis 


hostis 


mons 


nox 


G. 


caedis 


navis 


hostis 


montis 


noctis 


D. 


caedi 


navi 


host! 


monti 


nocti 


Ac. 


caedem 


navim(- 


-em) 1 hostem 


montem 


noctem 


Ab. 


caede 


navi(-e^ 


) 2 hoste 


monte 


nocte 



PLURAL 

N. caedes naves hostes monte s nocte s 

G. caedium 3 navium 3 hostium 3 montium 3 noctium 3 
D.Ab. caedibus navibus kostibus montibus noctibus 
Ac. caedis (-es) 3 navis (-es) 3 hostis (-es) 3 montis (-es) 3 noctis (-es) 3 



SING. 

IS!. Ac. cub lie 
G. cubllis 

D. Ab. cubili 5 

8. 



PLUR. SING. PLUR 

cubilia '• vectigal vectigalia 4 

cubilium 4 vectigalis vectigalium 

cubllibus vectigali 5 vectigalibus 

FOURTH DECLENSION 



N. 
G. 
D. 
Ac. 

Ab. 



manus 
manus 
manui (-u) 
manum 
manu 



SINGULAR 

lacus 
lacus 
lacui (-u) 
lacum 
lacu 



domus 

domiis 

domui 

domum 

domo (-u) cornu 



cornu 
cornus 
cornu 
cornu 



Locative sing, domi, at home. 



1 Ace. sing, in -im or -em is found in febris, navis (usually -em), puppis 
(usually -im), securis, sementis, turris. 

2 Abl. sing, -i or -e is found in avis, civis, classis, febris, finis, Ignis, 
imber, navis, orbis, puppis, sementis, turris. 

3 Gen. plur. -ium and ace. plur. -is or -es are found in, — 

a. Nouns in -es or -is (having the same number of syllables in nom. 

and gen.). 

b. Polysyllables in -ns or -rs, and sometimes -tas ; also proper names 

in -as. 

c. Monosyllables in -s or -x, following a consonant. 

d. imber, linter, and nox. 

4 Gen. plur. -ium, nom. and ace. plur. -ia, are found in neuters with 
nom. in -e, -al, -ar. 

5 Abl. sing, -i is found in neuters with nom. sing, in -e, -al, -ar. 







NOUNS 




2 






PLURAL 






N. 


mantis 


lac US 


domus 


cornua 


G. 


manuum 


lacuum 


domuum 


cornuum 


D. Ab. 


nianibus 


lacubus (-ibus) 


domibus 


cornibus 


Ac. 


manus 


lacus 


domos (-us) 


cornua 


9. 




FIFTH DECLENSION 




SING. 


PLUR. 


SING. 


PLUR. 


N. 


dies 


dies 


res 


res 


G. 


die! 


dierum 


rei 


re rum 


D. 


die! 


diebus 


rei 


rebus 


Ac. 


diem 


dies 


rem 


res 


Ab. 


die 


diebus 


re 


rebus 



287 



Note. Other nouns of the fifth declension lack the plural 
forms, though the plural nominative and accusative are found in 
acies, effigies, species, spes, and a few other words. 



SPECIAL NOUNS 



10. 







SINGULAR 






N. 


deus 


senex 


vis 


iter 


G. 


dei 


senis 


vis 


itineris 


D. 


deo 


sen! 


vi 


itineri 


Ac. 


deum 


senem 


vim 


iter 


Ab. 


deo 


sene 

PLURAL 


vi 


itinere 


N. 


dei, dii, di 


senes 


vires 


itinera 


G. 


deorum, deum 


senum 


virium 


itinerum 


D. Ab. 


deis, diis, dis 


senibus 


viribus 


itineribus 


Ac. 


deos 


senes 


viris (-es) 


itinera 


11. 










N. 


Archias * 


Perse s * 


Delos 2 


Iuppiter 


G. 


Archiae 


Persae 


Deli 


Iovis 


D. 


Archiae 


Persae 


Delo 


Iovi 


Ac. 


Archian (-am) 


Persen 


Delon 


Iovem 


V. 


Archia 


Perse 


Dele 


Iuppiter 


Ab. 


Archia 


Perse 


Delo 


love 



1 A Greek noun of the first declension. 

2 A Greek noun of the second declension. 



288 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



ADJECTIVES 



12. 



N. 

G. 

D. 

Ac. 

Ab. 



N. 
G. 



N. 
G. 



13. 



FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 

SINGULAR PLURAL 



M. F. 

bonus bona 
boni i 
bono / 
~bonum 
bono 



bonae 
bonae 
bonam 
bona 



N. 

bonum boni 

boni bonoru: 

bono bonis 

bonum bonos 

bono bonis 




M. 

liber 
liberi 



bonarum bonorum 
bonis bonis 
bonas bona 
bonis bonis / 
— I — i X -* 

SINGULAR PLURAL 

F. N. M. F. N. 

libera liberum liberi liberae libera 

liberae liberi liberorum liberarum liberorum 
etc. x etc. 1 



M. 



SINGULAR 
F. 



N. 



M. 



PLURAL 

F. N. 

noster 2 nostra nostrum nostri nostrae nostra 
nostri nostrae nostri nostrorum nostrarum nostrdrum 



etc ] 



etc. 









SINGULAR 








M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


aUus__ 


alia 


aliud 


alter 
alterius 


altera 
alterius 


alterum 


G. 


alius 


alius 


alius 


alterius 


D. 


alii 


alii 


alii 


alteri 


alteri 


alteri 


Ac. 


alium 


aliam 


aliud 


alterum 


alteram 


alterum 


Ab. 


alio 


alia 


alio 


altero 


altera 


altero 




M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


neuter 3 


neutra 


neutrum 


iinus 4 


una 


iinum 


G. 


neutrius 


neutrius 


neutrius 


iinius 


iinius 


iinius 


D. 


neutri 


neutri 


neutri 


unl 


iini 


iini 


Ac. 


neutrum neutram neutrum 


iinum 


tinam 


iinum 


Ab. 


neutro 


neutra 


neutro 


tino 


una 


tino 



1 Other cases like bonus. 2 Possessive pronoun, used as an adjective. 
3 So also uter. 4 So also nullus, solus, totus. ullus. 



ADJECTIVES 



289 



THIRD DECLENSION 



14. 



Adjectives of Three Endings 







SINGULA 


*.R 




PLURAL 






M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


N. ' 


acer 


acris 


acre 


acres 


acres 


acria 


G. 


acris 


acris 


acris 


acrium 


acrium 


acrium 


D. Ab. 


acri 


acri 


acri 


acribus 


acribus 


acribus 


Ac. 


acrem 


acrem 


acre 


acris (-es^ 


) acris (-es] 


) acria 



15. 



Adjectives of Two Endings 



SINGULAR 


PLURAL 


M. & F. 


N. 


M. & F. 


N. 


N. fortis 


forte 


fortes 


fortia 


G. fortis 


fortis 


fortium 


fortium 


D. Ab. forti 


forti 


fortibus 


fortibus 


Ac. fortem 


forte 


fortis (-es) 


fortia 


SINGULAR 


PLURAL 


M. & F. 


N. 


M. & F. 


N. 


N. longior 


longius 


longiore s 


longiora 


G. longioris 


longioris 


longiorum 


longiorum 


D. longiori 


longiori 


longioribus 


longioribus 


Ac. longior em 


longius 


longiore s 


longiora 


Ab. longior e 


longiore 


longioribus 


longioribus 



16. 



Adjectives of One Ending 





SINGULAR 


PLURAL 




M. & F. N. 


M. & F. 


N. 


N. 


potens potens 


potentes 


potentia 


G. 


potentis potentis 


potentium 


potentium 


D. 


potenti potenti 


potentibus 


potentibus 


Ac. 


potent em potens 


potentis (-es) 


potentia 


Ab. 


potenti (-e) potenti (-e) 


potentibus 


potentibus 



290 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 





SINGULAR 




PLURAL 




M. & F. 


N. 




M. & F. N. 


N. 


vetus 


vetus 




veteres vetera 


G. 


veteris 


veteris 




veterum veterum 


D. 


veteri 


veteri 




veteribus veteribus 


Ac. 


veterem 


vetus 




veteres vetera 


Ab. 


vetere (-i 


:) vetere (-1 


) 


veteribus veteribus 


17. 




SPECIAL 


ADJECTIVES 




SINGULAR 




PLURAL 




M. & F. 


N. 




M. & F. N. 


N. 





plus 




pltires phira 


G. 





pluris 




phlrium pliirium 


D. 










pltiribus pluribus 


Ac. 





plus 




pliires pltira 


Ab. 





phlre 




pluribus pluribus 




M. 


F. 


N. M. & F. N. 


N. 


duo 


duae 


duo 


tres tria 


G. 


duorum 


duarum 


duorum trium trium 


D. Ab 


. duobus 


duabus 


duobus tribus tribus 


Ac. 


duos 


duas 


duo 


tris, tres tria 


18. 




REGULAR COMPARISON 




POSITIVE 


COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 


latus, ■ 


-a, -um 


latior, -ius 


latissimus, -a, -um 


fortis, 


-e 


fortior, 


-ius 


fortissimus, -a, -um 


potens 




potentior, -ius 


potentissimus, -a, -um 


velox 




vel5cior 


, -ius 


velocissimus, -a, -um 


acer, acris, acre 


acrior, - 


ius 


acerrimus, -a ,-um 


liber, - 


era, -erum 


liberior, 


-ius 


liberrimus, -a, -um 


facilis, 


-e 


facilior, 


-ius 


facillimus, -a, -um 1 


19. 




IRREGULAR COMPARISON 


bonus, 


-a, -um 


melior, 


melius 


optimus, -a, -um 


malus, 


-a, -um 


peior, peius 


pessimus, -a, -um 


magnus, -a, -urn 


maior, maius 


maximus, -a, -um 



1 So also difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis. 







PRONOUNS 


291 


multus, -a, 


-um 


, plus 




plurimus, -a, -um 


parvus, -a, 


-um 


minor, minus 


minimus, -a, -um 


senex 




senior 




maximus natii 


iuvenis, -e 




iunior 




minimus natu 


vetus 




vetustior, - 


ius 


veterrimus, -a, -um 


exterus 




exterior 




extremus, extimus 


Inferus 




inferior 




infimus, imus 


posterus 




posterior 




postremus, postumus 


superus 




superior 




supremus, summus 


[cis, citra] 




citerior 




citimus 


[in, intra] 




interior 




intimus 


[prae, pro] 




prior 




primus 


[prope] 




propior 




proximus 


[ultra] 




ulterior 




ultimus 


20. 


COMPARISON 


[ OF ADVERBS 


POSITIVE 


COMPARATIVE 


SUPERLATIVE 


late 




latius 




latissime 


libere 




Hberius 




liberrime 


facile 




facilius 




facillime 


acriter 




acrius 




acerrime 


fortiter 




fortius 




fortissime 


bene 




melius 




optime 


male 




peius 




pessime 


magnopere 




magis 




maxime 


multum 




plus 




plurimum 


parum 




minus 




minime 


prope 




propius 




proxime 


diu 




diiitius 




diutissime 


saepe 




saepius 




saepissime 


21. 




PRONOUNS 






PERSONAL 




REFLEXIVE 


SING. 


PLU. 


SING 


\. PLU. 


SING. PLU. 


N. ego 


nos 


tu 


vos 





G. mei 


nostrum, 


-tri tui 


vestrum 


l, -tri sui sui 


D. mihi 


nobis 


tibi 


vobis 


sibi sibi 


Ac. me 


nos 


to- 


vos 


se, sese se, ses 


Ab. me 


nobis 


te 


vobis 


se, sese se, ses 



292 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



22. POSSESSIVE 

Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, are used and declined like 
adjectives. 



23. 



DEMONSTRATIVE 







SINGULAR 






PLURAL 






M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


hie 


haec 


hoc 


hi 


hae 


haec 


G. 


hums 


hiiius 


hiiius 


horum 


harum 


horum 


D. 


huic 


huic 


huic 


his 


his 


his 


Ac. 


hunc 


hanc 


hoc 


hos 


has 


haec 


Ab. 


hoc 


hac 

SINGULAR 


h5c 


his 


his 

PLURAL 


his 




M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


ille 1 


ilia 


illud 


illi 


illae 


ilia 


G. 


illius 


illius 


illius 


illorum 


illarum 


illorum 


D. 


mi 


ill! 


iUi 


illis 


illis 


illis 


Ac. 


ilium 


illam 


illud 


illos 


illas 


ilia 


Ab. 


illo 


ilia 

SINGULAR 


illo 


illis 


illis 

PLURAL 


illis 




M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


is 


ea 


id 


el, ii 


eae 


ea 


G. 


eius 


eius 


eius 


eorum 


earum 


eorum 


D. 


ei 


el 


ei 


eis, iis 


eis, iis 


eis, iis 


Ac. 


eum 


earn 


id 


eos 


eas 


ea 


Ab. 


eo 


ea 

SINGULAR 


e5 


els, iis 


eis, iis 

PLURAL 


eis, iis 



M. F. N. M. F. N. 

N. Idem eadem idem eidem 2 eaedem eadem 

G. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem 

D. eidem eidem eidem eisdem 3 eisdem eisdem 

Ac. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem 

Ab. eodem eadem eodem eisdem 3 eisdem eisdem 



1 Iste, ista, istud, is declined like ille. 



2 Or idem. 



3 Or Isdem. 



PRONOUNS 



293 



24. 

SINGULAR 

M. F. 

N. ipse ipsa 

G. ipsius ipslus 

D. ipsi ipsi 

Ac. ipsum ipsam 

Ab. ipso ipsa 



INTENSIVE 



N. 
ipsum 
ipsius 
ipsi 
ipsum 
ipso 



M. 
ipsi 

ipsorum 
ipsis 
ipsos 
ipsis 



PLURAL 

F. 

ipsae 

ipsarum 

ipsis 

ipsas 

ipsis 



N. 
ipsa 
ipsorum 
ipsis 
ipsa 
ipsis 



25. 

M. 
N. qui 
G. cuius 
D. cui 
Ac. quern 
Ab. quo 



RELATIVE 



SINGULAR 
F. 

quae 

cuius 

cui 

quam 

qua 



N. 
quod 
cuius 
cui 
quod 
quo 



M. 
qui 

quorum 
quibus 
quos 
quibus 



PLURAL 

F. N. 

quae quae 

quarum quorum 

quibus quibus 

quas quae 

quibus quibus 



INTERROGATIVE 



SINGULAR 



M. & F. 
N. 
G. 
D. 



Ac. 
Ab. 



quis 

cuius 

cui 

quern 

quo 



N. 
quid 
cuius 
cui 
quid 
quo 



The plural of the interrogative quis is like that of the relative 
qui. When used as an adjective, the singular also is like that of 
the relative. 



27. 



INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 



The indefinite pronouns are : — 

1. quis (qui), quae (qua), quid (quod), any (one), anything. 

2. aliquis (-qui), aliqua, aliquid (-quod), some (one), some thing. 

3. quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam (quod-), any (one) at all. 

4. quisquam, quicquam, any (one) at all (169). 

5. quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (quod-), any (one) you please. 

6. quivis, quaevis, quidvis (quod-), any (one) you wish. 

7. quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quod-), a certain (one). 



294 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



8. quisque, quaeque, quidque (quod-), each {one), every {one). 

28. The indefinite quis is declined like the interrogative quis 
(26), but has quae or qua in the neuter plural, and, when used as 
an adjective, in the feminine singular. Aliquis has aliqua, not 
aliquae, in the feminine singular and neuter plural. 

a. The feminine singular forms of quis, aliquis, quispiam, and 
quisque, are not used as pronouns, but as adjectives. In all 
words the neuter singular form in quid is used as a pronoun, in 
quod as an adjective. 

b. Quidam has n instead of m before d in quendam, quandam, 
quorundam, quarundam. Quisquam has c for d in the neuter 
quicquam. 

VERBS 



29. 



FIRST CONJUGATION 



Principal Parts 



ACTIVE 



jlaudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum, praise. 
[laudor, laudari, laudatus sum, be praised. 

Indicative 

Present 



SINGULAR PLURAL 

I praise, am praising 
laudo laudamus 

laudas laudatis 

laudat laudant 



PASSIVE 



SINGULAR PLURAL 

I am praised 
laudor laudamur 

laudaris (-re) laudamini 
laudatur laudantur 



Imperfect 

I was praising {I praised) I was praised 

laudabam laudabamus laudabar laudabamur 

laudabas laudabatis laudabaris (-re) laudabamini 

laudabat laudabant laudabatur laudabantur 



/ shall praise 
laudabo laudabimus 
laudabis laudabitis 
laudabit laudabunt 



Future 

/ shall be 
laudabor laudabimur 

laudaberis (-re) laudabiminl 
laudabitur laudabuntur 



VERBS 



295 



Perfect 
/ have praised, I praised I have been (or / was) ; 

laudavi laudavimus laudatus sum laudati sumus 

laudavisti laudavistis laudatus es laudati estis 

laudavit laudaverunt (-ere) laudatus est laudati sunt 

Pluperfect 
/ had praised I had been praised 

laudaveram laudaveramus laudatus eram laudati eramus 

laudaveras laudaveratis laudatus eras laudati eratis 

laudaverat laudaverant laudatus erat laudati erant 

Future Perfect 
I shall have praised I shall have been praised 

laudavero laudaverimus laudatus ero 

laudaveris laudaveritis laudatus eris 

laudaverit laudaverint laudatus erit 



laudati erimus 
laudati eritis 
laudati erunt 



30. 



Subjunctive 

Present 



I may praise l 

SINGULAR PLURAL 

laudem laudemus 

laudes laudetis 

laudet laudent 



I might praise x 
laudarem laudaremus 
laudares laudaretis 
laudaret laudarent 



/ may have praised x 
laudaverim laudaverimus 
laudaveris laudaveritis 
laudaverit laudaverint 



/ may be praised x 



SINGULAR PLURAL 

lauder laudemur 

lauderis (-re) laudeminl 
laudetur laudentur 

Imperfect 

I might be praised x 
laudarer laudaremur 

laudareris (-re) laudareminl 
laudaretur laudarentur 

Perfect 

I may have been praised * 
laudatus sim laudati simus 
laudatus sis laudati sitis 
laudatus sit laudati sint 



1 The translation of the subjunctive varies. 



296 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



Pluperfect 

/ should l have praised 2 J should 3 have been praised 2 

laudavissem laudavissemus laudatus essem laudati essemus 

laudavisses laudavissetis laudatus esses laudati essetis 

laudavisset laudavissent laudatus esset laudati essent 



31. 

lauda, praise thou 
laudate, praise ye 



laudato, thou shalt praise 
laudato, he shall praise 
laudatote, you shall praise 
laudanto, they shall praise 



Imperative 
Present 

laudare, be thou praised 
laudamini, be ye praised 

Future 

laudator, thou shalt be praised 
laudator, he shall be praised 

laudantor, they shall be praised 



32. 



Infinitive 



Pres. laudare, to praise 
Perf. laudavisse, to have 

praised 
Fut. laudaturus esse, to be 

about to praise 



laudari, to be praised 

laudatus esse, to have been 

praised 
laudatum Iri, to be about to be 



33. 

Pres. laudans, praising 

Fut. laudaturus about 
praise 
34. 



Gerund 

G. laudandi, of praising 

D. laud and 6, for praising 

Ac. laudandum, praising 

Ab. laudando, by praising 



Participles 

Perf. laudatus, having been 
praised 
to Fut. laudandus (Gerundive), to 
be praised 

Supine 
Ac. laudatum, to praise 



Ab. laudatu, to praise 



1 You, he, they would have praised. 

2 The translation of the subjunctive varies. 

3 You, he, they would have been praised. 



35. 



Pkincipal Parts 



VERBS 
SECOND CONJUGATION 



297 



fmoneo, monere, monui, monitum, advise 
[moneor, moneri, monitus sum, be advised 





ACTIVE » 


PASSIVE » 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Pres. 


moneo 


moneam 


moneor 


monear 




mones 


moneas 


moneris (-re) 


monearis (-re) 




monet 


moneat 


monetur 


moneatur 




monemus 


moneamus 


monemur 


moneamur 




monetis 


moneatis 


monemini 


moneamini 




monent 


moneant 


monentur 


moneantur 


Impf. 


monebam 


monerem 


monebar 


monerer 


Fut. 


monebo 




monebor 




Perf. 


monui 


monuerim 


monitus sum 


monitus sim 


Plup. 


monueram 


monuissem 


monitus eram 


monitus essem 


F. P. 


monuero 




monitus ero 





SINGULAR 

Pres. raone 2 

Fut. moneto 

moneto 



Imperative 

PLURAL 

monete 

monetote 

monento 

Infinitive 



Pres. monere 2 
Perf. monuisse 
Fut. moniturus esse 



SINGULAR 

monere 2 
monetor 
monetor 



moneri 
monitus esse 
monitum iri 



PLURAL 

monemini 



Participles 

Pres. monens Perf. monitus 

Fut. moniturus Fut. monendus (Gerundive) 

Gerund Supine 

monendi, etc. monitum, -u 

1 Omitted forms and meanings are like those of laudo. 

2 The meanings are as given in 31 and 32. 



298 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



36. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



^ -r, frego, regere rexl, rectum, rule 

Principal Parts _ _ 



regor, regi, rectus sum, 6e rwZed 





ACTIVE 




PASSIVE 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 




Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Pres. 


rego 


regam 




regor 


regar 




regis 


regas 




regeris (-re) 


regaris (-re) 




regit 


regat 




regitur 


regatur 




regimus 


regamus 




regimur 


regamur 




regitis 


regatis 




regimini 


regamini 




regunt 


regant 




reguntur 


regantur 


Impf. 


regebam 


regerem 




rege bar 


regerer 


Fut. 


regam 
reges 
reget, etc. 






regar 

regeris (-re) 
regetur, etc. 




Perf. 


rexl 


rexerim 




rectus sum 


rectus sim 


Plup. 


rexeram 


rexissem 




rectus eram 


rectus essem 


F. P. 


rexero 






rectus ero 








Imperative 




SINGULAR 


PLURAL 




SINGULAR 


PLURAL 


Pres. 


rege 


regite 




regere 


regimini 


Fut. 


regito 


regitote 




regitor 






regito 


regunto 




regitor 


reguntor 






Infinitive 






Pres. 


regere 






regi 




Perf. 


rexisse 






rectus esse 


Fut. 


recturus esse 




rectum iri 








Participles 




Pres. 


regens 




Perf 


'. rectus 




Fut. 


recturus 




Fut. 


regendus (Gerundive) 


Gerund 


Supine 








regendi, etc. 


rectum, -u 









VERBS 



299 



37. 



THIRD CONJUGATION IN -10 



Principal Parts 



[ capio, eapere, cepi, captum, take 



[capior, capi, eaptus sum, be taken 
The perfect and supine systems are regular; see rego. 



ACTIVE 




PASSIVE 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Pres. capio 


eapiam 


capior 


capiar 


capis 


capias 


caperis (-re) 


capiaris (-re) 


capit 


capiat 


capitur 


capiatur 


capimus 


capiamus 


capimur 


capiamur 


capitis 


capiatis 


capimini 


capiamini 


capiunt 


capiant 


capiuntur 


capiantur 


Impf. capiebam 


caperem 


capiebar 


caperer 


Fut. capiam 




capiar 




capies 




capieris (-re) 




capiet, etc. 




eapietur, etc. 






Imperative 




Pres. cape 


capite 


eapere capimini 


Fut. capito 


capitote 


capitor 


capito 


capiunto 


capitor capiuntor 




Infinitive 




Pres. eapere 




capi 






Participl 


es 




Pres. capiens 




Fut. capiendus (Gerundive) 


Gerund 








capiendi, etc. 









38. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION 



Principal Parts \ 



[ audio, audire, audivi, auditum, hear 



[audior, audiri, auditus sum, be heard 



300 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



ACTIVE 




PASSIVE 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Pees, audio 


audiam 


audior 


audiar 


audis 


audias 


audiris (-re) 


audiaris (-re) 


audit 


audiat 


auditur 


audiatur 


audimus 


audiamus 


audimur 


audiamur 


auditis 


audiatis 


audimini 


audiamini 


audiunt 


audiant 


audiuntur 


audiantur 


Impf. audiebam 


audirem 


audiebar 


audirer 


Fut. audiam 




audiar 




audies 




audieris (-re) 




audiet, etc. 




audietur, etc. 




Perf. audivi 


audiverim 


auditus sum 


auditus sim 


Plup. audiveram 


audivi ss em 


auditus eram 


auditus essem 


F. P. audivero 




auditus ero 






Imperative 




SINGULAR 


PLURAL 


SINGULAF, 


: PLURAL 



Pees, audi 
Fut. audito 
audlto 



audit e 

auditote 

audiunto 



audire 
auditor 
auditor 



audimini 



audiuntor 



Infinitive 



Pres. audire 
Perf. audlvisse 
Fut. audltiirus esse 



audiri 

auditus esse 
audltum iri 



Participles 



Pres. audiens 
Fut. audlturus 



Perf. auditus 

Fut. audiendus (Gerundive) 



Gerund Supine 

audiendi, etc. audltum, -u 



VERBS 



301 



39. ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 



Indicative 

Pres. laudaturus sum, 

to praise 
Impf. laudaturus eram 
Fut. laudaturus ero 
Perf. laudaturus fui 
Plup. laudaturus fueram 
F. P. laudaturus fuero 



/ am about Pres. 



Subjunctive 
laudaturus sim 



Impf. laudaturus essem 



Perf. 
Plup. 



laudaturus fuerim 
laudaturus fuissem 



Infinitive 

Pres. laudaturus esse 
Perf. laudaturus fuisse 

40. PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 



Subjunctive 
laudandus sim 

laudandus essem 

laudandus fuerim 
laudandus fuissem 





Indicative 


Pres. 


laudandus sum, / am to be Pres. 




praised, I have to be praised 


Impf. 


laudandus eram Impf. 


Fut. 


laudandus ero 


Perf. 


laudandus fui Perf. 


Plup. 


laudandus fueram Plup. 


F. P. 


laudandus fuero 




Infinitive 




Pres. laudandus esse 




Perf. laudandus fuisse 



41. 



DEPONENT VERBS 

Examples 



Conj. I. hortor, hortari, hortatus sum, exhort 

Conj. II. vereor, vereri, veritus sum, fear 

Conj. III. sequor, sequi, secfitus sum, follow 1 

Conj. IV. potior, potiri, potitus sum, become master of 



1 Pres. indie. : 
sequuntur. 



sequor, sequeris, seqmtur, sequimur, sequimini, 



302 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



In the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative, these verbs 
are conjugated like the passive of regular verbs. All the forms, 
except the gerundive, are active in meaning. 





Imperative 




■s. hortare 


verere sequere 


potlre 


hortator 


veretor sequitor 


potltor 



Infinitive 
Pres. hortari vererl sequi potlri 

Perf. hortatus esse veritus esse secutus esse potitus esse 
Fut. hortattirus esse verittirus esse seciiturus esse potiturus esse 







Participles 




Pres. 


hortans 


verens sequens 


potiens 


Fut. 


hortattirus 


verittirus seciiturus 


potiturus 


Perf. 


hortatus 


veritus secutus 


potitus 



Ger. hortandus 



hortandi 



hortatum 



verendus sequendus potiendus 

Gerund 
verendi sequendi potiendi 

Supine 

veritum sectitum potltum 



42. There are four semi-deponent verbs, having the active 
form in the present system, but the passive in the perfect system, 
with the active meaning throughout: audeo, audere, ausus sum, 
dare; gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, rejoice; soleo, solere, soli- 
tus sum, be accustomed; fido, fidere, fisus sum, trust. 



43. IRREGULAR VERBS 

Principal Parts: sum, esse, fui, futurus 
Indicative Subjunctive 

Present Present 

I am I may be l 

1 The translation of the subjunctive varies. 



VERBS 



303 



SINGULAR 



sumus 

estis 

sunt 



sim 

SIS 

sit 



simus 

sitis 

sint 



Imperfect 
/ was 



Imperfect 
/ might be 1 



eram 
eras 

erat 



eramus 

eratis 

erant 



essemus 

essetis 

essent 



Future 
/ shall be 



ero 
eris 
erit 



erimus 

eritis 

erunt 



Perfect 
/ have been, I was 



ful 

fuisti 

fuit 



fuimus 
fuistis 



Perfect 
/ may have been * 
fuerim fuerimus 



fueris 



fuerunt (-ere) fuerit 



fueritis 
fuerint 



Pluperfect 
/ had been 



Pluperfect 
/ should have been x 



fueram 

fueras 

fuerat 



fueramus 

fueratis 

fuerant 



fuissem 

fuisses 

fuisset 



fuissemus 

fuissetis 

fuissent 



fuero 
fueris 
fuerit 



Future Perfect 
/ shall have been 

fuerimus 



fueritis 
fuerint 



1 The translation of the subjunctive varies. 



304 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



Imperative 



SINGULAR 



Pres. 



, be thou 



Fut. esto, thou shalt 
be 
est5, he shall 
be 



PLURAL 

este, be ye 

estote, ye shall 

be 
sunto, they shall 

be 



Infinitive 

Pres. esse, to be 
Perf. fuisse, to have 

been 
Fut. futurus esse, to 

be about to be 



44. 



Participle 
futurus, about to be 
Principal Parts: possum, posse, potui, be able. 



Indicative 



Pres. possum, potes, potest 
possumus, potestis, 

possunt 
Impf. poteram 
Fut. potero 
Perf. potui 
Plup. potueram 
F. P. potuero 

Infinitive 
Pres. posse 
Perf. potuisse 



Subjunctive 
Pres. possim, possis, etc. 

Impf. possem, posses, etc. 

Perf. potuerim 
Plup. potuissem 

Participle 
Pres. potens (adj.) 



45. Principal Parts: fio, fieri, f actus sum, be made, be done. 



Indicative 

Pres. fio, fls, fit 

fimus, fitis, flunt 
Impf. flebam 
Fut. flam, fies, etc. 
Perf. factus sum 
Plup. factus eram 
F. P. factus ero 

Imperative 

Pres. fi, fite 



Subjunctive 

Pres. flam, flas, etc. 

Impf. fierem 

Perf. factus sim 
Plup. factus essem 

Participles 

Perf. factus 

Fut. faciendus (Gerundive) 



VERBS 



305 



Infinitive 
Pres. fieri Perf. factus esse Fut. factum irl 

46. Principal Parts : eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum, go. 

Subjunctive 



Indicative 

Pres. eo, is, it, 

imus, itis, eunt 
Impf. ibam 
Put. ibo 
Perf. ii, isti, iit (it) 

iimus, istis, ierunt (-re) 
Plup. ieram 
F. P. iero 

Imperative 
Pres. i, ite 
Fut. ito, itote 
ito, eunto 

Infinitive 
Pres. ire 
Perf. isse 
Fut. itiirus esse 



Pres. earn 

Impf. irem 

Perf. ierim 

Plup. issem 

Participles 

Pres. iens (Gen. euntis) 

Fut. itiirus 



eundi, etc. 



itum -u 



Gerund 



Supine 



._ ^ -p, r fero, ferre, tuh, latum, bear 

47. Principal Parts :< . *-,-,. 7 

I f eror, fern, latus sum, be 



ACTIVE 


PASS 


IVE 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Pres. fero 


feram 


feror 


ferar 


fers 


feras 


ferris 


feraris (-re) 


fert 


ferat 


fertur 


feratur 


ferimus 


feramus 


ferimur 


feramur 


fertis 


feratis 


ferimini 


feramini 


ferunt 


ferant 


feruntur 


ferantur 


Impf. ferebam 


ferrem 


ferebar 


ferrer 


Fut. feram 




ferar 




Perf. tuli 


tulerim 


latus sum 


latus sim 


Plup. tuleram 


tulissem 


latus eram 


latus essem 


F. P. tulero 




latus ero 





306 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 







Imperative 


Pres. 


fer, ferte 


ferre, ferimini 


Fut. 


ferto, fer tote 


fertor 




ferto, ferunto 


fertor, feruntor 
Infinitive 


Pres. 


ferre 


ferri 


Perf. 


tulisse 


latus esse 


Fut. 


latiirus esse 


latum iri 
Participles 


Pres. 


ferens 


Perf. latus 


Fut. 


latiirus 


Fut. ferendus {Gerundive) 


Gerund Supine 




ferendi, etc. latum, -u 





{volo, velle, volui, be willing, wish. 
nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling. 
malo, malle, malui, prefer. 







Indicative 




Pres. 


vol5 


nolo 


malo 




vis 


non vis 


mavis 




vult (volt) 


non vult 


mavult 




volumus 


nolumus 


malumus 




vultis (voltis) 


non vultis 


mavultis 




volunt 


nolunt 


malunt 


Impf. 


volebam 


nolebam 


malebam 


Fut. 


volam, voles, etc. 


nolam 


malam 


Perf. 


volui 


nolui 


malui 


Plup. 


volueram 


nolueram 


malueram 


F. P. 


voluero 


noluero 
Subjunctive 


maluero 


Pres. 


velim, veils, etc. 


nolim 


malim 


Impf. 


vellem, velles, etc. 


nollem 


mallem 


Perf. 


voluerim 


noluerim 


maluerim 


Plup. 


voluissem 


noluissem 


maluissem 



VERBS 



307 









Imperative 






Pres. 


noli 




nollte 




Fut. 


nolito 
nolito 


Infinitive 


nolitote 
nolunto 


Pres. 


velle 




nolle 


malle 


Perf. 


voluisse 




noluisse 
Participle 


maluisse 


Pres. 


volens 




nolens 





49. do, dare, dedi, datum, give, is conjugated like the verbs 
of the first conjugation, but the stem vowel a is short in all 
forms except the second person singular of the present active 
indicative and imperative (das, da), and the nominative singular 
of the present participle (dans). 



50. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS 
Indicative 



Perf. 


coepl, I began 


meminl, / remem- 
ber 


odl, / hate 


Plup. 


coeperam 


memineram, I remem- 
bered 


oderam, I hated 


F. P. 


coepero 


meminero, I shall re- 
member 

Subjunctive 


odero, / shall hate 


Perf. 


coeperim 


meminerim 


oderim 


Plup. 


coepissem 


meminissem 
Imperative 


odissem 




SINGULAR 




PLURAL 




memento 


Infinitive 


mementote 


Perf. 


coepisse 


meminisse 


odisse 


Fut. 


coeptiirus esse 




ostirus esse 



308 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 





Participles 




Perf. coeptus, begun 




osus 


Fut. coepturus 




ostirus 



51. The defective verb inquam, saij, introduces direct quota- 
tions. It has the following forms, but only the first three are in 
common use. 

Indicative 

Pres. inquam inquis inquit inquimus inquitis inquiunt 

Imp. inquiebat 

Fut. inquies inquiet 

Perf. inquil inquisti inquit 

Imperative 
Pres. inque Fut. inquito 

62. IMPERSONAL VERBS 

Principal Parts: licet, licere, licuit (licitum est) it is allowed. 

Indicative Subjunctive 

Pres. licet liceat 

Impf. licebat liceret 

Fut. licebit 

Perf. licuit (licitum est) licuerit (licitum sit) 

Plup. licuerat (licitum erat) licuisset (licitum esset) 

F. P. licuerit (licitum erit) 

Infinitive 
licere, licuisse, liciturum esse 

PART II. THE FORMATION OF WORDS 

53. Root. — A root is a monosyllable which contains the funda- 
mental meaning of a word. Thus due- implies the idea of lead- 
ing in the noun dux and in the verb duco. A root may vary in 
quantity or in spelling, as due-, due- (in duco, dux) ; teg-, tog- 
(in tego, toga). 

54. Stem. — A stem is a fixed part of an inflected word. In 
some words it is the same as the root, as in dux (duc-s), in which 



NOUNS. PRIMARY DERIVATIVES 309 

the stem and the root are both due-. In others the stem is the 
root with one or more added letters, as in duc-e-, the stem of 
duco, and in flu-min-, the stem of flumen. 

55. Suffix. — A suffix is one or more letters added to a root 
or to a stem, to modify the meaning. Thus -tor is the suffix 
added to the root due-, to make ductor, a leader; but added to the 
stem audi-, to make auditor, a hearer. 

56. Prefix. — A prefix is one or more letters joined to the 
beginning of a word to modify its meaning : ab-duco, I lead away. 

57. Word Formation. — Word formation treats of the deriva- 
tion of words from roots or stems by the use of suffixes and pre- 
fixes. 

58. Derivative Words. — A word formed from a root or a verb- 
stem is called a primary derivative : vic-tor, victor. A word de- 
rived from a noun-stem or an adjective-stem is called a second- 
ary derivative : victor-ia, victory. 

NOUNS: PRIMARY DERIVATIVES 1 

59. The suffixes -tor, -sor, form nouns denoting the agent or 
doer: orator, one who speaks (oro) ; defen-sor, one who defends 
(defendo). 

(a) gladia-tor, one who uses the sword, is probably from the stem 
of an obsolete verb. 

(6) Other suffixes denoting agency are seen in scrib-a, col-onus 
pa-ter (one who protects). 

60. The suffixes -io, -sio, -tio, -sus, -tus (gen. us), -tura, 
-ina, -ium form nouns denoting action or, concretely, the result 
of action : leg-io, a levying, a legion (lego) ; incen-sio, a setting 
fire to (incendo) ; ora-tio, a speaking (oro) ; vi-sus, a looking, act 
of seeing (video) ; adven-tus, a coming to, approach (advenio) ; 
iac-tura, a throwing (iacio) ; rap-ina, act of robbery (rapio) ; 
gaud-ium, joy (gaudeo). 

Note. — In general, nouns denoting action are primarily ab- 
stract, but often become concrete, that is, they lose the idea of 
action and come to denote the result, the means, or the place of 
action. 

61. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -monia, -monium form 
nouns denoting action, the means, or the result of action : ag-men, 
that which is led (ago) ; flu-men, a flowing (fluo) ; orna-mentum, 

1 Some of the less common suffixes are omitted. 



310 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

that which adorns (drno) ; detri-mentum, that which is worn away, 
loss (detero) ; queri-monia, a complaining (queror) ; testi- 
monium, evidence (testor). 

62. The suffixes -brum, -crum, -trum, -ulum, -bulum, -culum, 
-bra, -ula, -bula, etc., form nouns denoting the means, the instru- 
ment, or the place: delu-brum, a place of cleansing, a temple 
(deluo) ; simula-crum, a likeness (simulo) ; vinc-ulum, a bond 
(vincio) ; pa-bulum, that which nourishes (pa-, nourish) ; guber- 
na-culum, a helm (guberno) ; late-bra, a hiding-place (lateo). 

63. The suffix -or forms masculine abstract nouns denoting a 
mental state: am-or, love (amo) ; tim-or, fear (timeo). 

NOUNS: SECONDARY DERIVATIVES 

64. The suffixes -lus, -la, -lum, -ulus, -cuius, etc., form nouns 
called diminutives. These words follow the gender of the words 
from which they are derived : libel-lus, little book (liber) ; tabel-la, 
small board, tablet (tabula) ; lect-ulus, little couch (lectus). 

65. The suffixes -tas, -tus, -tudo, -ia, -tia, -ium, -tium form 
abstract nouns denoting quality or condition : boni-tas, goodness 
(bonus) ; vir-tus, manliness (vir) ; audac-ia, boldness (audax) ; 
amici-tia, friendship (amicus) ; servi-tium, slavery (servus). 

66. The suffix -ium is much used in both primary (60) and 
secondary (65) derivatives. The following secondary derivatives 
denote action : auspic-ium, augury (auspex) ; remig-ium, rowing 
(remex). 

67. The suffix -arius added to a noun-stem denotes a dealer or 
maker; -arium, the place where things are kept : falc-arius, scythe- 
maker (falx) ; tabul-arium, record-office (tabula). 

68. The suffixes -o, -lis, -nus (gen., -i) added to a noun-stem 
may denote the person concerned, frequently an officer : cen- 
turi-6, commander of a century (centuria) ; aedi-lis, commissioner 
of buildings (aedes) ; tribu-nus, head of a tribe (tribus). 

69. The suffixes -atus, -ura, added to the stem of a personal 
name, denote office; -Ina, an art: consul-atus, office of consul 
(consul) ; praefect-ura, office of commander (praefectus) ; 
medic-ina, the healing art (medicus). 

ADJECTIVES: PRIMARY DERIVATIVES 

70. The suffixes -ax, -icus, -idus, -ulus form adjectives, chiefly 
with the meaning of the present participle : aud-ax, daring 



DERIVATION OF VERBS 311 

(audeo) ; am-icus, loving, friendly (amo) ; tim-idus, fearful, 
timid (timeo) ; cred-ulus, quick to believe (credo). 

71. The suffixes -ilis, -bilis, -tivus form adjectives, chiefly with 
a passive meaning, sometimes denoting capability: fac-ilis, that 
may be done, easy (facio) ; credi-bilis, that may be believed (credo) ; 
cap-tivus, captured (capio). 

ADJECTIVES: SECONDARY DERIVATIVES 

72. Adjectives meaning belonging to, relating to, derived from, 
are formed with the following suffixes : -cus, -icus, -ticus ; -ius, 
-icius ; -nus, -anus, -enus, -inus ; -alis, -elis, -ilis, -ulis ; -aris, 
-arius ; -ivus, -timus ; -ensis ; -cer, -cris, -ter, -tris, -ester, 
-estris, -estis : bell-icus, of war (bellum) ; frater-nus, of a 
brother (frater) ; reg-alis, of a king (rex) ; consul-aris, of a con- 
sul (consul) ; mari-timus, of the sea (mare) ; agr-estis, of the 
field (ager). 

73. The suffixes -osus, -lentus, -tus form adjectives meaning 
fidl of, provided with : pericul-osus, full of danger, dangerous 
(periculum) ; turbu-lentus, disorderly (turba) ; hones-tus, 
honorable (honor) ; iiis-tus, just (ius). 

74. The suffix -eus forms adjectives denoting material; 
idus, denoting state or condition: argent-eus, made of silver 
(argentum) ; luc-idus, bright (lux). 

75. The suffixes -anus, -enus, -inus, -icus, -ius, -ensis, form 
adjectives denoting place of origin : Rom-anus, of Rome (Roma) ; 
Ital-icus, Italian (Italia) ; Athen-i-ensis, of Athens (Athenae). 

76. The suffixes -ernus, -urnus, -tinus form adjectives from 
nouns or adverbs denoting time: hodi-ernus, of this day (hodie) ; 
noct-urnus, at night (nox) ; cras-tinus, of to-morrow (eras). 

DERIVATION OF VERBS 

77. Primary Verbs. — Some verbs are derived from roots, 
either directly or by the addition of a vowel. In this class are 
most verbs of the third conjugation and irregular verbs : reg-e-re, 
es-se, i-re, fer-re, vel-le, da-re. Others are formed from nouns, 
adjectives, or other verbs. 

78. Denominative Verbs. — Verbs derived from nouns or 
adjectives are called denominative : liber-6, set free (liber) ; 
nomin-6, name (nomen) ; flor-eo, bloom (flos, flower) ; met-ud 
fear (metus) ; fin-io, put an end to (finis). 



312 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

79. Verbs Derived from Verbs. — These include : 

(a) Frequentative or intensive verbs, denoting repeated or 
intense action. They are of the first conjugation, and end in 
-to, -so, -ito, -tito, -sito : iac-to, toss (iacio) ; ag-ito, move vio- 
lently (ago) ; cur-so, run about (curro). 

(b) Inceptive or inchoative verbs, denoting the beginning of an 
action. These end in -sco, and are added to present stems : 
hebe-sco, grow dull (hebeo, be didl). 

Note. — Some verbs of this class apparently come from nouns 
or adjectives : advesperascit, evening approaches (vesper) ; 
inveterasco, grow old (vetus). 

(c) Causative verbs, signifying a causing to act : caedo, cause 
to fall (cado, fall) ; fugo, put to flight (fugio, flee) ; sisto, cause to 
stand (sto, stand). 

DERIVATION OF ADVERBS 

80. Adverbs are derived chiefly from adjectives, nouns, or 
pronouns. 

81. Adverbs in -e are formed from adjectives of the second 
declension : late, widely (latus). In bene and male, -e is short. 

82. Adverbs in -ter (-iter) are formed chiefly from adjectives 
of the third declension : gravi-ter, heavily (gravis). 

83. Adverbs in -am, -em, -im, -um, and some in -e are the 
accusative singular of nouns or adjectives ; those in -a, -as are 
the accusative plural : quam, vicem, partim, multum, facile, cet- 
era, alias. 

84. Adverbs in -a, -6, -6, and some in -e, -e, are the ablative 
singular of adjectives, nouns, or pronouns : recta, primo, modo, 
forte, hodie. 

85. Adverbs in -tus (-itus) are formed from nouns or adjec- 
tives and denote source or time : antiquitus, anciently (antiquus) ; 
divinitus, by divine favor (divinus). 

COMPOUND WORDS 

86. Compound words are formed by the union of simple 
words. 

(a) Nouns : agri-cola, tiller of a field, farmer ; arti-fex, master of 
an art (ars, facio) ; bene-volentia, good-will ; inter-regnum, in- 
terval between two reigns; res-publica, commonwealth. 



SYNTAX 313 

(6) Adjectives : omni-potens, almighty; parti-ceps, partaking, 
sharing (pars, capio) ; vene-ficus, poisoning (venerium, facio). 

(c) Verbs : ab-eo, go away; anim-ad-vertd, turn attention to, 
observe; prae-dico, foretell; satis-facio, make amends (do enough 
for) ; ven-eo, go to sale, be sold (venum, eo). 

(d) Adverbs : ad-huc, hitherto; postri-die, the next day. 

87. Prefixes. — The prefixes of compound words are the fol- 
lowing : 

a, ab, abs, away, off, without. ob, before, against. 

ad, to, toward, near. per, through, thoroughly. 

ambi-, around. post, after, behind. 

ante, before. prae, before. 

circum, around, about. praeter, beside. 

com-, con-, co-, together. pro, pro, por, forth, before, for. 

de, away. re-, red-, back. 

dis-, di-, apart. se-, sed-, apart. 

e, ex, out, without. sub, under. 

in, in, into, against; not. subter, beneath. 

inter, between. super, supra, over. 

intro, within. trans, across. 



PART III. SYNTAX 

88. Questions. — Questions, in Latin, may be introduced by 
an interrogative pronoun, interrogative adjective, or interroga- 
tive adverb, especially -ne, nonne, num. Nonne implies the 
answer yes; num, the answer no: -ne is an enclitic, attached to 
the first word of the question, and implies nothing about the 
answer. 

1. quis te salutavit ? who saluted you? Cat. I. 7. 

2. quanta in voluptate bacchabere ? in what pleasure will you 
revel f Cat. I. 10. 

3. quid taces ? why are you silent? Cat. I. 4. 

4. mosne maiorum (te impedit) ? does the custom of our an- 
cestors hinder you? Cat. I. 11. 

5. nonne hunc in vincula duel imperabis ? will you not order 
him to be put into prison? Cat. I. 11. 

6. num negare audes ? you dare not deny, do you ? Cat. 1. 4. 



314 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

a. -ne is sometimes used for nonne or num, when the answer 
is understood : potestne tibi haec lux esse iucunda ?■ can this 
light of day be pleasant to you? Cat. I. 6 (answer " no "). 

b. Tandem or the enclitic -nam are sometimes used to empha- 
size a question: quo usque tandem? how far, pray? Cat. I. 1. 

c. Questions are sometimes expressed without an interroga- 
tive word : patere tua consilia non sentis ? do you not see that 
your plots are exposed? Cat. I. 1. 

d. For indicative questions see 184 ; for subjunctive questions 
see 201 ; for questions in indirect discourse see 215, d. 

89. Alternative or Double Questions. — These inquire which 
of two or more suppositions is true. The first member begins 
with utrum, -ne, whether, or without an introductory word ; the 
second member begins with an, or, negative annon, or not: 
utrum is clemens an inhumanissimus esse videatur, whether he 
would appear to be mild or most inhuman; Cat. IV. 6. 

a. Necne, or not, may be used instead of an non in the second 
member of a double indirect question (202) : quaesivi in conventu 
fuisset necne, / asked whether he had been at the meeting or not; 
Cat. II. 6. 

b. An may introduce a single question, being equivalent to -ne, 
nonne, or num, with added surprise or emphasis upon a preceding 
statement : an Scipio Gracchum interfecit ? did not Scipio kill 
Gracchus? Cat. I. 1. 

90. Rhetorical Question. — A rhetorical question is one whose 
answer is self-evident, and is put by way of emphasis for a 
declarative statement: quis dubitat ? who doubts? (= nobody 
doubts). 

91. Answers. — The answer " yes " is expressed by repeating 
the verb or another emphatic word, or by vero, etiam, ita, certe, 
etc. The answer " no " is expressed by repeating the verb with 
non, or by non minime, etc., without a verb. 

NOUNS 

92. Agreement. — A noun used as an appositive or predicate of 
another noun or pronoun agrees with it in case : Opimius, consul, 
Opimius the consul; Cat. I. 2; viro forti, collegae meo, to a 
brave man, my colleague; Cat. III. 6. 



NOUNS 315 

Nominative Case 

A noun in the nominative case may be used as follows : — 

93. Subject of a finite verb : senatus haec intellegit, the Senate 
knows these things; Cat. I. 1. 

94. Subject of an " historical " infinitive (213) : Caesar 
frumentum flagitare, Caesar kept demanding grain. 

95. Predicate nominative, after 

a. The intransitive verbs be, become, seem, etc. : patria, quae 
est parens omnium, our country, which is the parent of all; Cat. I. 7. 

6. The passive verbs be made, be called, be chosen, etc. : habea- 
tur vir egregius Paulus, let Paulus be regarded as an extraordinary 
man; Cat. IV. 10. 

Vocative Case 

96. The name of the person or thing addressed is put in the 
vocative case. This is spelled like the nominative except in the 
singular of -us nouns of the second declension, which have the 
vocative in -e : quo usque abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? 
how long, Catiline, will you abuse our patience? Cat. I. 1. 

a. Filius and proper names in -ius form the vocative singular 
in -i : fill, son; Marce Tulli, quid agis? Marcus Tullius, what are 
you doing? Cat. I. 11. 

Genitive Case 
The genitive case is used with nouns, adjectives, and verbs. 

A. Genitive with Nouns 

97. Possessive genitive, denoting the possessor: ex aedibus 
Cethegi, from the house of Cethegus; Cat. III. 3. 

98. Subjective genitive, denoting the agent or subject of an 
action or feeling implied by another noun : deorum erga vos 
amore, with the love of the gods for you; Cat. III. 1. 

99. Objective genitive, denoting the object of an action or feel- 
ing implied by another noun : invidiae metus, the fear of unpopu- 
larity ; Cat. I. 11. 

100. Descriptive genitive, used to describe another noun. In 
this use the genitive is modified by an adjective or pronoun : 
hiiius modi consultum, a decree of this kind; Cat. I. 2. 

101. Genitive of material, denoting the material of which some- 
thing consists ; talentum auri, a talent of gold. 



316 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

102. Appositional genitive, having the force of an appositive : 
hoc poetae nomen, this name of poet; Ar. 8. 

103. Genitive of the whole, depending on a word denoting a 
part. The word denoting the part may be a noun, a pronoun 
(indefinite or interrogative), an adjective (numeral, comparative, 
or superlative), or an adverb (denoting quantity or place) : 
quid consili? what plan? Cat. I. 1; ubinam gentium? where 
in the world? Cat. I. 4. 

a. The ablative with de or ex may be used instead of the 
genitive of the whole, especially after cardinal numerals : unus ex 
istis, the only one of these; Cat. III. 7. 

B. Genitive with Adjectives 

104. The objective genitive is used with adjectives denoting 
desire, knowledge, memory, fullness, participation, or their oppo- 
site : plenissimum navium, very full of ships ; P. 12. 

a. For the genitive with proprius, similis, see 119 a, b. 

C. Genitive with Verbs 

105. With verbs of accusing, acquitting, condemning, a genitive 
is used to denote the charge : me inertiae condemno, / find 
myself guilty of inactivity ; Cat. I. 2. 

106. The impersonal verbs of feeling, miseret, paenitet, piget, 
pudet, and taedet, take an accusative of the person concerned, 
and a genitive of that which causes the feeling : me meorum fac- 
torum paenitebit, / shall repent of my deeds (lit. it will repent 
me of) ; Cat. IV. 10. 

107. Interest and refert take the genitive of the person or 
thing concerned, if expressed by a noun, but the ablative feminine 
singular of the possessive, if expressed by a pronoun. The degree 
of interest is expressed by the genitive of value or by an adverb : 
parvi refert, it matters little ; P. 7. mea quid interest, what is for 
my interest; Cat. IV. 5. 

108. Verbs of memory, memini, obliviscor, reminiscor, take 
the genitive or accusative. If the object is a person, obliviscor 
takes the genitive only, and reminiscor the accusative only : 
obliviscere caedis, forget murder; Cat. I. 3. 

109. The genitive is sometimes used with potior (147) ; rerum 
potiri, to get control of affairs ; Cat. II. 9. 



NOUNS 317 

110. With est and verbs of value, the genitive adjectives 
magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, pluris, plurimi, denote indefinite 
value : est tanti, it is of such value, it is worth while; Cat. I. 9. 

111. Predicate Genitive. — A possessive or descriptive geni- 
tive may be used in the predicate : unum genus est eorum, one 
class consists of those men; Cat. II. 8 ; est sapientiae, it is the 
part of (belongs to) wisdom; P. 7. 

Dative Case 

The uses of the dative case are as follows : — 

112. Dative of indirect object, 

a. With transitive verbs : (tabellas) ostendimus Cethego, we 
showed the tablets to Cethegus; Cat. III. 5. 

6. With intransitive verbs meaning favor, help, please, trust, 
and their opposites ; believe, persuade, command, obey, serve, 
resist; envy, threaten, pardon, spare: huic urbi minitantem, 
threatening this city; Cat. II. 1. mihi credite, believe me, Cat. 
II. 7. 

Note 1. — Some verbs of these meanings are transitive and 
govern the accusative, as delecto, iubed, iuvo, laedo. 

Note 2. — In the passive these verbs are used only imper- 
sonally (172, b) : mihi nihil noceri potest, in no way can harm be 
done to me; Cat. III. 12. 

c. With some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, de, in, 
inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super : cui adulescentulo facem 
praetulisti, before what young man have you carried a torch f 
Cat. I. 6. 

d. With verbs compounded with satis, bene, and male : 
satis facere rei publicae, to satisfy (do enough for) the state; 
Cat. I. 1. 

113. Dative of separation, with verbs meaning take away, 
used of words denoting persons : hunc mihi timorem eripe, take 
away this fear from me; Cat. I. 7. 

114. Dative of purpose or tendency, denoting the purpose for 
which anything is done, or the object toward which anything 
tends : eos qui fructui sunt, those who are (for) a source of income; 
P. 6. 

a. The dative of purpose is often used in connection with the 
dative of reference (115) : eos qui vobis fructui sunt, those who 
are (for) a source of income to you; P. 6. 



318 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

115. Dative of reference, denoting the person or thing con- 
cerned by the action : tibi unl vexatio sociorum impunita fuit 
(for) in the case of you alone the harassing of our allies has been 
unpunished; Cat. I. 7. 

a. The dative of reference may be equivalent to a possessive 
genitive or adjective : tibi manibus, from your hands; Cat. I. 6. 

b. The dative of personal pronouns, mihi, tibi, etc., is often 
used with expressions of emotion, interest, surprise, or derision. 
This is called the ethical dative or dative of feeling. It is in 
reality a dative of reference : Tongilium mihi eduxit, bless me, 
he did take along Tongilius; Cat. II. 2. 

116. Dative of the agent, used with a passive periphrastic form, 
or with a perfect participle : erit verendum mihi, / shall have to 
fear; Cat. I. 2. tibi constituti fuerunt, they have been designated 
by you; Cat. I. 7. 

117. Dative of the possessor, used with forms of sum : est 
vobis auctor, you have (as) an authority; P. 23. 

118. Dative with personal nouns, instead of the genitive : 
nullus est portis custos, there is no guard for the gates; Cat. II. 12. 

119. Dative with adjectives meaning near, like, fit, sufficient, 
acceptable, friendly: proximi Germanis, next to the Germans; 
B.G. I. 1. 

a. Similis may take the genitive instead of the dative, espe- 
cially of words denoting persons : tui similis, like you (the like of 
you) ; Cat. I. 2. 

b. Proprius may take a possessive genitive instead of the 
dative : huius imperi proprium, characteristic of this authority; 
Cat. I. 5. 

Accusative Case 

The uses of the accusative case are as follows : — 

120. Direct object of a transitive verb : ducem hostium vidi- 
mus, we see the leader of the enemy; Cat. I. 2. 

121. Secondary Object. — Some verbs meaning ask, demand, 
teach, or conceal, may take two objects, one of the person (direct 
object), the other of the thing (secondary object) : hos sententiam 
rogo, i" ask them their opinion; Cat. I. 4. id quod nos Mithri- 
dates docuit, what Mithridates taught us; P. 7. In the passive 
construction these verbs retain the secondary object in the 
accusative. 

Note. — The verbs so used are oro, posco, rogo, interrogo, 



NOUNS 319 

flagito, postulo, doceo, celo. Peto always takes ab with the abla- 
tive of the person asked, and quaero takes ab, de, or ex. Posco, 
flagito, and postulo may take ab ; interrogo, quaero, may take 
de and the ablative of the thing asked about, instead of the 
direct accusative. 

122. Predicate Accusative. — The verbs make, call, choose, 
regard, show, etc., may take two accusatives, one of the direct 
object, the other a predicate accusative : quern Statorem nomi- 
namus, whom we call protector; Cat. I. 13. In the passive these 
verbs take a predicate nominative (95), instead of the predicate 
accusative of the active construction. 

a. Certain infinitives like esse, with a subject accusative, may 
take a predicate accusative in agreement with the subject : 
quern esse hostem comperisti, whom you have learned to be an 
enemy; Cat. I. 11. 

123. Subject of an Infinitive. — The accusative is used as the 
subject of any infinitive except an historical infinitive (213) : 
si te interfici iussero, if I shall order you to be put to death; Cat. I. 5. 

124. Object of Certain Prepositions. — For these prepositions 
see 231. 

125. An accusative may follow the adjectives propior, proxi- 
mus, and the adverbs propius, proxime, pridie : pridie Kalendas, 
the day before the Calends; Cat. I. 6. 

126. Accusative of place to which, with ad, in, or sub : ut te ad 
portas prosequantur, to follow you to the gates; Cat. I. 8. 

a. A preposition is not used with the accusative of the names 
of towns, small islands, domus, or rus, but names of towns may 
take ad when it means towards, or near to : se Massiliam conf eret, 
he will go to Massilia; Cat. II. 6. 

127. Accusative denoting duration of time or extent of space : 
domicilium Romae multos annos habuit, he had a residence at 
Rome many years; (Ar.) 4. 

a. The preposition per is sometimes used with the accusative 
of duration : per decern dies ; Cat. III. 8. 

128. Cognate Accusative. — A verb may take the accusative of 
a noun having a meaning similar to its own. Such an accusative 
is called cognate; cum tridui viam processisset, when he had gone 
forward a three days' journey; B. G. I. 38. 

129. Adverbial Accusative. — An accusative, chiefly of neuter 
pronouns and adjectives, may be used as an adverb : quid 
taces, why are you silent? Cat. I. 4. 



320 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

130. Accusative of Exclamation. — The accusative is used in 
exclamations : O tempora ! the times! Cat. I. 1. 

Ablative Case 

131. The ivith-QSbse was originally the instrumental, them-case 
was the locative, and the /rora-case was the ablative. As the 
instrumental and the locative passed out of use, the ablative 
absorbed their functions. 

The uses of the ablative are as follows : — 

132. As the object of certain prepositions. For these preposi- 
tions see 231. 

133. Ablative of separation, with or without ab, de, or ex. 
A preposition is generally used with words denoting persons. A 
preposition is generally omitted with verbs of figurative separa- 
tion, free, relieve, deprive: 1 cura relevatus, relieved of care; Cat. I. 
13 ; dum modo a vobis periculum depellatur, provided the danger 
be removed from you; Cat. II. 7. 

a. This includes the ablative of place from which, generally 
used with ab, de, or ex : exire ex urbe, to go out of the city; Cat. I. 
5. 

6. With the ablative of the names of towns, small islands, 
domus, and rus, the preposition is not used, except in the mean- 
ing from the neighborhood of: Roma prof ectus est, he went away 
from Rome; Cat. II. 7. a Brundisio, from (the port of) Brun- 
disium; P. 12. 

134. Ablative of source or parentage. Ex or ab is sometimes 
used, especially with pronouns : summo nati loco, born of the 
highest rank; Cat. IV. 8. 

a. Ablative of material, with ex or de : exercitum collectum 
ex senibus, an army composed of old men, Cat. II. 3. 

135. Ablative of agent, with ab, denoting the person by whom 
the action of a passive verb is done : dictae sunt a principibus 
sententiae, opinions were expressed by the chief men; Cat. III. 6. 

136. Ablative of accordance, denoting that in accordance with 
which something is done. The preposition, if used, is de or ex : 
iudicio senatus, according to the decision of the senate, Cat. III. 6. 

137. Ablative of comparison, following a comparative adjec- 
tive or adverb when quam, than, is not used : patria mihi vita 
mea carior, my country, dearer to me than my life; Cat. I. 11. 

1 abdico, exuo, levo, libero, prlvo, solvo, spolio. 



NOUNS 321 

a. Quam is used when the first of the words compared is in the 
genitive, dative, or ablative, and may be used when the first is in 
the nominative or accusative. If quam is used, the two words 
compared are in the same case. 

b. Amplius, longius, plus, or minus, may be used without 
affecting the case of the following noun : amplius pedum mille 
sexcentorum, more than 1600 feet; B.G. I. 38. 

138. Ablative of accompaniment, with cum : occisus est cum 
liberis Fulvius, Fulvius was killed together with his children; Cat. 
1.2. 

a. Cum may be omitted in military phrases, when the noun is 
modified by any adjective except a numeral : pedestribus 
copiis, with the infantry; B. G. III. 11. 

139. Ablative of manner, with or without cum : magno cum 
strepitu egressi, having gone out with great uproar; B. G. II. 11 ; 
aequo animo moriar, / shall die with a calm mind; Cat. IV. 2. 

140. Ablative of attendant circumstance, expressing the situa- 
tion or circumstance of an action. The preposition, if used, is 
cum : hisce 6 minibus, with these omens; cum summa salute, to 
(with) the highest welfare; Cat. I. 13. 

141. Ablative of means or instrument, without a preposition : 
nox tenebris obscurare non potest, night with its darkness cannot 
conceal; Cat. I. 3. 

142 . Ablative of cause or reason, generally without a preposition : 
confessionibus suis, because of his own confessions ; Cat. III. 6. 

143. Ablative of description, denoting quality or characteristic. 
This ablative is always modified by an adjective or genitive : 
litterae eadem ratione, letters of the same character, Cat. III. 5. 

144. Ablative of specification, denoting that in respect to 
which anything is or is done : impudentia, qua superabat omnes, 
his impudence, in which he surpassed all men; Cat. III. 5. 

145. Ablative of degree of difference, used (a) with compara- 
tives and words implying comparison ; (6) with absum, con- 
sido, etc., to denote the interval of space : multo carior, much 
dearer; Cat. I. 11. 

146. Ablative of the route taken, denoting the way or route 
by which, without a preposition : Aurelia via profectus est, he 
has gone by the Aurelian road; Cat. II. 4. 

147. The ablative is used with utor, fruor, fungor, potior, 
vescor, and their compounds : quo usque abutere patientia 
nostra? how far will you abuse our patience? Cat. I. 1. 



322 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

a. Potior may take the genitive (109). 

148. The ablative is used with opus est and usus est, there is 
need : si opus facto esset, if there should be need of action; B.G. I. 42. 

149. The ablative of plenty or want, used with some adjectives 
and verbs : 1 carere aspectu, to be without the sight; Cat. I. 7. 

150. The ablative is used with dignus, indignus, contentus, 
and fretus : dignum custodia, deserving of custody; Cat. I. 8. 
mea prudentia fretus, relying on my own wisdom; Cat. II. 13. 

151. Ablative absolute. — An ablative absolute is a phrase 
consisting of a noun or pronoun in the ablative, and a participle, 
an adjective, or another noun in agreement with it. 

a. An ablative absolute may express time, cause, condition, 
concession, manner, means, situation. It may be best rendered 
by a clause beginning with when, because, if, although, etc. 
vivis nobis, while we are alive; Cat. II. 7. hoc interfecto, if 
this man were put to death; Cat. I. 12. recitatis litteris, by the 
reading of the letters; Cat. III. 5. 

b. The phrase is often to be translated by an active participle 
with the noun as object, when the agent is the same as the subject 
of the main verb : eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, having 
completed this work, he stationed guards; B.G. I. 8. 

152. Ablative denoting time when or within which, without a 
preposition: quid proxima nocte egeris, what you did last night; 
Cat. I. 1. 

153. Ablative of place where (" locative ablative "), with in or 
sub : in Italia, in Italy; Cat. I. 2. 

a. The preposition may be omitted with such words as loco, 
parte, parietibus, and with any noun modified by totus, medius, 
ciinctus, and the like : tota Italia, in all Italy; Cat. II. 4. 

b. Plural names of towns express place where by the ablative 
without a preposition : Athenis, at Athens. 

Locative Case 

154. The locative case, denoting place where, is used instead 
of the ablative in the singular of names of towns and small 
islands of the first, second, and sometimes the third declension ; 
also in domi, at home; mflitiae, in military service; run, in the 
country. The ending of the locative is -ae in the first declension, 
-i in the second and third : qui Romae remanent, who stay in 
Rome; Cat. II. 8. 

1 conf ertus, inanis, opimus, ref ertus ; abundo, careo, compleo, egeo. 



ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS 323 

ADJECTIVES 

155. An adjective is attributive when it describes a noun di- 
rectly ; predicate, when it forms part of the predicate with sum, 
or with a passive verb like be named, be called, be chosen (95). 

156. Agreement. — An adjective or participle (220), whether 
attributive or predicate, agrees with its noun in gender, number, 
and case: fortes viri, brave men; res publica (commonwealth), 
the state. 

a. With two or more nouns connected by et, -que, or atque, 
the adjective or participle is usually plural, but it may be singu- 
lar if the nearest noun is singular : signum et manum suam, his 
seal and hand; Cat. III. 5. 

b. With two or more nouns of different genders an attributive 
adjective takes the gender of the nearest ; a predicate adjective 
or participle is generally masculine if one or more of the nouns 
denote living things, neuter if they denote things without life : 
vitam, bona, fortunas, coniuges, liberosque vestros, your lives, 
property, etc. ; Cat. III. 1. 

Uses of Adjectives 

157. An adjective may be used as a noun, chiefly in the plural : 
boni, good citizens; omnia, all things. 

158. An adjective may be used with the force of an adverb : 
inviti, unwillingly; frequens, in great numbers. 

159. Some adjectives may denote a part of an object, as extre- 
mus, the end of, infimus, the bottom of, summtis the top of: extrema 
pueritia, at the end (close) of his boyhood; P. 10. 

160. A superlative adjective or adverb may be best translated 
by very; a comparative, by too, rather, unusually : serius, too late; 
superbius, somewhat arrogantly. 

a. A superlative with quam or quam possum is translated as 
. . . as possible : quam maximis potest itineribus, by as long 
■marches as possible. 

PRONOUNS 

161. When pronouns are used as nouns, the rules for the cases 
of nouns apply ; when used as adjectives, they follow the rules 
for the agreement of adjectives (156). 

162. Personal Pronouns. — There is no special pronoun of the 
third person, but a demonstrative pronoun may be so used : 
si eos placare non posses, if you could not pacify them; Cat. I. 7. 



324 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

a. The nominatives ego, tu, nos, vos, are used for emphasis : 
pestem, quam tu machinaris, the ruin which you plot; Cat. I. 1 ; 
nos consules desumus, we, the consuls, are at fault; Cat. I. 1. 

b. The genitives nostri, vestri, are objective (99) ; nostrum 
and vestrum, as a rule, are genitives of the whole (103) : quern 
nostrum, what man of us? Cat. I. 1. ducem memorem vestri, a 
leader mindful of you; Cat. IV. 9. 

c. The plural of personal pronouns is sometimes used for the 
singular : vides nos multa conari, you see that I (we) attempt many 
things; Orator, 30. 

163. Reflexive Pronouns. — The reflexive se and the posses- 
sive suus may refer to the subject of the clause in which they 
stand (direct reflexive) : se suaque dediderunt, they surrendered 
themselves and their property; B. G. II. 15. 

a. Se or suus in a subordinate clause may refer to the sub- 
ject of the verb upon which the clause depends, if the clause 
expresses the thought of that subject (indirect reflexive) : his 
mandavit ut ad se referrent, he ordered them to report to him; 
B. G. I. 47. 

b. Se or suus may refer to a person mentioned in the sentence, 
not the subject : desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, let them 
cease to plot against the consul in his own house; Cat. I. 13. 

c. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons may be 
used in a reflexive sense, that is, they may denote the same person 
as the subject : me condemno, I find myself guilty ; Cat. I. 2. 

164. Possessive Pronouns. — Possessive pronouns agree in 
gender, number, and case, with the word with which they are 
used, not with the word denoting the possessor : quis te ex tot tuis 
amicis salutavit? who of so many friends of yours saluted you? 
Cat, I. 7. 

a. The possessive pronoun suus is used reflexively, that is, it 
refers to the subject of the sentence (163). When some other 
person or thing is meant, his, her, its, or their is expressed by 
the genitive of a demonstrative, eius, eorum, etc. : eius socios, 
his allies; Cat. II. 2. illorum responsis, according to their 
answers; Cat. III. 8. 

b. The ablative of a possessive pronoun may be used in place of 
the objective genitive of a personal pronoun : nostra (= nostri) 
caede, with the slaughter of us; Cat. I. 3. 

165. Demonstrative Pronouns. — Demonstrative pronouns, 
when not used as adjectives, take the gender and number of the 



P RON OUNS . 325 

noun to which they refer: quis eum senator appellavit? what 
senator called him by name? Cat. II. 6. 

a. Hie, this, refers to what is near the speaker in place, time, or 
thought ; iste, that (of yours), to something near the person 
spoken to ; ille {that) to what is remote : hie tamen vivit, yet this 
man lives; Cat. I. 1. ista subsellia, the benches near you; Cat. I. 
7 ; aquilam illam argenteam, that silver eagle; Cat. I. 9. 

b. Hie . . . ille may mean the latter . . . the former: hie cum 
auxilium ferret, ilium eripuit, when the latter brought help, he 
rescued him (the former) ; B. G. IV. 12. 

c. Iste may be used to express contempt, especially when 
addressing opponents : istius furorem, the frenzy of that scoundrel; 
Cat. I. 1. d^u r \JUay l^tJUr^JiJ' QXf-f^Ut^ >'VU^ 

d. Ille may mean that famous: Mr Catonem, ilium senem, 
Marcus Cato, that (famous) old man; Ar. 7. -(-^ <w ^. ^^ ^ ,, 

e. Is, this, that, is frequently used as the antecedent of qui, or in 
agreement with the antecedent : is qui hane urbem servavit, he 
who saved this city; Cat. III. 1. r "°^-*Ws>-v-ft •> & / VN-g/ fa 

166. Intensive Pronoun. — The pronoun ipse emphasizes the 
word to which it refers : Catilina ipse profugit, Catiline himself 
has fled; Cat. II. 3 ; erat scriptum ipsius manu, it had been written 
in his own hand; Cat. III. 5. ^jlk^JIjl^^ C^puH 

a. Ipse may mean very, exactly, of one's own accord; 'Catilinam 
ipsum egredientem, Catiline departing of his own accord; Cat. II. 1. 

6. Ipse may be used as a reflexive pronoun : si quid ipsi 
(= sibi) opus esset : if he needed anything (lit. if any need was to 
himself); B. G. I. 34. Oli^ , / 

167. Relative Pronoun. — The relative pronoun agrees with 
its antecedent in gender, number, and person ; its case depends 
upon the structure of the clause in which it stands : me quid 
pudeat, qui vivo? why should I be ashamed who live? Ar. 6. V~* N fV 

a. With two or more antecedents a relative pronoun may 
agree with the nearest or follow the rule for a predicate adjective 
(156) : otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, 
leisure and wealth which 'men consider of the first importance; 
Sail. Cat. 36. , I ...&9, £t*^/ <Q^ 

b. The relative rnay not agree with its antecedent, but with 
an appositive or predicate noun in its own clause : gladiatores, 
quam manum certissimam fore putavit, the gladiators, whom he 
thought would be a most faithful band; Cat. II. 12. v^^rv^ys^J 

c. The antecedent may stand in the relative clause : ut, quam 



326 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

•. \j \ 
urbem pulcherrimam esse voluerunt, hanc defendant, that they 
may defend this city, which they wished to-be the fairest^ t Cat. II. 13. 

d. The antecedent may be repeated, standing in both clauses : 
quae religio 7 V V ea religione ; Cat. III. 6. ■■ ,j Wav"iM ) JM *-mJL 

e. The antecedent may be omitted, especially if it ip indefinite : 
sunt qui dicant, there are those who say; Cat. II. 6. 7) *-jL^oL. 

/. The relative pronoun at the beginning of an independent 
clause may be equivalent to a demonstrative or a personal pro- 
noun, with or without a preceding conjunction (el, nam, sed) : 
qui cum respondissent, and when they had replied; Cat. III. 5. T"'. 

168. Interrogative Pronouns. — The masculine singular of the 
interrogative pronoun, as a rule, is quis, who, and of the corre- 
sponding adjective is qui, what? of what sort? But -qui may be 
used as a pronoun and quis as an adjective: quis te salutavit? 
who greeted you? Cat. I. 7; quis eum senator appellavit? what 
senator addressed him? Cat. II. 6. *lL<\ "V^-* 

169. Indefinite Pronouns. — There are eight indefinite pro- 
nouns, as given with their meanings in 27. Quis, any one, is 
used chiefly after si, nisi, ne, num ; quisquam, any one at all, is 
used chiefly in negative sentences, and in questions implying a 
negative : si quid his accidat, if anything should happen to them; 
B. G. III. 22. neque quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, nor is 
any one so hostile to the Muses; Ar. 9. ^ ^JLjLv-</ owwT ' "Vi-CLl 

a. Nescio quis (lit. I don't know who) is' used with 1;he force of 
aliquis, some {one) or other, and in this sense does not require the 
subjunctive : nescio quo pacto, in some way or other; Cat. I. 13. 

b. With superlatives quisque denotes a class : optimus quisque, 

all the best men (lit. each best man). 4 3 O^ysJ t^-o-a J-^tj 

170. Alius and alter. Alius and alter may be adjectives or \ 
pronouns.-' j a^yj J^l -; j ! w 

a. Alter . . . alter mean the one . . . the other, alius . . . 
alius, one { . ^another, alii . . . alii, some . . . others: harum 
altera occisa, altera capta est, one of these was killed, the other 
taken prisoner; B. G. I. 53. U-^yvKU^ 

b. Two different cases of alius may be used in tne same" clauses 
with the meaning one (some) . . . one, another (others) . . . 
another: aliud alii natura iter ostendit, nature points out one road 
to one man, another to another; Sail. Cat. 2. C'- ; - ( - <. > v ■■<■ x 

J 



VERBS 327 

VERBS 

171. Agreement. — A finite verb agrees with its subject in 
number and person : haec consul videt, the consul sees these things; 

Cat. I. 1. 'jj^fcj^+u^Lt+S- 

a. If there are two'or more subjects, connected by et, -que, or 
atque, the verb may agree with the nearest or be plural: Asia 
atque M^thridates nos docuit, Asia and Mithridates taught us; 

p. 7. ..,/., ,. t ,y 

b. If singular subjects are connected by words meaning either, 
neither, the verb is usually singular : neque agri cultura nee ratio 
atque usus belli intermittitur, neither the cultivation of the land 
nor the theory and practice of war is interrupted; B. G. IV. 1. 

c. If two singular subjects form one idea, the verb is singular : 
Matrona et Sequana dividit, the Marne and Seine separate; 

B. G. I. 1. L J^f oJUbw "» -^AJL. 

d. A collective noun generally takes a singular verb, but may 
take a plural : cum tanta multitudo tela conicerent, when so great a 
crovjd threw spears; B. G. II. 6. 

e. If two or more subjects are of different persons,' the first 
person is preferred to the other two, and the second to the third : 
si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, if you and Tullia K 
are well, Cicero and I are well; Cic. Epist. lJL^^/v-v v -^"' / ^*^' 0-vvJ 

172. Impersonal Verbs. — Some verbs are used only in the 
indicative and subjunctive, third person singular, and in the 
infinitive, without a personal subject. To this class belong : — 

a. Verbs meaning it happens, it is permitted, it is necessary, etc. 
Such verbs take a phrase or a clause as the subject : quae licet 
recognoscas, and these things you may recall (lit. it is permitted 
that you recall) ; Cat. I. 3. A-^A^O *Ch 

b. Intransitive verbs used in the third person singular of the ' 
passive (112, Note 2) : quocumque ventum sit, wherever they came 
(lit. it was come) ; P. 13. 

c. Verbs of feeling : me paenitebit, / shall repent' (lit. it will re- 
pent me) ; Cat. IV. 10. . . , <^UL 

d. The passive periphrastic of deponent verbs : mihi laetandum 
esse video, / see that I must , rejoice ^ (lit. it must be rejoiced by 
me); P. 1., 

; Tenses of the Indicative 

173. Present Indicative. — The present indicative represents 
action as taking place at the time of speaking or writing : urbis 






H 



328 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

tecta defendunt, they are defending the houses of the city; Cat. II. 
13. 

a. The present is often used instead of a past tense to de- 
scribe an action more vividly. It is then called the historical 
present : litteras proferri iubet, he orders the letter to be produced; 
Cat. III. 5. 

b. The historical present may be used with dum, while (195, d). 

c. With diu, iam, iam diu, iam dudum, the present is used of an 
action beginning in the past and continuing in the present : ni- 
mium diu te castra desiderant, the camp has too long been missing 
you; Cat. I. 5. 

174. Imperfect Indicative. — The imperfect indicative repre- 
sents action as going on in past time : putabam, / was thinking; 
Cat. III. 2. 

a. The imperfect may be used in descriptions : erant duo 
itinera, there were two ways; B. G. I. 6. 

b. The imperfect may represent an action as customary or 
attempted : classem hostium videbatis, you used to see the enemy's 
fleet ; P. 12. quod faciebas, which you were preparing to do; 
Cat. I. 5. 

c. The imperfect with iam, iam diu, iam dudum, iam pridem, is 
used instead of a progressive perfect or pluperfect : iam pridem 
rapiebat, has long been hurrying; Cat. I. 10. 

175. Future Indicative. — The future indicative represents 
action as taking place in time to come : me metu liberabis, you 
will free me from fear; Cat. I. 5. 

176. Perfect Indicative. — The perfect indicative has two uses : 

a. The present perfect (translated by have), representing an ac- 
tion as completed in the present time : audivi, I have heard. 

b. The historical perfect (English past), representing the action 
as an historical fact. This is the tense of narration, as the 
imperfect is the tense of description : ad praetorem venisti, you 
went to the praetor; Cat. I. 8. 

177. Pluperfect Indicative. — The pluperfect indicative repre- 
sents action as completed before some other past action : qui 
convenerant, who had assembled; Cat. III. 3. 

178. Future Perfect. — The future perfect represents action 
which is to be completed before some other future action : si 
te interne! iussero, residebit coniuratorum manus, if I order 
(shall have ordered) you to be killed, there will remain a band of 
conspirators ; Cat. I. 5. 



VERBS 329 

179. In some verbs a perfect, pluperfect, or future perfect 
have the force of a present, past, or future : memini, / remember; 
memineram, I remembered. 

180. Epistolary Tenses. — In letters a writer often takes the 
position of the receiver and uses the imperfect or historical perfect 
for a present, and a pluperfect for a present perfect : haec ego 
scribebam, I am writing this (lit. was writing). 

181. Primary and Secondary Tenses. — The present, future, 
and future perfect indicative, and the present and perfect sub- 
junctive are primary tenses. The imperfect, perfect, and plu- 
perfect indicative, and the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive 
are secondary tenses. 

Tenses of the Subjunctive 

182. The four tenses of the subjunctive may denote the same 
time as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, or each tense 
may have a future force. 

a. In subordinate clauses future time may be expressed by the 
present subjunctive after a primary tense ; by the imperfect after 
a secondary tense : venit ut videat, he comes that he may see; 
venit ut videret, he came that he might see. 

b. In subordinate clauses future perfect time may be expressed 
by the perfect subjunctive after a primary tense ; by the plu- 
perfect after a secondary tense : he says that if he goes (shall have 
gone, dicit si ierit ; he said that if he should go (should have gone), 
dixit si isset. 

c. In both clauses of conditional sentences the present sub- 
junctive may denote future time, and the imperfect may denote 
present time (198). 

183. Sequence of Tenses. — In subordinate clauses the tense 
of the subjunctive depends on the following general rule : The 
present (or perfect) subjunctive is used after a primary tense ; 
the imperfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive is used after a second- 
ary : venit ut videat, he comes to see; rogabo quid feceris, I shall 
ask what you did; venit ut videret, he came to see. 

a. The historical present may be regarded as either primary or 
secondary, and hence may take either sequence. 

b. The present perfect, though properly a primary tense, often 
takes the secondary sequence : mihi ut satis esset praesidi 
provisum est, / have arranged that there should be ample protection; 
Cat. II. 12. 



330 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

Uses of the Indicative 

184. In principal clauses the indicative is used to express direct 
statements of fact and questions of fact. The negative is non : 
decrevit quondam senatus, the Senate once decreed; Cat. I. 2. 
meministine me dicere, do you remember that I said? Cat. I. 3. 

185. The indicative is used in the following subordinate clauses : 

a. Noun clauses with quod, that: quid quod te in custodiam 
dedisti? what of the fact that you gave yourself into custody? Cat. 
1.8. 

b. Parenthetical clauses with ut, as: ut saepe dixi, as I have 
often said; Cat. I. 9. 

c. Clauses of comparison with ut . . . sic, as ... so: ut 
saepe homines ... sic hie morbus . . . ; Cat. I. 13. 

d. Certain types of relative (191), temporal (195), causal (196), 
concessive (197), conditional (198) clauses. 

The Subjunctive in Principal Clauses 

186. The subjunctive expresses action as willed, desired, or 
possible. Accordingly we distinguish : — 

a. The subjunctive of will, or volitive subjunctive. 

b. The subjunctive of desire, or optative subjunctive. 

c. The subjunctive of possibility, or potential subjunctive. 

187. In principal clauses the volitive subjunctive may express : 

a. An exhortation, in the first person plural of the present tense 
(negative, ne) : optemus, let us wish; Cat. II. 7. 

b. A command, in the third person of the present tense (nega- 
tive, ne) : secedant improbi, let the ill-disposed begone; Cat. I. 13. 
ne patiantur, let them not allow; Cat. II. 4. 

188. In principal clauses the subjunctive of wish or desire 
(optative subjunctive) takes the present tense to imply that the 
desire may be realized ; the imperfect to imply that the desire is 
not now realized ; the pluperfect to imply that the desire was not 
realized. Utinam may be used with the present, and generally is 
used with the other tenses. The negative regularly is ne : utinam 
di immortales duint, that the gods may give; Cat. I. 9 ; utinam 
suas copias eduxisset, that he had taken his forces ; Cat. II. 2. 

189. In principal clauses the subjunctive may express action 
as possible or conditional (potential subjunctive), and is trans- 
lated by may, might, can, could, should, would. The negative is 
non : dicat aliquis, some one may say. 



VERBS 331 

The Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses 

190. The subjunctive is used in the following subordinate 
clauses : — 

a. Purpose clauses (193). 

b. Result clauses (194). 

c. Clauses of proviso (199). 

d. Indirect questions (202). 

e. Certain types of : relative clauses (192), temporal clauses 
(195), causal clauses (196), concessive clauses (197), conditional 
clauses (198), noun clauses (203), direct questions (201). 

Relative Clauses 

191. The indicative is used in the following relative clauses : — 

a. Clauses that state what person or thing the antecedent is 
(determinative clauses) : hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, those 
men who have deserted the army; Cat. II. 3. 

Note. — Determinative clauses are used as pronouns, and must 
be distinguished from descriptive clauses which are used as 
adjectives (192). 

b. Clauses that state a fact parenthetically, or that add a fact 
not necessary to the main statement (parenthetical clauses) : 
Santonum fines, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, the 
country of the Santones, which is not far from the country of the 
Tolosates; B. G. I. 10. 

192. Relative clauses that state what hind of person or thing 
the antecedent is, are called descriptive or characteristic clauses. 
The subjunctive is used in descriptive clauses, if they are essen- 
tial to the completeness of the sentence ; otherwise, the indicative 
is used (191, b). The preceding independent clause often con- 
tains a statement of existence like est qui, sunt qui: sunt qui 
dicant, there are some who say; Cat. II. 6 ; quam diu quisquam 
erit, qui te defendere audeat, as long as there will be a man who 
dares to defend you; Cat. I. 2. 

a. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote pur- 
pose or result (193, 194) : ut praesto esset ille, qui fugientes 
exciperet, that he might be on hand to cut off the fugitives ; Cat. III. 
4 ; nemo tarn improbus, qui non fateatur, no one so depraved as 
not to admit; Cat. I. 2. 

b. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote cause, 
concession, or condition: qui (= cum ego) magno in periculo 



332 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

essem, since I was in great peril; Cat. I. 8 ; Cethegus, qui (= cum 
is) respondisset, Cethegus who (although he) had replied; Cat. 
III. 5 ; mihi ferreus, qui (= si is) ndn suum dolorem lenierit, to 
me (he would seem) hard-hearted, who (if he) did not soothe his 
grief; Cat. IV. 6. 

c. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote obli- 
gation, after dignus, indignus, idoneus: dignos, quorum salutem 
commendetis, worthy to have you entrust their safety (lit. whose 
safety you should entrust) ; P. 5. 

Purpose Clauses 

193. The subjunctive with ut, ne, or a relative may express 
purpose: ut timere desinam, that I may cease to fear; Cat. I. 7 ; 
ac ne longum sit, and not to be tedious; Cat. III. 5 ; praetorem 
misi, qui efferret, / sent a praetor to bring; Cat. III. 3. 

a. In clauses containing a comparative, quo ( = ut eo) is used 
instead of ut to express purpose : quo facilius prohibere possit, 
that he may be able to prevent more easily; B. G. I. 8. 

b. Purpose may be expressed also by a gerund (227), a gerun- 
dive (226), or by a supine (229). 

Result Clauses 

194. The subjunctive with ut, ut non, or a relative may express 
result: mons impendebat, ut prohibere possent, a mountain was 
overhanging, so that they could prevent; B. G. I. 6. 

a. There is often in the principal clause a correlative word 
meaning so, such, so great, as ita, sic, tarn, talis, tantus, is, iste : 
tarn improbus, qui non fateatur, so depraved that he does not admit; 
Cat. I. 2. 

Temporal Clauses 

195. In temporal clauses : — 

a. Ubi, ut (when), postquam, posteaquam, cum primum, 
simul atque, take the indicative, usually the perfect, sometimes 
the historical present : ubi se paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida 
sua incendunt, when they thought they were ready, they burned 
their towns; B. G. I. 5. 

b. Cum (when) takes the indicative to define the time of the 
action of the main verb ; the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive 
to describe the circumstances of the main action : turn, cum ex 
urbe eiciebam, at the time when I drove him from the city; Cat. 



VERBS 333 

III. 2 ; cum haesitaret, quaesivi, when he hesitated, I asked; 
Cat. II. 6. 

Note. — Cum may denote cause or concession in connection 
with time. 

c. Cum, whenever, introducing repeated action, generally takes 
the indicative, but may take the subjunctive : cum aliquid 
mandarat, whenever he had given a commission ; Cat. III. 7. 

d. Dum, meaning while, generally takes the indicative histori- 
cal present (173, 6) : dum moratur, while he delayed (lit. delays) ; 
B. G. I. 39. 

e. Dum, quoad, or quam diu, meaning as long as, take the 
indicative : quam diu quisquam erit, as long as there shall be any 
one; Cat. I. 2. 

/. Dum, donee, or quoad, meaning until, take the indicative 
of an actual event, but the subjunctive of an expected event : 
quoad potuit, restitit, he resisted as long as he could; B. G. IV. 12 ; 
dum naves eo convenirent exspectavit, he waited until the ships 
should arrive; B. G. IV. 23. 

g. Antequam and priusquam take the indicative to denote an 
actual event, but the subjunctive to denote an expected event : 
priusquam pervenerunt, before they arrived; B. G. I. 53. prius- 
quam quicquam conaretur, before he should attempt anything; 
B. G. I. 19. 

Causal Clauses 

196. In causal clauses : — 

a. Quod, quia, quoniam, and quando take the indicative when the 
speaker or writer gives his own reason, but the subjunctive when 
he gives another's reason, or a reason not surely known by him- 
self : quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto ilium maerore esse 
adflictum putatis, because he left the city standing, with what 
sorrow do you think he has been filled? Cat. II. 1 ; urbs mini 
laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem proiecerit, the city seems to 
me to rejoice, because (as she says) she has cast out so great an evil; 
Cat. II. 1. 

6. Cum, meaning since or because, and qui (= cum is) take the 
subjunctive : quae cum ita sint, since these things are so; Cat. I. 5. 

Concessive Clauses 

197. Concessive clauses grant or concede something. They 
are formed as follows : — 



334 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

a. Quamquam, although, takes the indicative : quamquam 
sunt hostes, although they are enemies; Cat. II. 12. 

b. Etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, even if, although, generally take the 
indicative, but may take the subjunctive like conditional si 
(198) : etsi prope exacta aestas erat, although summer was almost 
over; B. G. III. 28. 

c. Cum, quamvis, and qui (= cum is), although, take the sub- 
junctive : cum id posset infitiari, although he could have denied it; 
Cat. III. 11 ; Cethegus, qui respondisset, Cethegus, who {al- 
though he) had replied; Cat. III. 10. 



Conditional Sentences 

198. Conditional sentences are complex sentences, one clause 
of which expresses a condition, the other a conclusion. The con- 
nective may be si, sin, nisi, or a relative. The negative is non. 
The condition may be of the following kinds : — 

a. Present condition : — 

1. Stated as a fact ; present indicative : si vincit, bene est, if 
he is conquering, it is well. 

2. Contrary to fact ; imperfect subjunctive : si vinceret, bene 
esset, if he were conquering, it would be well. 

b. Past condition : — 

1. Stated as a fact ; a past indicative : si vicit, bene fuit, if he 
conquered, it was well. 

2. Contrary to fact ; pluperfect subjunctive : si vicisset, bene 
fuisset, if he had conquered, it would have been well. 

c. Future condition : — 

1. More probable (shall, will) ; future or future perfect : si 
vincet, bene erit, if he conquers (shall conquer), it will be well. 

2. Less probable (should, would) ; present or perfect subjunc- 
tive : si vincat, bene sit, if he should conquer, it would be well. 

Note 1. — The verb in the conclusion may differ in form from 
the verb of the condition, as, for example, when command, wish, 
or exhortation is to be expressed. 

Note 2. — In the conclusion of a condition contrary to fact, the 
verb may be in the indicative (the past tenses) : — 

a. In expressions of ability, duty, or necessity. 

b. With either of the periphrastic conjugations : (si tabernae 
incensae essent), quid futurum fuit? what would have happened? 



VERBS 335 

Cat. IV. 8 ; si privatus esset, erat deligendus, if he were a private 
citizen, he would deserve to be chosen; P. 17. 

Note 3. — For conditional sentences in indirect discourse, see 
218. 

Clauses of Proviso 

199. The subjunctive is used with modo, dum, dummodo, if 
only, provided, so long as, to express a proviso. The negative is 
ne : dum modo periculum depellatur, if only the danger be re- 
moved; Cat. II. 7. 

Subjunctive by Attraction 

200. In clauses depending on a subjunctive or on an infinitive, 
the verb may be put in the subjunctive " by attraction," as 
sciret in the following : hortatus sum, ut ea, quae sciret, indi- 
caret, / urged him to tell what he knew; Cat. III. 4. 

Subjunctive in Questions 

201. The subjunctive is used in direct questions expressing 
deliberation or perplexity, surprise or indignation, possibility, 
obligation, propriety. The negative is non : quid te invitem? 
why should I invite you? Cat. I. 9; quis possit? who would be 
ablet Cat. II. 5 ; tu agris ornatus sis? can you be rich in lands? 
Cat. II. 8. 

202. The subjunctive is used in indirect questions : video quis 
habeat Etruriam, / see who holds Etruria, Cat. II. 3. 

Noun Clauses 

203. A clause may be used as the subject or object of a verb, 
or in some other case relation. It is then called a noun clause 
or substantive clause. Noun clauses may have the verb in the 
indicative, subjunctive, or infinitive. 

204. Indicative Noun Clauses. — A noun clause beginning with 
the conjunction quod, that, takes the indicative : res quod omnes 
se dediderunt, the fact that all surrendered; P. 16. 

205. Subjunctive Noun Clauses. — Noun clauses beginning 
with ut, ne, quin, quominus, or an interrogative word take the 
subjunctive, as follows : 

a. Noun clauses with ut or ne are used after verbs meaning 



336 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

advise, command, 1 determine, decree; induce, permit, 2 persuade, 
request, urge, desire, wish : 2 decrevit senatus ut consul videret ne 
quid res publica detriment! caperet, the Senate decreed that the 
consul should see to it that the republic suffered no harm; Cat. I. 2. 

Note. — After verbs meaning advise, command, etc., the sub- 
junctive may be used without ut. The subjunctive may then be 
a quoted imperative (215, c). 

b. Noun clauses with ut or ne are used after verbs meaning fear. 
Here ne means lest or that; ut means that . . . not: vereri ut 
habeam satis praesidi, to fear, that I may not have enough protec- 
tion; Cat, IV. 7. 

c. Noun clauses with ut are used after verbs meaning accom- 
plish, cause, and the like ; also after verbs meaning expect, wait 
for: vestra admurmuratio facit ut agnoscere videamim, your 
murmuring makes it clear that you recognize; P. 13. 

d. Noun clauses with ut are used with verb phrases and imper- 
sonal verbs meaning it happens, it remains, it is permitted, it is 
necessary, customary, advantageous: accidit ut esset luna plena, it 
happened that there was full moon;- B. G. IV. 29. 

Note. — Sometimes without ut : licet recognoscas, you may 
recall (lit. it is permitted that you recall) ; Cat, I. 3. 

e. Noun clauses with ne, quin, or quominus are used after verbs 
meaning hinder, prevent, refuse; and with quin, if a negative is 
expressed or implied, after words meaning doubt, be ignorant, 3 
and sometimes hesitate: neque me impediet quominus defendam, 
nor will it prevent me from defending; P. 19. nemini dubium 
est quin plurimum imperator possit, it is doubtful to no one that 
the general is preeminent ; P. 15. 

/. Noun clauses beginning with an interrogative word are in- 
direct questions (202). 

206. Infinitive Noun Clauses. — An infinitive with subject 
accusative may be used in a noun clause after verbs meaning 
say, think, etc. (212). 

Use of the Imperative 

207. The imperative is used to express command, in the 
second person of the present tense, and in the second and third 

1 Except iubeo, which takes the infinitive (212). 

2 With verbs meaning permit or wish the infinitive may be used (212). 

3 Used affirmatively, these verbs take the infinitive (212). 



VERBS 337 

persons of the future: proficiscere ; educ omnes tuos, depart; 
take out all your companions; Cat. I. 5. 

208. Negative command (prohibition) in the second person 
may be expressed by noli (nolite) + a present infinitive : nolite 
dubitare, do not hesitate; P. 23. 

Tenses of the Infinitive 

209. The present infinitive denotes the same time as that of the 
principal verb ; the perfect, time before; the future, time after 
that of the principal verb ; that is, the time denoted is relative : 
dicit se audire, he says that he hears, dicit se auditurum esse, he 
says that he will hear, dixit se audire, he said he was hearing; 
dixit se audivisse, he said that he had heard. 

a. Periphrastic Future Infinitive. — As a substitute for a 
future infinitive, fore or futurum esse with ut and the subjunctive 
of the given verb may be used. This construction is necessary 
when the verb has no future participle : videbamus fore ut nemo 
eis resisteret, we saw that no one would resist them. 

b. A past tense of debeo, oportet, or possum is often used with 
a present infinitive to express ought to have, might (could) have: 
te duci oportebat, you ought to have been led; Cat. I. 1. 

Uses of the Infinitive 

210. The infinitive with or without a subject may be used as 
the subject of a verb, as a predicate nominative, or in apposition : 
est mihi tanti subire, it is worth while for me to undergo; Cat. II. 7. 

211. The infinitive without a subject may be used as the object 
of transitive verbs, or the complement of verbs meaning can, dare, 
begin, ought, seem, hesitate, etc. : qui def endere audeat, who dares 
to defend; Cat. I. 2 ; vastare cupientem, desiring to devastate; 
Cat. I. 1. 

212. The infinitive with subject accusative may be used after 
verbs meaning say, think, know, perceive, etc. ; also with iubeo ; l 
veto, decerno, prohibeo, sino, cogo (compel), cupio, patior, volo, 
licet, oportet : tabellas prof erri iussimus, we ordered the tablets to 
be produced; Cat. III. 5. 

213. Historical Infinitive. — The infinitive may be used with 
a subject nominative in lively narration. It is then called the 

1 For the subjunctive with impero see 205, a. 



338 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

historical infinitive, and is equivalent to an imperfect or perfect 
indicative : Caesar Haeduos frumentum flagitare, Caesar was 
demanding grain of the Haeduans; B. G. I. 16. 

Indirect Discourse 

ygl^. When a sentence is quoted in dependence upon a verb of 
saying, knowing, or the like, the quotation is said to be an indirect 
statement or indirect discourse : direct, ibimus, we shall go; 
indirect, (dixerunt se) ituros esse, they said they would go; B. G. 
I . 13. 

L2157 Moods in Indirect Discourse. — In indirect discourse, a 
principal verb is generally in the infinitive, standing for a direct 
indicative ; a subordinate verb is in the subjunctive, standing for 
a direct indicative or subjunctive. In other words, when direct 
discourse is made indirect : — 

a. A principal declarative verb in the indicative becomes 
infinitive : direct, merit! sumus, we have deserved; indirect, dixe- 
runt se meritos esse, they said they had deserved; B. G. I. 11. 

b. A subordinate verb, if indicative, becomes subjunctive ; if 
subjunctive, remains so : direct, id si fiet, if this happens (shall 
happen) ; indirect, intellegebat id si fieret, he knew that if this 
should happen; B. G. I. 10. 

c. An imperative verb becomes subjunctive : direct, rever- 
timini (imperative), return; indirect, (dixit) reverterentur, he 
said they should return; B. G. I. 7. 

d. Most interrogative verbs become subjunctive, but those in 
rhetorical questions (90) become infinitive with subject accusa- 
tive : direct, quid venitis, why do you come? indirect, quid 
venirent, why did they come ? B. G. I. 47 ; direct, num memoriam 
deponere possum? can I forget (lit. blot out memory)? indirect, 
num. . . posse? could he forget? B. G. I. 14. 

L216J Tenses in Indirect Discourse. - — The tenses of the infini- 
tive are used according to 209 ; those of the subjunctive, accord- 
ing to the rule for sequence (183). 

a. A future tense in a direct subordinate clause becomes present 
subjunctive in indirect discourse, if it depends on a verb in the 
present ; imperfect, if it depends on a verb in a past tense : 
direct, si conabimini, if you (shall) attempt; indirect, si conentur, 
if they attempt, B. G. I. 8 ; direct, si pacem populus faciet, if the 
people (shall) make peace; indirect, si . . . faceret, if the people 
should make peace, B. G. I. 13. 



VERBS 339 

b. A future perfect tense in a direct subordinate clause becomes 
perfect subjunctive, if it depends on a verb in the present ; 
pluperfect, if it depends on a verb in a past tense : intellego si 
iste pervenerit, / know that if he goes (shall have gone, in dir. 
disc.) ; Cat. I. 12 ; eos, qui restitissent, Infirmos fore putabam, / 
was thinking that those who should remain (restiterint in dir. disc), 
would be powerless; Cat. III. 2. 

CUf] Pronouns in Indirect Discourse. — In changing from the 
first to the third, ego becomes se ; meus or noster becomes suus. 
In changing from the second person to the third, tu becomes ille 
or is ; tuus or vester becomes suus or the genitive of is : mihi 
minus dubitationis datur, / feel less hesitation, becomes sibi 
minus dubitationis dari ; B. G. I. 14. 

U21S. Conditions in Indirect Discourse. — The verb of the con- 
ditional clause in indirect discourse is always in the subjunctive 
^215, b), the tense depending on the rule for sequence (183). 
The verb of the conclusion, being a principal verb, is generally 
in the infinitive (215) ; in the conclusion of a less probable condi- 
tion (198, c) the future infinitive is used. 

In conditions contrary to fact (198) note the following : — 

Aa. The verb of the conditional clause remains unchanged. 

W. The conclusion, if active, is expressed by an infinitive con- 
sisting of the participle in -urus + fuisse : direct, venissem, / 
would have gone; indirect, sese venturum fuisse, he would have 
gone; B. G. I. 34. 

c. The conclusion, if passive, is expressed by futurum fuisse ut 
with an imperfect subjunctive : direct, si pugnavissent, victi 
essent ; indirect, si pugnavissent, futurum fuisse ut vincerentur, 
if they had fought, they would have conquered. 

d. The conclusion, if indicative (198, note 2), is expressed in indir. 
disc, by the perfect infinitive : direct, si non esset (civis), asciscen- 
dus fuit ; indirect . . . asciscendum fuisse, if he were not (a citizen), 
he ought to have been received (as one) ; Ar. 2. 

219. Informal Indirect Discourse. — When a quotation de- 
pends on a verb of saying not expressed but implied in the sen- 
tence, the indirect discourse is said to be informal : si dicere vellet, 
feci potestatem, if he wished to speak, I gave him permission; 
Cat. III. 5. 



340 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



Participles 

220."~Participles are verbal adjectives, and agree with nouns in 
gender, number, and case (156). The active participles are the 
present and the future ; the passive are the perfect and the 
future (or gerundive). The negative is non. 

a. Deponent and semi-deponent verbs have four participles, 
all active in meaning, except the gerundive, which is always 
passive. 

221. The present participle denotes the same time as the main 
verb of the clause or sentence in which it stands : videor videre 
hanc urbem concidentem, I seem to see this city falling. 

222. The perfect participle denotes time before that of the main 
verb. It may be used to modify a noun directly, as an adjective, 
or to form the compound tenses of the passive voice : his rebus 
cognitis discessit, having learned of these things, he departed. 

a. The perfect participle of deponent verbs is sometimes used 
as if present : isdem ducibus usus, employing the same men as 
guides; B. G. II. 7. 

223. The present and the perfect participle are sometimes to be 
translated by a relative clause, or by a clause expressing time, 
cause, condition, concession : Pompeio postulanti, to Pompey who 
demands; P. 19. te non sentientem, though you do not notice 
(them) ; Cat. I. 2. 

224. The future active participle is used with the verb sum 
to form the active periphrastic conjugation, and denotes future 
or intended action: cum sit habiturus, since he is going to have; 
Cat, II. 11. 

225. The future passive participle is used with sum to form 
the passive periphrastic conjugation, and denotes necessity or 
obligation: magna gratia habenda est, great gratitude (must be 
felt) is due ; Cat. I. 5. 

a. The passive periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are 
often used impersonally : mini vivendum esse, that I must live; 
Cat. II. 12. 

226. The Gerundive. — The future passive participle (220) 
when used in direct (attributive) agreement with a noun, is called 
the gerundive. It is so used in the following cases, singular and 
plural : — 

a. Genitive : condicionem conservandae rei publicae, the task 
of saving the republic; Cat. II. 7. 



VERBS 341 

b. Dative : rare in Cicero. 

c. Accusative: ad deponendam audaciam, to lay aside your 
boldness; Cat. I. 2. 

d. Ablative : supplicio levando, by alleviating the penalty; 
Cat. IV. 5. 

Note. — A gerundive in the accusative with ad, or in the geni- 
tive with causa, may express purpose : vitandae suspicionis 
causa, for the purpose of avoiding suspicion; Cat. I. 8. 

The Gerund 

227. The gerund is a verbal noun, found in the genitive, dative, 
accusative, and ablative singular. The present infinitive is used 
for the nominative. 

a. Genitive : dicendi exercitatio, skill in (of) speaking; Cat. 
III. 5. 

b. Dative : rare in classical Latin. 

c. Accusative : tempestivo ad navigandum mari, the sea being 
fit for sailing; P. 12. 

d. Ablative : non credendo, by not believing; Cat. I. 12. 

Note. — A gerund in the accusative with ad, or in the genitive 
with causa, may express purpose : praedandi causa, for the pur- 
pose of plundering ; B. G. II. 17. 

228. In the genitive or ablative a transitive gerund may take 
an object, but the gerundive is more common. If the object is 
a neuter adjective or a neuter pronoun, only the gerund is used : 
artem vera ac falsa diiudicandi, the art of distinguishing the true 
from the false. After prepositions the gerundive is regularly used 
(226, c). 

The Supine 

229. The supine is a verbal noun found in the accusative 
and ablative cases. 

a. The supine in -um is used with verbs of motion to express 
purpose : quos tu ad me saliitatum miseras, whom you had sent 
to greet me; Cat. I. 4. 

b. The supine in -u is used to denote specification, especially 
with adjectives meaning easy, good, strange, or the opposite : 
optimum factu, the best thing to do; Cat. I. 12. 



342 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

ADVERBS 

230. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. 
They may express time, manner, degree, place, etc. 

a. Ne is the negative adverb for commands and expressions of 
will or desire ; non is used in statements and questions of fact, 
and with infinitives, participles, and gerunds. 

6. Two negatives generally make an affirmative : non neminem, 
some one, more than one; Cat. IV. 5. 

PREPOSITIONS 

231. A preposition shows a relation between a word in the 
accusative or ablative case and some other word. 

a. The prepositions used with the accusative are ad, adversus, 
ante, apud, circa, circum, circiter, cis, citra, contra, erga, extra, 
in, infra, inter, intra, iuxta, ob, penes, per, post, praeter, prope, 
propter, secundum, sub, supra, trans, ultra, versus. 

b. The prepositions used with the ablative are a, ab, abs, cum, 
de, e, ex, in, prae, pro, sine, sub. 

c. With the accusative, in and sub denote motion to a place, 
with the ablative, rest in a place. 

CONJUNCTIONS 

232. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal 
rank, or principal with subordinate clauses. 

a. Coordinate conjunctions (connecting expressions of equal 
rank) : et, -que, ac, atque, etiam, quoque ; aut, sive, vel ; nee, 
neque ; at, autem, enim, nam, sed, tamen. 

b. Subordinate conjunctions (connecting subordinate with 
principal constructions) : (1) Temporal, denoting time : cum, 
ubi ; dum, donee, quoad ; antequam, priusquam ; postquam, 
posteaquam, simul. (2) Causal, denoting cause : cum ; quod, 
quia, quoniam, quando. (3) Conditional, denoting condition: 
si, sin, nisi. (4) Concessive, granting something : cum, etsi, 
tametsi, quamquam, quamvis. (5) Comparative, denoting com- 
parison : ac, atque, quam, ut. (6) Final, denoting purpose : ut 
(uti), quo, ne. (7) Consecutive, denoting result : ut. 



WORD ORDER 343 

WORD ORDER 

233. There is no fixed rule for the order of words in a Latin 
sentence. A common order is (1) the subject with its modifiers, 
(2) the modifiers of the verb, (3) the verb. 

a. To produce emphasis, a word may stand out of its normal 
position : patere tua consilia non sentis ? do you not see the 
exposure of your plots? Cat. I. 1. 

6. Nouns in the genitive usually follow the words they modify, 
but precede causa, for the sake, gratia, on account of: ex faucibus 
fati ; pacis causa. 

c. A vocative generally stands after one or more words of the 
sentence : quae tecum, Catillna, sic agit ; Cat. I. 7. 

d. Demonstrative and intensive pronouns and adjectives of 
quantity usually precede their nouns ; other adjectives precede 
or follow, according to the emphasis intended : in hac urbe. 
The adjective Romanus regularly follows its noun : populus 
Romanus. 

e. An adjective modifier may be separated from its noun by a 
preposition : summa cum laude, with the highest praise. 

f. Relative pronouns and interrogative words generally stand 
first in their clauses, unless governed by prepositions. 

g. A preposition generally stands before its object, but cum 
is an enclitic with personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns : 
tecum, quibuscum, secum. 

h. The conjunctions autem, enim, and vero do not stand first 
in a sentence, but second or third, igitur usually second. With 
ne . . . quidem the emphatic word comes between. 

i. Inquam and inquit stand after one or more words of a direct 
quotation: " refer," inquis, " ad senatum." 

j. Adverbs regularly stand before the words they modify. 
But fere, paene, prope, usually follow. 

234. Period. — A period is a sentence in which the subordinate 
phrases or clauses all stand before the main verb, the thought 
thus being suspended till the end of the sentence. The periodic 
style is common in Latin ; see Cat. Ill, lines 1-7. 



344 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

FIGURES OF SPEECH 

235. Anaphora is the repetition of a word at the beginning of 
successive clauses or sentences : intus insidiae sunt, intus peri- 
culum est, intus est hostis, within are snares ; within, the danger ; 
within, the enemy; Cat. II. 5. 

236. Antithesis is the placing of words in contrast or opposi- 
tion : non alienis praeceptis, sed suis imperils, not by the -precepts 
of others, but by his own command; P. 10. 

237. Asyndeton is the omission of a connective : frigus, 
sitim, famem ferre poterat, he could bear cold, thirst, hunger; 
Cat. III. 7. 

238. Chiasmus. — When two similar phrases have the order 
of words reversed, the figure is called chiasmus : pads ornamenta, 
subsidia belli ; P. 2. 

239. Climax (" ladder " ) is a series of phrases or clauses arranged 
with increasing force : nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, you 
do nothing, plan nothing, think of nothing; Cat. I. 3. 

240. Hendiadys (" one through two ") is a figure in which two 
nouns of the same case are connected by a conjunction, when 
we should expect one noun to modify the other : declinatione et 
corpore, by a turning aside of the body; Cat. I. 6. 

241. Irony is saying the opposite of what is meant, when the 
falsity is evident : credo, erit verendum mihi, / suppose I shall 
have to fear; Cat. I. 2. 

242. Litotes is a negative statement used instead of the equiva- 
lent affirmative : non multa, few ; Cat. I. 6. 

243. Metaphor is an implied resemblance : sentina rei publi- 
cae, the dregs of the state; Cat. I. 5. 

244. Metonymy is the use of one name for another suggested by 
it : duodecim secures, for duo praetores ; see note P. 1. 402. 

245. Polysyndeton is the repetition of a connective, as et, with 
several words or clauses : turpem et infirmam et abiectam, base 
and weak and downcast; Cat. IV. 10. 

246. Pretention is a figure by which one pretends to omit what 
he really inserts and emphasizes : non dicam duo bella esse 
confecta, I will not say that two wars were ended; P. 20. 

247. Zeugma is a connection of two words with a verb which 
strictly applies to only one of them : hie locus acervis corporum 
et sanguine redundavit, this place was filled with heaps of bodies, 
and flowed with blood; Cat. III. 10. 



ROMAN CALENDAR, ROMAN NAMES 345 

ROMAN CALENDAR 

248. The Roman year was designated by the names of the 
two consuls holding office for that year, as if we should say, 
" during the presidency of Washington." The names were in 
the ablative case with consulibus, forming an ablative absolute : 
Lepido et Tullo consulibus Cat. I. 6. 

a. The Romans did not number the days of the month as we 
do, but called the first day the Calends (Kalendae), the fifth 
(seventh of March, May, July, and Oct.), the Nones (Nonae), 
and the thirteenth (fifteenth of March, May, July, and October) 
the Ides (Idus). 

The days between the Calends and the Nones were reckoned 
as so many days each before the Nones ; the days between the 
Nones and the Ides as so many days each before the Ides ; the 
days after the Ides as so many days each before the Calends of 
the next month. But they counted both the day from which 
and the day to which they reckoned. Therefore, to determine a 
date falling before the Calends, add two to the number ,pf days 
in the current month before subtracting the given ordinal.'- 

Thus, the phrase ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembris 
means Oct. 21, for 31+ 2 - 12 = 21. 

b. A phrase like ante diem quintum Kal. Apr. is idiomatic, for 
which we should expect dies quintus (or die quinto) ante Kal. Apr. 

ROMAN NAMES OF PERSONS 

249. It was customary for Romans to have three names : a 
praenomen (individual name), a nomen (name of the gens or 
tribe), and a cognomen (family name) : Marcus Tullius Cicero. 

a. There were less than twenty praenomina, such as Gaius, 
Gnaeus, Marcus, Publius, etc. The nomen ended in -ius. The 
cognomen often originated as a nickname : Cicero, chickpea. 

b. Women had no personal names, but were given the feminine 
form of the tribe name : Tullia, a daughter of Cicero. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

BASED ON CICERO 

Introductory Note. — The following thirty lessons in 
prose composition are intended to furnish a general review 
of the principles of syntax, as found in the orations read. 
Questions, commands, conditions, and the independent 
uses of the subjunctive, are treated in the first seven les- 
sons, because of their importance and early use in Cicero. 
Other topics are presented in the usual order of the gram- 
mars. The vocabulary, with few exceptions, is confined 
to the orations read. In the connected passages at the 
end of each lesson, the pupil should consult the text upon 
which it is based, rather than the general vocabulary. 
The references to grammars are explained on p. 181. 

LESSON I 
Indicative Questions 

1. Direct questions: 88 ; x Bur. 363; A. 330; B. 162; 
G. 450; H. 378; HB. 231. 

2. Alternative or double questions : 89 ; Bur. 372 ; 
A. 334 ; B. 162, 4 ; G. 458 ; H. 380, 1 ; HB. 234. 

3. Answers: 91; Bur. 370; A. 336; B. 162, 5; G. 471 ; 
H. 379 ; HB. 232. 

4. Word order: 233; Bur. 1055; A. 600; B. 351; G. 
684; H. 685; HB. 630. 

x See Grammatical Appendix. 
346 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 347 

Note 1. — The connectives in double questions may be : — 
I. utrum ... an 
II. -ne ... an 
III. — ... an 

Note 2. — In the second member or not is expressed by annon, 
or necne. The latter is used rarely in direct questions, but often 
in indirect. 

Exercise 1 (Cat. I. Chapters 1, 2) 

1. Who delivered the orations against Catiline? 2. 
Where was the first oration delivered? 3. How-many 
orations were delivered against the same conspirators? 4. 
Into what strongly-fortified place were the senators called 
together? 5. Why were all good citizens afraid? 6. 
Have you not heard the decree of the Senate and the plan 
of the consul? 7. Will the number of the enemy increase? 
8. Does not the consul condemn himself for (of) 1 inactiv- 
ity? He does (he condemns). 9. Patriots will not plot 
the ruin of the republic, will they? 10. Do we seem to be 
doing enough for the republic, or not? 11. By whom was 
Gaius Gracchus killed? 12. Gaius Gracchus was the son 
of Cornelia, was he not? 13. Were the Gracchi patriots, 
or did they desire to devastate Italy with fire and sword 
(slaughter) ? 14. Will Catiline see the eyes of many who 
are watching him? No (he will not see). 15. To whom 
shall we intrust [the welfare of] l the republic ? 

Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 1, 2) 

Catiline has too long abused the patience of the people. 
His boldness has been unbridled. But he will not carry 
out (perficio) his designs, if the consul does (fut. tense) 
his duty by (enough for) the republic. For the Senate has 
intrusted to Cicero [the welfare of] the republic. Once 

1 Words in parentheses ( ) are explanatory or to be used in transla- 
tion ; words in brackets [ ] are not to be translated. 



348 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

citizens were put to death because of a suspicion of insur- 
rection. And so the consul has ordered (iubeo) Catiline 
to be arrested, and will do what ought (oportet) to be done. 

LESSON II 

Commands 

1. The imperative: 207; Bur. 931; A. 448; B. 281 
G. 266 ; H. 560 ; HB. 495. 

2. The subjunctive of command: 187, b; Bur. 768 
A. 439; B. 275; G. 263; H. 559; HB. 501. 

3. Negative command (prohibition) : 208 ; Bur. 934 
A. 450 ; B. 276 ; G. 271 ; H. 561 ; HB. 501. 

4. The vocative : 96 ; Bur. 398 ; A. 340 ; B. 171 ; G. 
201 ; H. 402 ; HB. 400. 

Note 1. — Die, due, and fac are used for dice, duce, face. 
Note 2. — In commands of the third person, the negative is ne. 
Compare the following : — 

Positive Negative 

2 pers. scribe, scribite, write. noli (nolite) scribere, do not write. 

3 pers. scribat, let him write. ne scribat, let him not write. 

scribant, let them write, ne scribant, let them not write. 
Note 3. — Distinguish between let used in translating the sub- 
junctive of command and let meaning allow, which requires a 
separate Latin word : sine (let, allow) eos scribere. 

Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 3, 4) 

1. Send two Roman knights to the consul before day- 
break (light). 2. Call all patriots together and encourage 
them. 3. Fortify and strengthen your homes, citizens, with 
stronger (greater) guards. 4. Let them not condemn the 
consul for (of) inactivity. 5. Let Catiline be arrested and 
put to death. 6. Let all good men say [that] it was done 
too late. 7. Marcus Tullius, will you allow (patior) the ene- 
mies of the republic to live? 8. Don't change your mind. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 349 

9. Be not lax in [the midst of] these dangers. 10. Lead 
out all the forces of the state and free us from danger. 
11. Fear the guards of the city, Catiline, and lay no plots 
(plot nothing) in your camp in Etruria. 12. Who will 
defend you, Catiline? 13. Were you not hemmed-in 
on-all-sides ? 14. Were your plans not clearer to me than 
day (light)? 15. Was your conspiracy confined within 
(by) the walls of a private house or the walls of the city ? 

Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 3, 4) 

Were you not at the house (domi) of Laeca, Catiline? 
The walls of that private house have not contained the 
voices of your conspirators. My guards have surrounded 
you, and you will not be able to lift-a-finger (move your- 
self). You 1 have planned for (de) the destruction of the 
city, but I l for her safety. Listen-to (hear) the opinions 
of these senators. Those men whom you have chosen 
will not set-fire-to the city, but will be patriotic citizens. 

LESSON III 
Subjunctive in Independent Sentences 

1. Hortatory, expressing exhortation: 187, a; Bur. 
768; A. 439; B. 273; G. 263; H. 559; HB. 500. 

2. Optative, expressing a wish ; 188; Bur. 773; A. 441; 
B. 279; G. 260; H. 558; HB. 510. 

3. Potential, expressing possibility: 189; Bur. 777; 
A. 446; B. 280; G. 257; H. 552; HB. 516. 

Note 1. — For the independent subjunctive in commands, see 
Lesson II ; in deliberative questions, see Lesson VII. 

Note 2. — The negative for hortatory and optative sentences 
is regularly ne ; for potential sentences, non. 

1 Use a pronoun. 



350 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 5, 6) 

1. Let us defend the city with all our forces. 2. May 
the consul defend the city. 3. that (would that, utinam) 
the consul were defending the city. 4. Would that the 
consul had defended us against (ab) this band of conspira- 
tors. 5. Let us not say [that] the consul was too cruel. 
6. O that you had gone to the camp of the enemy. 7. 
Some one (aliquis) may think [that] Jupiter is not the most 
ancient guardian of the city. 8. You may [possibly] say 
[that] the gates are open and [that] many leading men have 
fled. 9. May all good citizens be grateful (have gratitude) 
to the immortal gods, who have checked these wicked 
attempts. 10. Let us do what (that which) is most expe- 
dient (useful) for the common safety. 11. Did you not 
stand in the Comitium, ready to kill the consuls and the 
chief men of the state? 12. Offer to this young man a 
better gift than a sword and a torch. 13. that he were 
offering a better gift. 14. Let them not stand in the 
Comitium (Lesson II, Note 2). 15. Did they stand in the 
Comitium or in the Forum ? 

Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 5, 6) 

Let Catiline depart with all his friends and go to the 
camp of Manlius. He has often attacked (peto) the con- 
sul-elect and his rivals. By this time (iam) all know his 
life and hate him. They are unwilling [to have] him live 
(him to live) in the city which he dooms (calls) to destruc- 
tion. They fear the dagger which has been consecrated 
by sacred [rites]. May the good fortune of the Roman 
people stand-in-the-way-of his madness (dat.). 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 351 

LESSON IV 

The Infinitive 

1. Tenses of the infinitive: 209; Bur. 939; A. 486; 
B. 270; G. 281; H. 617 ; HB. 472. 

2. The infinitive without subject : 211 ; Bur. 951 ; A. 
456 ; B. 328 ; G. 423 ; H. 607 ; HB. 586. 

3. The infinitive with subject-accusative: 212; Bur. 
954; A. 459; B. 331 ; G. 527; H. 613 ; HB. 589. 

4. The infinitive with possum, licet, oportet, debeo 
209,6; Bur. 944; A. 486, a; B. 270; G. 254, R; H. 618; 
HB. 582, 3. 

Note 1. — Can and could are expressed by the forms of possum : 
/ can do this, hoc facere possum ; / could (was able to) do this, 
hoc facere poteram. 

Note 2. — May and might, denoting permission (not possibil- 
ity) are expressed by licet : I may do this, licet mihi (or me) 
hoc facere (lit. it is permitted me to do this). 

Note 3. — Must may be expressed by oportet or necesse est ; 
ought, by debeo or oportet: (1) I ?nust do this, me hoc facere 
necesse est (or oportet) ; (2) / ought to do this, hoc facere debeo, 
or me hoc facere oportet. 

Note 4. — To say could have done, might have done, ought to 
have done, Latin uses a present (not perfect) complementary 
infinitive. 

1. / could have done this, hoc facere potui. 

2. / might have done this, mihi (or me) hoc facere licuit (per- 
mission) ; hoc facere potui (possibility). 

3. / ought to have done this, hoc facere debui, or me hoc 
facere oportuit. 

Note 5.— Debeo denotes obligation based on duty to one's 
self ; oportet denotes obligation based on duty to others. 

Note 6. — With oportet the person affected is expressed by the 
accusative ; with licet, necesse est, by the dative or the accusa- 
tive. 

Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 7, 8) 

1. Catiline was ordered (iubeo) to go into exile. 2. He 
said he would go into exile. 3. He is said to have gone 



352 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

into exile. 4. Catiline ought to have gone into exile. 
5. You know, Catiline, that you ought to have gone into 
exile. 6. Ought the consul to have been moved by hatred 
or by pity? 7. Why did you attempt to come into the 
Senate? 8. Did not the senators hesitate to salute him? 
9. Cicero desired to do his duty by (do enough for) the 
republic. 10. Cicero said that he desired to do his duty 
by the republic. 11. Who was not able (impf.) to hear 
the voices of those who stood around the Senate? 12. All 
could have heard them a little while ago. 13. My slaves 
must (oportet) not fear me. 14. A slave may not (i.e. is 
not permitted ; Note 2) to come into the Senate. 15. Let 
us compel all the friends of Catiline to go out with him. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 7, 8) 

No one of (from) that great throng dared (to) salute 
Catiline in the Senate. For good citizens feared him, and 
thought he was the common enemy of them all. Did he 
not discern (perspicio) their will? Would that he had 
heard the voice of his country, which silently (silent) 
spoke to (with) him. 

Catiline desired to give himself into custody, but no one 
received him. Even his friend Metellus rejected him. 
And so Cicero said that he ought to leave (go out of) the 
city. 

LESSON V 

Conditional Sentences 

1. Conditions stated as a fact: 198, a, b; Bur. 911; 
A. 515; B. 302; G. 595; H. 574; HB. 579. 

2. Conditions more probable (shall, will) : 198, c; Bur. 
911 ; A. 516 ; B. 302 ; G. 595 ; H. 574 ; HB. 579, a. 

3. Conditions less probable (should, would) : 198, c ; 
Bur. 915 ; A. 516 ; B. 303 ; G. 596 ; H. 576 ; HB. 580. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 353 

Note 1 . — Latin often requires a future or future perfect where 
English uses a present tense : if he does (Latin shall do) this, it 
will be well. 

Note 2. — Conditions less probable are sometimes called possi- 
ble or less vivid conditions. 

Note 3. — A negative condition is generally introduced by 
nisi, unless; if the negative is applied to a single word by si non. 

Exercise 1 

1. If he was in the Forum, he heard Cicero's speech. 2. 
If he is in the Forum now, he is listening-to (hears) Cicero's 
speech. 3. If he goes (Note 1) to the Forum, he will hear 
Cicero's speech. 4. If he should go to the Forum, he 
would hear Cicero's speech. 5. If Catiline should go, 
who would salute him? 6. If you are patriotic citizens, do 
not let (patior) the enemy (to) collect their troops. 7. If 
we have a decree of the Senate against (in) the conspirators, 
let them fear its authority. 8. If Catiline did not send 
ahead his silver eagle, he did not wish to go to his army. 
9. If I say this to Marcellus, men will lay violent (violence 
and) hands on me (dat.). 10. The consul will not order 
you to leave (go out of) the city, unless you hesitate 
(Note 1). 11. The consul would not order you to leave 
the city, unless you should hesitate. 12. If Catiline was 
rejected by Lepidus, he ought to have gone (Lesson IV, 
Note 4) to Metellus. 13. Ought we not call all good men 
together? 14. We ought to call all good men together. 
15. How long, Catiline, do you think you can abuse our 
patience ? 

Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 9, 10) 

All [men] know, Catiline, that you will never reform 
(correct yourself). And so a storm of unpopularity over- 
hangs you (dat.). If you wish to declare (infero) war 
upon your country, your army in Etruria is ready. Go 
straight to that army, and let hatred be kindled (conflo) 



354 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

against me (dat.). Go to that band of scoundrels, with 
whom you may revel (subjv.) in pleasure. O that the 
gods had given you a better purpose (mens). But do not 
think that you will ever distress the republic [as] a consul. 

LESSON VI 
Conditional Sentences (Continued) 

1. Conditions contrary to fact: 198, a, b; Bur. 919 
A. 517; B. 304; G. 597; H. 579; HB. 581. 

2. Conditions with debeo, oportet, possum : 198 
Note 2 ; Bur. 921 ; A. 517 ; B. 304 ; G. 597 ; H. 582 ; HB 
581. 

3. Proviso: 199; Bur. 929; A. 528; B. 310; G. 573 
H. 587; HB. 529. 

Note. — Debeo, oportet, possum, necesse est often stand in the 
indicative instead of the subjunctive, in the conclusion of a condi- 
tion contrary to fact. The imperfect represents present time, the 
perfect or pluperfect, past time : delerl exercitus potuit, si per- 
secuti victores essent, the army might (could) have been destroyed, 
if the victors had pursued. 

Exercise 1 

1. They will conquer, if they fight bravely. 2. They 
would have conquered, if they had fought more bravely. 
3. If they had heard the speech, they would have praised 
the orator. 4. If they were listening-to (hearing) the speech 
now, they would praise the orator. 5. If they should hear 
the speech, they would praise the orator. 6. If the con- 
sul had not ordered Catiline to leave (go from) the city, 
he would not have gone. 7. If Cicero had feared unpopu- 
larity, he could not have saved the state. 8. We shall 
reach (pervenio ad) the camp before evening, provided we 
go by the shortest road. 9. If the friends of the con- 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 355 

spirators had gone into the temple, who would have sa- 
luted them? 10. If you had spoken with (cum) them, 
they ought to have feared your authority. 11. If I were 
in Italy, I should see the cities which the Romans built 
(aedifico). 12. Would you encourage the soldiers, if you 
were the commander-in-chief? 13. Let us separate these 
conspirators from patriotic men. 14. Many thought that 
Cicero was embarrassed by the customs of the ancestors. 
15. Do not fear unpopularity, but show (refero) gratitude 
to the Roman people, by whom you have been raised to 
the highest office. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 11-13) 

I ought not to neglect the safety of my [fellow] citizens. 
If only Jupiter will aid us, I promise (to) you that I shall 
bring all things to light. Let all know that I will not give 
one hour to this gladiator. If I punish him, many will 
say that I have acted cruelly. But I shall keep him and his 
allies from the houses of the city and the temples of the gods. 

LESSON VII 
Subjunctive Questions 

1. Indirect questions : 202; Bur. 846; A. 330; B. 300; 
G. 460; H. 649; HB. 537. 

2. Double questions : 89, and a; Bur. 372 ; A. 334 ; B. 
162,4; G. 458; H. 380; HB. 234. 

3. Questions of deliberation, possibility, propriety: 
201 ; Bur. 771 ; A. 444 ; B. 277 ; G. 465 ; H. 559, 4 ; HB. 
503. 

4. Sequence of tenses : 183; Bur. 781 ; A. 482; B. 266; 
G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476. 

Note 1. — Whether, in single questions, is expressed by -ne or 
num (without difference of meaning) ; in double questions, by 



356 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

utrum or -ne : quaesivit salvusne esset filius, he asked whether his 
son was safe; quaerit utrum verum an falsum sit, he asks whether 
it is true or false. 

Note 2. — The future tense in indirect questions is expressed 
by the subjunctive of the active periphrastic conjugation: 
rogo quid facturus sis, / ask what you will do (are about to do) ; 
rogavi quid facturus esses, / asked what you would do (were about 
to do) ; rogo quid facias means I ask what you are doing. ■ 

Note 3. — The person asked is expressed by the accusative 
with rogo ; by ab, de, or ex + the ablative with quaero ; by 
ab + the ablative with pet6 and postulo. 

Exercise 1 

1. Why, Catiline, are you an enemy of your country? 
2. I ask you, Catiline, why you are an enemy. 3. I ask 
you, Catiline, whether you are an enemy or not. 4. The 
consul asked Catiline why he was an enemy. 5. The con- 
sul asked him how long he had been an enemy. 6. I ask 
you, whether you were an enemy of your country yester- 
day. 7. I ask you, Catiline, whether you will be an 
enemy. 8. He asked Catiline whether he would be an 
enemy. 9. I shall ask Catiline whether he is an enemy 
or a good citizen. 10. I-am-in-doubt ; what shall I say 
about the punishment of this man? 11. Why should you 
go (pres. tense) [as] an ambassador to the camp of the 
enemy ? 12. What was I to do ? (not inf. ; cf . what am I to 
do ? i.e. what shall I do ?) 13. I didn't know (nescio) what 
I was to do. 14. Let all men declare what they have 
heard about the perils of the republic. 15. If you know 
in what peril the republic is, tell the consul (dat.). 16. 
He ought to have told the consul what he knew about the 
perils of the republic. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 1, 2) 

At last, fellow-citizens, we know that Catiline has gone. 
Those weapons, with which he threatened us (dat.), we 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 357 

shall no longer need (it will be necessary [for] us) to fear. 
Let us rejoice because there is no foe within the city- walls. 
Who will blame me, if I do not think that Catiline ought 
to be put to death now ? If I had put him to death, how 
many would have accused me severely? Even many 
senators did not believe all (neut. pi.) that I said. 

LESSON VIII 

Agreement 

1. Agreement of nouns : 92; Bur. 381-389; A. 281; B. 
169; G. 321; H.393; HB. 319. 

2. Agreement of adjectives : 156, a, b; Bur. 629; A. 285; 
B. 234; G. 211; H. 394; HB. 320. 

3. Agreement of relative pronouns : 161, a, b; Bur. 703; 
A. 305; B.250; G.614; H.396; HB. 281. 

4. Agreement of verbs: 171, a-e; Bur. 735; A. 316; B. 
254; G. 211; H. 388; HB. 328. 

Note. — In a compound infinitive, depending on a personal verb 
like dicuntur, the participle is in the nominative form : — 

1. dicuntur secuti esse, they are said to have followed. 

2. Miles dicitur secutus esse, the soldier is said to have fol- 
lowed. 

3. dicitur (impersonal) militem seciitum esse, it is said that 
the soldier followed. 

Exercise 1 

1. Cicero [when] consul delivered the orations against 
Catiline, the senator. 2. These men said they had come 
[as] ambassadors. 3. All good soldiers desire to be and to 
seem brave. 4. Cicero said that his son and daughter were 
safe. 5. Many men and women, who saw the brave sol- 
dier, saluted him. 6. Gabinius was the first to be called 
(was called first) to the consul. 7. You and Metellus 
came unwillingly (unwilling). 8. Did they not assemble 
(come together) in-great-numbers? 9. Labor and pleas- 



358 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

ure are unlike (dissimilar things). 10. Were the swords 
and daggers, which were in the camp, handed over to the 
consul? 11. Neither the lieutenant nor the praetor could 
overtake the men who went out of the city. 12. At last 
we have warded-off the sword and flame that threatened 
the city (dat.). 13. There came together a great number 
of citizens, who had heard that Cicero would deliver an 
oration. 14. Let all patriots thank the gods (dat.), as 
(that which) I have often said. 15. The temple of Jupiter 
was on the top of the hill. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 3, 4) 

Do you ask from what countries the enemy have gath- 
ered their forces? They have come from Italy and Gaul. 
In the army of Catiline are desperate men of all classes, 
who would rather (prefer to) fight for (pro) their leader 
than for their country. If they do not know that this leader 
has gone out, I will tell (to) them that he has gone by the 
Aurelian Way. O that these young men had never lived 
on intimate terms with him ! 

LESSON IX 
Pronouns 

1. Personal: 162, a, b; Bur. 661; A. 295; B. 242; G. 
304; H. 500; HB. 254. 

2. Reflexive: 163, a-c; Bur. 666; A. 299; B. 244 
G. 309 ; H. 502 ; HB. 260. 

3. Possessive: 164, a, b; Bur. 618; A. 302; B. 243 
G. 312; H. 501; HB. 254. 

4. Relative: 167, a-c; Bur. 693; A. 304; B. 250 
G. 610; H. 510; HB. 281. 

5. Intensive: 166, a, b; Bur. 671; A. 298; B. 249 
G. 311; H. 509; HB. 267. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 359 

Note. — Distinguish between the reflexive and the intensive 
pronoun. Se is not intensive or emphatic, but gets its meaning 
from the fact that it refers to the subject ; ipse is generally used 
for emphasis, though it may be reflexive : Roman! se def endunt, 
the Romans defend themselves; Roman! ipsi oppidum defendunt, 
the Romans themselves defend the town. 

Exercise 1 

1. Manlius has pitched his camp against us in the pass of 
Etruria. 2. Manlius said he would pitch his camp in 
Etruria. 3. Manlius is said to have attempted to seize 
the pass. 4. Who will not fight for (pro) his country, 
which is the parent of us all? 5. Who of us will say that 
this is not the fairest of all lands ? 6. If the praetors over- 
take the Allobroges, will they arrest them and seize their 
letters? 7. I (emphatic) gave myself into custody; why 
did you not receive me? 8. Fellow-citizens, you must 
(Lesson IV, Note 3) defend yourselves and your property 
against (ab) the attacks which these men are making. 
9. Our ancestors themselves have left (to) us many 
examples of their virtues. 10. Lentulus and Cethegus, 
the friends of Catiline, acknowledged their seals and hand- 
writing (hands). 11. Do you know their seals and hand- 
writing, Marcus Tullius? 12. These men say they will 
escort you to the very gates of the city. 13. Catiline 
easily endured hunger and cold, which weaken most men. 
14. He asked Catiline whether he easily endured hunger 
and cold. 15. The letter had been written by his own hand 
to (ad) his son and daughter, who were in Gaul. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 5, 6) 

If I had known that Catiline was the companion of 
gladiators and desperate men, I would have compelled 
him to leave the city, which he wishes to destroy. You 
all know what slaughter and burning they have planned. 



360 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

Do you think we need (it is necessary [for] us) to dread 
foreign nations and kings? Greater dangers are within. 
Let the Senate be called together, and let the whole mat- 
ter be laid before the conscript fathers. Then I will ask 
Catiline whether Manlius, his centurion, has pitched a 
camp and is now waiting-for him. 

LESSON X 

Pronouns {Continued) 

1. Demonstrative: 165, a-e; Bur. 711; A. 296; B. 246 
G. 305; H. 505; HB. 271. 

2. Interrogative: 168; Bur. 679; A. 333; B. 90 
G. 106; H. 511; HB. 275. 

3. Indefinite: 169, a, b; Bur. 682; A. 309; B.252; G. 313 
H. 512; HB. 276. 

4. Alius, alter: 170, a, b; Bur. 729; A. 315; B. 253 
G. 319; H. 516; HB. 279. 

Note 1. — Hie, iste, and ille are demonstratives of the first, 
second, and third persons, respectively. 

Note 2. — Ullus, any, is the adjective in negative expressions, 
corresponding to the pronoun quisquam : sine ullo periculo, 
without any danger. 

Note 3. — The same as is regularly expressed by idem qui (eadem 
quae, idem quod) : ego idem sentio quod tu, I think the same as 
you. 

Exercise 1 

1. One of the consuls was Catiline's enemy, the other was 
said to be his friend. 2. Some of the conspirators went 
out by the Aurelian Way, others remained in the city. 

3. Some witnesses said one thing, some another (170, b). 

4. Every one of us knows where your friends met last 
night. 5. If any one should ask why the Allobroges were 
in the city, Lentulus could (would be able) to tell them. 
6. If any one had asked why they were in the city, Lentulus 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 361 

could have told (Lesson VI, Note) him. 7. Who does not 
know that certain of (ex) the chief men have fled? 8. These 
soldiers fought most valiantly ; those guarded the camp 
which had been pitched in the middle of the hill. 9. 
Don't think, Catiline, that those companions of yours 
will accomplish their undertakings without punishment. 
10. That letter was written by the same hand as (by which) 
this. 11. How can we escape the weapons of that [scoun- 
drel]? 12. Some men may say that the Gauls will not 
form a conspiracy against the republic. 13. The consul 
ought to summon to himself all (169, b) the best and 
noblest. 14. If the consuls do their duty by (to) the state, 
we shall not need to fear the attacks of any one. 15. Those 
who heard the oration learned that the republic was in 
great peril. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 7, 8) 

If Catiline should change his mind and go out of the city, 
some would say that Cicero had driven him into exile. 
And yet if he had put him to death, the same men would 
have said that he was a tyrant. But Cicero was willing 
to undergo unpopularity, provided the state was not in 
peril. He knew there were six classes of men in Catiline's 
army. The first of these were deeply (in great) debt, but 
expected that by the aid of Catiline their property would 
be saved. 

LESSON XI 

The Genitive with Nouns 

1. Possessive Genitive: 97; Bur. 401 ; A. 343 ; B. 198 
G. 362; H. 440; HB. 339. 

2. Subjective Genitive : 98; Bur. 402; A. 343 ; B. 199 
G. 363; H. 440; HB. 344. 

3. Objective Genitive : 99; Bur. 425 ; A. 348; B. 200 
G. 363 ; H. 440 ; HB. 354. 



362 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

4. Descriptive Genitive : 100 ; Bur. 421 ; A. 345 ; B. 
203; G. 365; H. 440; HB. 355. 

5. Appositional Genitive: 102; Bur. 411; A. 343; B. 
202; G. 361; H. 440; HB. 341. 

6. Genitive of the whole: 103; Bur. 412; A. 346; B. 
201 ; G. 367 ; H. 441 ; HB. 346. 

Note 1. — The subjective and objective genitives are dis- 
tinguished by converting the phrase into a sentence : the love 
of a father (amor patris) may mean the father loves (pater amat), 
and hence the genitive is subjective ; or it may mean one loves 
his father (amat patrem), in which case the genitive is objective. 

Note 2. — Numerals and quidem are generally followed by ex 
or de and the ablative rather than by the genitive of the whole : 
unus ex militibus, one of the soldiers. 

Note 3. — The adjective omnis is not followed by the genitive 
of the whole : all of us, nos omnes (not nostrum). 

Exercise 1 

1. Were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the sons of Cor- 
nelia? 2. Whose letter is this? 3. Cicero said that Cati- 
line was a man of great boldness. 4. This soldier's 
knowledge of war is extraordinary. 5. The name of king 
was always hateful to the Roman people. 6. How much 
authority was given to the consul? 7. Do you know how 
much authority was given to the consul? 8. If all the 
soldiers should fight bravely, we would conquer. 9. Cer- 
tain of (Note 2) the knights were unfriendly to Cicero. 
10. Love of country did not stand-in-the-way-of Catiline's 
purposes (clat.). 11. Cicero said that the customs of the 
ancestors and the safety of the republic demanded the 
severest punishment. 12. Is not this the fairest of all 
lands? 13. Let the conspirators be disturbed (moved) 
by the fear of the people. 14. We all know what (of) 
plan you formed (took). 15. We heard that the Senate 
decreed a thanksgiving of twenty days. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 363 

Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 9-10) 

Cicero said that the second class of the conspirators' 
army were burdened with debt but did not despair of 
honors (ace). But they could not become consuls or 
kings in the ashes of the city. In (in) the third class 
were Sulla's soldiers, who were impelled by the hope of 
plunder. They would not have fallen into such debt, if 
Sulla had been alive. With this army of criminals of all 
classes, what did the leader expect he could do? 

LESSON XII 

The Genitive with Adjectives and Verbs 

1. Genitive with adjectives: 104; Bur. 425; A. 349 
B. 204; G. 374; H. 450; HB. 354. 

2. Genitive with verbs of accusing: 105; Bur. 431 
A. 352; B. 208; G. 378; H. 456; HB. 342. 

3. Genitive with verbs of feeling and interest : 106, 107 
Bur. 434; A. 354; B. 209; G. 377; H. 457; HB. 352. 

4. Genitive with verbs of memory: 108; Bur. 438 

A. 350; B. 206; G. 376; H. 454; HB. 350. 

5. Genitive of indefinite value (with est): 110; Bur. 
424; A. 417; B. 203; G. 380; H. 448; HB. 356. 

6. Predicate Genitive: 111; Bur. 408, 421; A. 343; 

B. 203; G. 366; H. 447; HB. 340. 

Exercise 1 

1. The Romans were always desirous of victory and 
mindful of their allies. 2. Are your friends mindful of 
you (pi., 162, &)? 3. It will be worth-while (tanti) for us 
(dat.) to do this, provided our friends are willing. 4. It 
is [the duty] of the consul to defend the city and the 
temples of the gods. 5. He says that the sixth class con- 
sists (is) of the friends of Catiline. 6. The consul will not 



364 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

repent of his acts. 7. He says that he does not repent 
(it does not repent him) of his acts. 8. Do not forget me, 
and that I am your consul. 9. It concerned the consul 
greatly (110) that his colleague should be (inf. clause) a 
friend. 10. It concerns you (107) also that your colleague 
be a friend. 11. The orator accused Catiline of many 
things which the senators had not heard before. 12. Re- 
member your former victories, soldiers, if you fear the 
enemy. 13. The lieutenant was a man most-experienced 
in (of) war. 14. It will concern us (107) little whether the 
enemy are in our camp or not. 15. He thinks that four 
thousand men are in camp. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 11-13) 

If these are Catiline's forces, citizens, do you dread 
war? Can that wounded gladiator conquer in a contest 
of this kind? I have been informed that all the colonists 
will easily defend their towns. Metellus, who is experi- 
enced in warfare, will check all attempts outside of the 
city. If any friends of Catiline remain in the city, they 
will see that I am a watchful consul. If the gods will be 
our leaders, I promise that every loyal man will be safe. 

LESSON XIII 

The Dative Case 

1. Indirect object with transitive verbs: 112, a; Bur. 
450; A. 362; B. 187; G. 345; H. 424; HB. 365. 

2. Indirect object with intransitive verbs : 112,6; Bur. 
456; A. 367; B. 187.; G. 346; H. 426; HB. 362. 

3. Indirect object with compound verbs: 112, c, d; 
Bur. 464; A. 370; B. 187; G. 347; H. 429; HB. 376. 

Note 1. — Some intransitive verbs are used in the passive voice 
impersonally : persuadetur mihi, I am persuaded (it is persuaded 
to me) ; persuadetur tibi, you are \ 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 365 

Note 2. — Mitto and scribo take either the dative of indirect 
object, or the accusative with ad. The accusative is used if the 
idea of motion predominates : tibi, or ad te, scribam, / shall 
write to you. 

Exercise 1 

1. Who will envy his friend's glory ? 2. It is [the duty] 
of every man to resist the leaders of that conspiracy. 
3. To you, Cicero, our country has intrusted the lives (life) 
and property (goods) of her citizens. 4. He ought to 
obey the decree of the Senate and go into exile. 5. He is 
persuaded. I have been persuaded. 6. Can you not per- 
suade him? 7. Can he not be persuaded? 8. Let not 
these desperate men threaten us with sword and flame. 
9. Cicero said that foreign nations preferred to serve the 
Roman people [rather] than rule over others. 10. The 
Allobroges said that Lentulus had written a letter to 
Catiline (Note 2). 11. Did the Senate give most liberal 
rewards to the ambassadors of the Allobroges? 12. Cicero 
promised (to) the citizens that every loyal man would be 
safe. 13. We ought, conscript fathers, to consult for [the 
interest of] these men and women who are in peril. 14. If 
we lay hands on Catiline and his friends, we shall do our 
duty by (enough for) the republic. 15. When was Man- 
lius placed-in-command-of the army ? 

Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 1-3) 
By Cicero's plans and labors the state was saved. 
Fire had almost been placed under the temples, but it 
had been extinguished. Then in the Forum, the consul 
told (to) the people how great their peril had been. He 
had heard that certain Gauls would cross the Mulvian 
Bridge and that they had letters for (ad) Catiline. He 
arrested them and some of the conspirators, and then laid 
the whole matter before the Senate, which he had quickly 
assembled. 



366 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

LESSON XIV 

The Dative (Continued) 

1. Dative of purpose: 114; Bur. 483; A. 382; B. 191 
G. 356; H. 433; HB. 365. 

2. Dative of reference : 115; Bur. 470; A. 376; B. 188 
G. 356; H. 433; HB. 366. 

3. Dative with adjectives: 119; Bur. 487; A. 384 
B. 192; G. 359; H. 434; HB. 362. 

4. Dative of the possessor: 117; Bur. 479; A. 373 
B. 190; G. 349; H. 430; HB. 374. 

5. Dative of the agent : 116 ; Bur. 480 ; A. 374; B. 189 
G. 354; H. 431; HB. 373. 

6. The passive periphrastic conjugation : 225 ; Bur. 
1000; A. 500; B. 337; G. 251; H. 621; HB. 600. 

Note 1. — In expressions of possession the genitive emphasizes 
the possessor ; the dative, the fact of possession : bonus servus 
est consulis, the good slave is the consul's; bonus servus est 
consul!, the consul has a good slave. 

Note 2. — To avoid confusion with another dative connected 
with the passive periphrastic, the agent may be expressed by the 
ablative with a, ab : hostibus a nobis parcendum est, we must spare 
our enemies. 

Exercise 1 

1. Can this day be pleasant to wicked men? 2. Your 
safety will be (for) the greatest concern (care) to all your 
friends. 3. The men who saved the state are (for) an 
honor to themselves. 4. We must defend our wives and 
children. 5. They say that they must defend their wives 
and children. 6. You have many brave generals and 
thousands of soldiers. 7. Cicero said that he would pro- 
vide for the safety of the Roman people. 8. Our country 
ought (Lesson IV, Note 3) to be very dear to us. 9. Is 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 367 

this boy like his father or his grandfather ? 10. We must 
praise the consul and give thanks to the immortal gods. 
11. I learned that the ambassadors had a letter, and that 
it was Catiline's (see Note 1). 12. Give a signal to those 
guards who are nearest to the gates. 13. Catiline asked 
whether those gladiators would be faithful to him. 14. I 
ought to be pardoned (it is fitting to be pardoned to me, 
112, Note 2). 15. If your voice has been [a means of] (for) 
safety to any one, you ought to be pardoned. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 4-6) 

Volturcius and the Gauls said that some of the con- 
spirators were ready to burn the city and that Cethegus 
wished to do this before the Saturnalia. We know that 
the house of Cethegus was full of good weapons. In the 
Senate the tablets of the conspirators were read. I 
asked them whether they recognized the seals of the 
tablets. All confessed. Then the Senate thanked me 
and the praetors who had commanded the troops of the 
state. 

LESSON XV 

The Accusative 

1. Directobject: 120; Bur. 493 ; A. 387; B. 172; G. 330 
H. 404; HB. 390. 

2. Secondary object: 121; Bur. 507; A. 396; B. 178 
G. 339; H. 411; HB. 393. 

3. Predicate accusative : 122; Bur. 506; A. 393; B. 177 
G. 340; H. 410; HB. 392. 

4. Subject of infinitive: 123; Bur. 526 ; A. 397; B. 184 
G. 343; H. 415; HB. 398. 

5. Prepositions with the accusative : 231 ; Bur. 1019 
A. 220; B. 141; G. 416; H. 420; HB. 455. 



368 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

Note. — Moneo, advise, warn, may be followed by two accusa- 
tives, one of the person, and the other a neuter pronoun or ad- 
jective, expressing the thing : eos hoc moneo, / gave them this 
warning (warn them this). 

Exercise 1 
1. Have you read the letter that Cicero wrote to (ad) 
his son? 2. Many citizens asked Caesar his opinion 
about the conspiracy. 3. Caesar, having been asked his 
opinion, spoke as follows (said words of this kind). 4. The 
Roman people did not elect Catiline consul. 5. He says 
that the Roman people could have elected (Lesson IV, 
Note 4) Catiline consul. 6. Let us inform the consul 
that (inf. clause) the gates are open. 7. It is said that 
the leaders sought (peto) aid even of (121, a) the slaves. 
8. Jupiter was rightly called the stay of the city. 9. Didn't 
the Haeclui call their magistrate " vergobretus " ? 10. The 
consul has given the enemy this warning (Note) . 11. Every 
senator called Catiline a dangerous citizen. 12. Caesar 
wrote that he had led his army into the farthest part 
of the province. 13. Tell me who was-in-command- 
of the tenth legion. 14. Let the boys remember their 
friend and his words (108). 15. The leaders think that 
they will not lack infantry (infantry will not be lacking 
to them). 

Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 7-9) 

Now, fellow-citizens, you need (oportet) not fear the 
forces of Catiline. The leader himself was very shrewd 
and watchful, a man of great endurance. If we had not 
driven him from the city, we should have had to watch 
(plup. ind. ; 211, Note 2) day and night (ace. pi.). It 
was not [in the power] of the consuls, but of the gods to 
withstand his attempts. They have surely aided (brought 
aid to) us, all these days, and especially Jupiter, whose 
new statue has been set up in the temple. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 369 

LESSON XVI 

The Accusative (Continued) 

1. Place to which: 126, a; Bur. 513; A. 426; B. 182 
G. 337; H. 418; HB. 365. 

2. Duration and extent : 127 ; Bur. 518 ; A. 423 ; B. 181 
G. 335; H. 417; HB. 387. 

3. Cognate accusative : 128; Bur. 502; A. 390; B. 176 
G. 333; H. 409; HB. 396. 

4. Adverbial accusative : 129 ; Bur. 524 ; A. 397; B. 185 
G. 333; H. 416; HB. 387. 

5. The accusative in exclamations : 130 ; Bur. 501 
A. 397; B. 183; G. 343; H. 421; HB. 399. 

Note. — Years of age may be expressed by annos natus with a 
numeral : triginta annos natus, thirty years old, at the age of thirty. 

Exercise 1 

1. A certain Gaul came to Rome to the Senate. 2. An 
attack was made on (in) the Allobroges (ace), who had 
come to Italy. 3. Cicero and Antonius were consuls one 
year. 4. Rome, the most famous of all cities, was fifteen 
miles away from (a) the sea. 5. Why do these citizens 
stand-about the Senate in-great-numbers? 6. We know 
that this army has marched many miles to-day. 7. Cicero 
delivered these orations [when he was] forty-three years 
old (Note). 8. Did you see the Roman knights who 
went to Cicero's house? 9. Let us ask (quaero, Lesson 
VII, Note 3) the lieutenant whether he went home or to 
Geneva. 10. Cicero allowed (patior) the friends of Cati- 
line to return to their homes. 11. Cicero made this 
reply (replied these things) to the ambassadors. 12. What 
reply would he make (what things would he reply) to the 
ambassadors if they should consult him? 13. If he had 
consulted us, we should have made the same reply as (should 



370 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

have replied the same which) he. 14. Do you remember 
that the Helvetians were very powerful (were able most) ? 
15. fortunate city, if all its citizens are patriotic! 

Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 10-12) 

If a thanksgiving has been appointed (decreed), let us 
celebrate these days of safety. You have been saved 
without bloodshed (blood), which has not happened since 
(post) the memory of man (men). Let no reward be given 
to me, provided you remember that in my consulship the 
state was saved. But it will be your [duty] to defend me 
against (a) the attacks of these most daring men, and to 
worship Jupiter, the divine guardian of this city and of 
us all. 

LESSON XVII 

The Ablative 

1. Prepositions with the ablative: 231; Bur. 1020 

A. 220; B. 142; G. 417; H. 490; HB. 456. 

2. Ablative of Separation: 133; Bur. 528; A. 400 

B. 214; G. 390; H. 461; HB. 408. 

3. Ablative of Source: 134; Bur. 532; A. 403; B. 215 
G. 395; H. 467; HB. 413. 

4. Ablative of Agent: 135; Bur. 535; A. 405; B. 216 
G. 401; H. 468; HB. 406. 

5. Ablative of Comparison : 137 ; Bur. 541 ; A. 406 
B. 217; G. 296; H. 471; HB. 416. 

6. Ablative of degree of difference : 145 ; Bur. 582 
A. 414; B. 223; G. 403; H. 479; HB. 424. 

Note 1. — To resign an office is expressed by se abdicare a 
se a praetura abdicavit, he resigned the praetor ship. 

Note 2. — When an agent is looked upon rather as a means 
through which something is done, per with the accusative is used 
instead of ab with the ablative. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 371 

Exercise 1 

1. We must wrest that dagger from (de) his hands. 
2. Could any other [manj have freed (Lesson IV, Note 4) 
Rome from her perils? 3. Which conspirator was com- 
pelled to resign his office? 4. If Cicero had resigned the 
consulship, Catiline would not have gone out of the city. 
5. For many years our country has been without (careo, 
149) provinces and harbors. 6. Let the enemy fear the 
assembly of patriotic men more than the swords of the 
soldiers. 7. Cicero asked the Senate who was milder than 
himself (166, b). 8. Do you think that Cicero was a 
much greater consul than Caesar? 9. He asked whether 
Catiline had more (amplius) than two thousand soldiers. 
10. All the colonists have been informed by the consul 
with-regard-to (de) the attempts of the enemy. 11. Caesar 
was said to have descended (orior) from (ab) Trojan blood. 
12. Cicero was born of an equestrian family (134). 13. It 
was learned through (Note 2) scouts that the enemy had 
marched in (into) another direction. 14. In-comparison- 
with the forces of the enemy, we ought not to despise our 
legions. 15. In-return-for all his labors, Cicero demanded 
nothing except (nisi) the memory of his consulship. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 1-3) 

The eyes of all Romans were turned toward the consul 
who had rescued them and their children from all perils, 
forgetful of his own safety. They thought not only 
about themselves, but about the family of the consul. 
They knew that he was deeply moved by the grief of his 
wife and daughter. They saw the accused who had con- 
fessed, and Lentulus who had resigned his praetorship. 
So they hoped that the Senate would punish the criminals 
without delay. 



372 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

LESSON XVIII 

The Ablative (Continued) 

1. Ablative of means: 141; Bur. 570; A. 409; B. 218 
G. 401; H. 476; HB. 423. 

2. Ablative of cause: 142; Bur. 546; A. 404; B. 219 
G. 408; H. 475; HB. 444. 

3. Ablative of manner : 139; Bur. 554; A. 412; B. 220 
G. 399; H. 473; HB. 445. 

4. Ablative of accompaniment : 138 ; Bur. 550 ; A. 413 
B. 222; G. 392; H. 473; HB. 418. 

5. Ablative of description : 143 ; Bur. 557 ; A. 415 
B. 224; G. 400; H. 473; HB. 443. 

6. Ablative of specification: 144; Bur. 586; A. 418 
B. 226; G. 397; H. 480; HB. 441. 

7. Ablative with deponent verbs : 147 ; Bur. 572 ; A. 410 
B. 218; G. 407; H. 477; HB. 429. 

8. Ablative with certain adjectives: 150; Bur. 587 
A. 418; B. 226; G. 397; H. 481; HB. 442. 

Note. — Cause is sometimes expressed by the accusative with 
ob or propter : ob earn rem, for this reason; propter timorem, on 
account of fear. 

Exercise 1 

1. The soldiers will not be content with such (of this 
kind) booty. 2. How is the city defended? Is it not 
(defended) by garrison and watches? 3. You will never 
repent (it will never repent you) of having fought (to 
have fought) with so great bravery. 4. They will not be 
satisfied with the punishment of you (not gen. ; see 164, b) 
who have remained in the city. 5. You have heard that 
Catiline was a man of great endurance of hunger and 
thirst. 6. This general is worthy of the highest praise 
because he has conquered without bloodshed (blood). 
7. Cicero wrote that nothing could be better than friend- 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 373 

ship. 8. Caesar went to a town of the Allobroges, Geneva 
by name. 9. Sulla's soldiers hoped (themselves) to be 
able to secure greater booty on this account (because of 
this). 10. Cicero says that he did this relying on the aid 
of the gods. 11. The men whom Catiline left in the city 
are much more powerful than those whom he took with 
him. 12. If you wish to enjoy (utor) peace, to-day, sur- 
render yourselves and all your [property] to the Roman 
people. 1 13. Catiline, a man of the greatest boldness, 
came into the temple with the other senators. 14. Why 
did Catiline use that silver eagle, of (de) which we have 
heard so much (many things)? 15. Don't flee from the 
city because of fear; these soldiers will bravely defend 
you from (ab) the enemy. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 4-6) 

Silanus, the consul-elect, who was asked his opinion (121) 
in the Senate, thought the conspirators were deserving of 
death. Caesar said that imprisonment for life (chains ever- 
lasting) was a more (magis) suitable punishment for them. 
Cicero saw what was for his interest (what concerned 
him, 107) ; for he knew that Caesar was a friend of the 
people. But he preferred to follow the opinion of Silanus, 
and did not fear the charge of cruelty in (the case of) 
these most bitter enemies. 

LESSON XIX 

The Ablative (Concluded) 

1. Ablative absolute: 151; Bur. 558. A. 419; B. 227; 
G. 409; H. 489; HB. 421. 

2. Ablative of time: 152; Bur. 599. A. 423; B. 230; 
G. 393; H. 486; HB. 439. 

1 The Latin phrase reverses the order : populus Romanus. 



374 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

3. Ablative of place where and whence : 153 ; 133, a, b; 
Bur. 588, 530; A. 426; B. 228, 229; G. 385, 390; H. 483, 
491; HB. 433, 409. 

4. Locative Case: 154; Bur. 606; A. 427; B. 232; 
G. 411; H. 483; HB. 449. 

5. Dates: 248; Bur. 603; A. 631; B. 371; G. App.; 
H. 754; HB. 660. 

Note. — An adjective or pronoun limiting a noun in the locative 
case is put in the genitive : suae domi, at his house. 

Exercise 1 

(Use the ablative absolute when possible) 

1. Cicero said that in Catiline's camp there was not 
any (169) good man. 2. If these men alone are punished, 
the danger will not be removed. 3. At my command (me 
commanding) the gates will be open. 4. Tell us where 
you were last summer and what you saw. 5. These ora- 
tions which we are reading were delivered in the consul- 
ship of Cicero and Antonius. 6. My friends were at 
Brundisium two years ; they will go to Geneva within ten 
days. 7. I- wish-that (utinam) you had been at my house 
last night. 8. Having delivered this speech, the senator 
returned to his house. 9. I know that this letter was 
written on the first (248) of October. 10. It ought to 
have been written (Lesson IV, Note 4) on the thirteenth 
of September. 11. I shall write you (Lesson XIII, Note 2) 
another letter on the fifth of November. 12. Do you 
know whether the ambassador has come from Rome or 
not? 13. Do you prefer to live in the city or in the coun- 
try? 14. Because these scoundrels have been driven out, 
do not think we have been freed from all peril. 15. The 
third oration against Catiline was delivered on the third 
of December; the fourth, on the fifth of December. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 375 

Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 7-8) 

Do you think, senators, that I do not have enough 
protection? The whole city is full of loyal citizens of all 
classes. Why should I fear (deliberative subjv.) the 
attacks of others? Even the freedmen and slaves con- 
tribute as much as they can to (ad) the common safety. 
The shopkeepers (those who are in shops) also know that 
their profits are maintained by peace. And so if this 
harmony is pleasing to all men, we shall preserve our 
common country and the temples of the gods. 

LESSON XX 

Review of the Indicative 

1. Uses of the indicative : 184, 185; Bur. 743; A. 437; 
B. 271; G. 254; H. 523; HB. 545. 

2. Tenses of the indicative : 173-179; Bur. 745; A. 465; 
B. 259; G. 227; H. 532; HB. 468. 

3. Tenses with iam, iam diu, iam dudum, iam prldem : 
173 c; 174c; Bur. 749; A. 466; B.259,4; G.230; H. 533; 
HB. 485. 

4. Order of words: 233; Bur. 1055; A. 600; B. 351; 
G. 684; H. 685; HB. 630. 

Note 1. — With expressions of duration, like iam diu, iam 
dudum, the present tense is translated by have and the imperfect 
by had: te iam dudum hortor (hortabar), for a long time I have 
(had) been urging you. 

Note 2. — Remember that iam with a negative means no longer. 

Exercise 1 

1. The Senate used-to-consult (174, b) for the safety of 
the allies. 2. The Gauls kept-making sallies from the 
town and attacks on (in) the Romans (ace). 3. My 
brother has been living now a long time in that city. 



376 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

4. Catiline has long been plotting the destruction of the 
city and the slaughter of the citizens. 5. The general had 
not known for a long time in what direction the enemy 
were marching. 6. The Allobroges had now for a long 
time been complaining of the unjust rule of the Roman 
people. 7. If Catiline goes to Marseilles, certain of 
(Lesson XI, Note 2) his friends will follow him. 8. Did 
you remember that I said he would go to Geneva? 9. Why 
did all good citizens hate you, Lentulus? 10. They will 
hate all these desperate men, the enemies of their country. 
11. Do you think that Cicero will refer this question 
(thing) to the Senate to-day? 12. If Catiline goes into 
exile, we shall no longer need (oportet) to fear. 13. Such 
men will never repent (106) of their purposes, as I have 
often said. 14. They may (Lesson IV, Note 2) go to 
Marseilles, provided they do not levy an army on the 
Gauls (112, 6). 15. It concerns us (107) greatly that 
the temples of the gods be defended (inf.) by guards 
as strong as possible. 

Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 9-11) 

You see, conscript fathers, that all ranks of citizens are- 
of-one-opinion (think one and the same). They know 
that our country is beset by the weapons of impious con- 
spirators. Therefore it is for-us (ours) to decide to-day 
whether (Lesson VII, Note 1) these temples and shrines 
shall remain or be destroyed. 

Many illustrious generals have opened new provinces 
for us, but no one must be praised more than that consul 
who has saved the state. In-return-for this service (thing) 
I know that the Roman people will remember (memoria 
teneo) my consulship, and will provide for the safety (dat.) 
of my son. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 377 

LESSON XXI 

Relative Clauses 

1. Relative clauses with the indicative : 191, a, b; Bur. 
797; A. 535; B. 311; G. 610; H. 589; HB. 499. 

2. Relative clauses with the subjunctive : 192, a-c; 
Bur. 798; A. 535; B. 283; G. 631; H. 591; HB. 521. 

Note 1. — In the sentence, " the soldier, who reported the vic- 
tory, is named Galba," the clause merely designates (points out) 
the particular soldier and is called determinative, having its verb 
in the indicative : miles, qui victoriam nuntiat, appellatur Galba. 
If we say "Galba is a soldier who fights bravely," the clause 
describes the soldier and requires a subjunctive verb : Galba est 
miles qui fortiter pugnet. 

Note 2. — Descriptive clauses often follow such expressions as 
sunt qui, there are those {some) who; nemo est qui, there is no one 
who; solus (unus) est qui, he is the only one who; quis est qui, 
who is there who? 

Note 3. — Descriptive clauses also follow dignus, indignus, 
idoneus : non erit idoneus qui mittatur, he will not be a suitable 
man to send (to be sent) ; hie liber dignus est qui legatur, this book 
is worth reading (worthy to be read; worthy that it should be read). 

Note 4. — Relative clauses expressing purpose, result, cause, 
and concession are treated in later lessons. 

Exercise 1 

1. This is the oration which Cicero delivered in the 
temple of Jupiter. 2. Catiline was not worthy to be elected 
consul. 3. The Gauls are the only nation that can make 
war on us (dat.). 4. There are gladiators who are better 
disposed (of better spirit) than certain of the senators. 
5. These brave soldiers are worthy to be praised by the 
lieutenant. 6. There is no one who does not know how 
many dangers we have escaped. 7. There were some 
who did not hear the things he said. 8. There were two 
consuls in Rome, one of whom was said to be a friend of 



378 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

Caesar. 9. Who is there in all this empire who does not 
think that Pompey ought to be chosen commander-in- 
chief? 10. There are no other legions which we can send 
to (ad) this war if these are defeated (abl. abs.). 11. Let 
us choose a commander, fellow-citizens, who is able to 
protect our allies from these powerful kings. 12. Don't 
you think that he is a suitable [man] to be chosen as 
commander-in-chief? 13. Those whom Catiline has left 
at Rome must be informed [that] the consuls are watchful. 
14. He is the only man whom we must fear. 15. Fortune 
favors the brave : if our commanders rely-upon them- 
selves, their soldiers will rely on them. 

Exercise 2 (Pomp. 1-3) 

During the praetorship of Cicero, two powerful kings 
of Asia were making war on the allies of the Roman 
people. It was necessary to put a general in-command-of 
the army. The praetor who had not delivered an ora- 
tion to the people before, spoke concerning the virtues of 
Gnaeus Pompey. He said that the tributaries of the 
republic were in danger and that the commander was 
about to return to Rome. Pompey, a man of remark- 
able wisdom, had carried on many wars on land and sea. 
No one else could (impf .) wipe out the disgrace incurred in 
the former war. 

LESSON XXII 

Purpose Clauses. Noun Clauses 

1. Purpose clauses with ut, ne, or a relative : 193 ; Bur. 
812; A. 531; B. 282; G. 545; H. 568; HB. 502. 

2. Noun clauses after verbs of fearing : 205, b; Bur. 
838; A. 564; B. 296, 2; G. 550; H. 567; HB. 502, 4. 

3. Sequence of tenses: 183; Bur. 781; A. 482; B. 266; 
G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 379 

Note 1. — A relative pronoun, relative adjective, or relative 
adverb introduces a purpose clause when there is a close con- 
nection with the antecedent. 

Note 2. — In the earlier form of expression, ne accidat, timeo, 
as two sentences, meant let it not happen, I am afraid, i.e. / am 
afraid that it may happen. This came to be the meaning of the 
complex sentence timeo ne accidat, in which ne means that. Sim- 
ilarly accidat, timeo meant let it happen, I am afraid, i.e. / am 
afraid that it may not happen. Accidat becoming subordinate 
to timeo, ut came to be the connective as the opposite of ne. 

Note 3. — Only the present and imperfect subjunctive are used 
in purpose clauses, except in the case of defective verbs like 
memini, or verbs like cognosco, whose meaning differs in the 
present and perfect systems. 

Exercise 1 

1. Let the consuls be vigilant that the enemy may not 
be able to move (himself) against the republic. 2. Send 
soldiers to the camp to bring the rest of the weapons. 
3. I am not afraid that men will say that I did this too 
cruelly. 4. Are you not afraid that you will not have 
enough (of) protection? 5. It is greatly to be feared that 
we may be too mild toward (in) these most bitter enemies. 
6. Caesar will go to Geneva to find out what tribes are 
conspiring against the Roman people. 7. Refer the 
matter to the senate, so that no danger (not any of danger) 
may threaten the city. 8. Caesar used-to-send-ahead his 
cavalry to terrify the enemy. 9. If Catiline's forces are 
like these, we need not fear that our army will not be 
able to withstand them. 10. The lieutenant's friends will 
come by the Aurelian Way, that they may more easily 
(193, a) arrive at (ad) the camp. 11. If they had gone 
by another way, they would have found a place suitable 
for a camp. 12. What was there which could please a 
man like Catiline (104, a)? 13. May that weapon be 
wrested from (de) his hands. 14. There is no one who 



380 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

does not know that they have attempted to kill the con- 
sul. 15. I inquired of the boy (Lesson VII, Note 3) 
whether he lived at Brundisium or at his home. 

Exercise 2 (Pomp. 4-6) 

Mithridates is now making-ready his fleets and armies 
to bring war upon us by land and sea. Even in Spain 
we are compelled to fight with his allies. Our ancestors 
punished those who had arrogantly addressed our am- 
bassadors. Ought we to disregard the loss of revenues 
and the massacre of Roman citizens? Unless you defend 
your tributaries in Asia from even the fear of calamity, 
you will lose the income of a whole year. 

LESSON XXIII 

Result Clauses. Noun Clauses 

1. Result clauses with ut, ut non, or a relative: 194, 
194, a; Bur. 818; A. 537; B. 284; G. 552; H. 570; HB. 
521, 2. 

2. Noun clauses with verbs meaning to accomplish: 
194, c; Bur. 842; A. 568; B. 297; G. 553; H. 566; HB. 
521, 3. 

3. Noun clauses with verbs meaning it happens: 194, d; 
Bur. 843; A. 569, 2; B. 297, 2; G. 553, 3; H. 571; HB. 
521, 3. 

4. Sequence of tenses: 183, Bur. 781; A. 482; B. 266 ; 
G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476. 

Note 1. — A relative clause of result is also a clause of descrip- 
tion (192, a), as in si quis est talis qui me acciiset, if any one is of 
such a mind as to blame me. 

Note 2. — With tantum abest two ut-clauses are used, one the 
subject of abest, the other a clause of result : tantum abest ut 
laudetur, ut etiam accusetur, so far is it from the truth that he is 
praised, that he is even blamed. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 381 

Exercise 1 

1. The city was so fortified that the people did not 
fear. 2. Cicero speaks in-such-a-manner that he seems to 
be moved by pity. 3. You are such [a man], Lentulus, 
that the memory of your grandfather has not recalled 
you from crime. 4. Who can be so hard-hearted as-not- 
to-be (who is not) moved by the grief of his friends? 

5. Such a storm suddenly arose that it (rel.) drove (defer 6) 
our ships, some in one direction, and some in another (170). 

6. The orator will let (make) the people know what the 
Senate has decreed. 7 It happened that the envoys of 
the Allobroges were at Rome that day. 8. It remains 
for-us-to (that we) consider what we must do. 9. We 
shall not make them hear. 10. We fear that we shall 
not make them hear. 11. I am so far from denying that 
this is true, that I now confess [it]. 12. Do not despair; 
we shall defeat them easily, if only (199) you are 
brave. 13. We have written letters to the Roman x 
knights to inform them about their property. 14. The 
result was that the Roman knights were informed about 
their property. 15. The general was informed that his 
cavalry could not overtake the enemy. 

Exercise 2 (Pomp. 7-9) 

I shall speak of your tax-collectors whose fortunes are- 
at-stake. These men are the support of the state, and 
their welfare ought to receive your careful attention (be 
for a care to you). Lucullus has conquered and sunk the 
king's fleet, and on this account (qua de causa) he must 
be praised. But the king has fled as a suppliant to other 
kings. If Lucullus had captured him, the war would no 
longer be dangerous. 

1 The adjective Romanus regularly follows its noun. 



382 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

LESSON XXIV 

Noun Clauses (Continued) 

1. Clauses with ut or ne after verbs of commanding, 
persuading, requesting, etc.: 205 a; Bur. 826; A. 563; 
B. 295; G. 546; H. 565; HB. 502, 3. 

2. Clauses with ne, quin, or quominus, after verbs of 
hindering, preventing, refusing: 205 e; Bur. 829; A. 558; 
B. 284; G. 549; H. 594; HB. 302. 

3. Clauses with quin after verbs or phrases of doubting : 
205 e; Bur. 833; A. 558; B. 298; G. 555,2; H. 595; HB. 
519, 4, b. 

Note 1. — Ne is used after a positive verb of hindering or refus- 
ing ; quin ( = qui + ne, by which not), after a negative ; quominus 
(by which less), after either a positive or a negative: eum im- 
pedient ne (or quominus) hoc faciat, they will hinder him from 
doing this; eum n6n impedient quin (or quominus) hoc faciat, 
they will not hinder him from doing this. 

Note 2. — Prohibeo, prevent, is oftener followed by the infinitive 
than by the subjunctive (212) . 

Exercise 1 

1. Cicero often advised Catiline to go into exile. 2. Let 
us urge all good citizens to hear the consul's speech. 
3. The Senate will decree that our allies shall not suffer 
(capio) any (of) injury. 4. It is much better to persuade 
than to command men to do this. 5. Do you think you 
can persuade your friends (112, b) to go with you ? 6. Who 
can doubt that the immortal gods will defend this city? 
7. There is no doubt that even the Gauls knew the plans 
of the conspirators. 8. The consul said that he was not 
yet induced to do this. 9. Let no one prevent the am- 
bassadors from speaking with the general. 10. These 
soldiers will not refuse to fight bravely, if you encourage 
them. 11. The general urged his soldiers to hinder the 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 383 

enemy from crossing the river. 12. There are many who 
did not doubt that Pompey would quickly bring this war 
to an end. 13. The ambassador could not be persuaded 
(112, Note 2) to remain in Rome many days. 14. We 
ought to have prevented (Lesson IV, Note 4) the con- 
spirators from meeting-at (coming-together-to) the house 
(126) of Laeca. 15. If they had asked that they might 
(Lesson IV, Note 2) do this, they would have obtained- 
their-request. 

Exercise 2 (Pomp. 10-12) 

It seems to me to be necessary to put in command of 
this war a man in whom the four qualities (things) of a 
great commander exist. That Pompey is [a man] of great 
knowledge of military matters, many tribes and nations 
declare. There is no kind of warfare in which he has not 
been trained. The sea was so full of pirates that no 
Roman fleet could sail in safety. But has not Pompey 
driven them all from the sea within three months ? 

LESSON XXV 

Noun Clauses (Concluded) 

1. Clauses with quod and the indicative: 204; Bur. 
822; A. 572; B. 299; G. 524; H. 588; HB. 552. 

2. Review of constructions with licet, oportet, necesse 
est: 205, d; 209, b; 212; Bur. 828, 948; A. 565; B. 
295, 6; G. 535; H. 564, 618; HB. 513, 585. 

3. Constructions with volo, patior, cogo : 205, a, and 
212; Bur. 837; A. 563 b; B. 331, 296; G. 553, 2; H. 
565, 2; HB. 502, 3, 586. 

Note 1. — After accedit, it is added, or accidit, it happens, 
either an indicative quod-clause or a subjunctive ut-clause may 
be used, though accidit usually takes an ut-clause (Lesson XXIII) 



384 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

accedebat hue quod Dumnorix dixerat, furthermore (it was added 
to this that) Dumnorix had said. 

Note 2. — With licet, oportet, necesse est a subjunctive clause 
may be used (usually without ut) though the infinitive is more 
common, as explained in Lesson IV, Notes 2, 3 : licet hoc facias, 
you may do this; oportet hoc facias, you ought to do this; necesse 
est hoc facias, you must do this. 

Note 3. — After volo, patior, cogo, the infinitive is generally 
used instead of the subjunctive : verum audire non vult, he does 
not wish to hear the truth; mihi ere das velim, I wish you to believe 
me. 

Exercise 1 

1. What [shall I say of the fact] that all our allies are 
demanding Pompey as commander for this war ? 2. Further- 
more (it is added that) there is no one else who is able to 
prevent the enemy from conspiring against us. 3. You 
may do this if it seems [best] to you. 4. We must ward-off 
the danger not only in Asia, but also in Spain. 5. Our 
ambassadors ought not to have been unjustly treated at 
Corinth. 6. The Gauls will compel the traders to tell 
what they have learned about the country. 7. We are 
allowing the enemy to treat our commanders unjustly. 
8. There is no doubt that he might (Lesson IV, Note 4) 
have done this. 9. Who doubts that he could have done 
this? 10. He knows that he ought to have informed the 
consul about the plans of these men. 11. Cicero wished 
his friends to know that he would employ (use) their 
assistance in the protection of the republic. 12. The 
traders, who were crossing the sea, were afraid that their 
fortunes would not be safe. 13. There was the additional 
circumstance (it was added) that our armies crossed the 
sea in the dead-of winter to escape the pirates. 14. 
that we had troops worthy of such a leader! 15. Do not 
prevent him from telling us what must be done. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 385 

Exercise 2 (Pomp. 13-15) 

If we compare Pompey with other generals, we shall see 
how many and how great are his virtues. Not only does 
he restrain himself, but he prevents his legions from 
harming conquered nations. And so he has caused (made) 
these nations to believe that he is like the old Romans, 
a man of great self-restraint. And indeed it greatly con- 
cerns the state what our allies think of a general to whom 
we have entrusted (Lesson XXI, Note 1) their welfare. 



LESSON XXVI 

Temporal Clauses 

1. With postquam, ubi, etc. : 195, a; Bur. 870; A. 543; 
B. 287; G. 561; H. 602; HB. 550. 

2. With cum: 195, b; Bur. 856; A. 545; B. 288; G. 
578; H. 600; HB. 524. 

3. With dum, etc. : 195, d, e, /; Bur. 876 ; A. 553 ; 
B. 293; G. 571; H. 603; HB. 507. 

4. With antequam and priusquam : 195, g; Bur. 863 ; 
A. 551; B. 291; G. 574; H. 605; HB. 507. 

Note 1. — In direct discourse, as a rule, the indicative is used in 
all temporal clauses with these chief exceptions : (a) cum usually 
takes the subjunctive (imperfect or pluperfect) to describe the 
circumstances of the main action ; (6) dum, antequam, and prius- 
quam, before, take the subjunctive to express an act as anticipated 
or expected, from a past point of view ; from a present point of 
view, the present subjunctive or the present or future perfect 
indicative. 

Note 2. When a subordinate clause merely defines or dates 
the time of the main action, cum or ubi is used with the indica- 
tive ; cum, with any past tense ; ubi, generally with the perfect 
or historical present. 



386 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

Exercise 1 

1. After the consul had reported the question to the 
senate, Caesar and Silanus expressed their opinions. 
2. When I saw the letter, 1 I recognized the hand of my 
friend. 3. At the time when I was reading my friend's 
letter, I had already been informed of his safety. 4. While 
these things were going on at Rome, we were many miles 
away from the city. 5. Before you consider what must 
be done, listen to the witnesses who have been called to- 
gether. 6. As soon as the Roman 2 knights learned what 
was going on in Asia, they reported the situation to Cicero. 
7. Our armies will be victorious as long as we have com- 
manders of such ability. 8. It was the plan of the general 
to fortify the camp before the enemy should know where 
his army was. 9. When this oration was delivered, the 
Forum was full of patriotic citizens who had come to 
hear the new praetor. 10. When this oration had been 
delivered, 1 all felt that Pompey was worthy to be chosen 
(Lesson XXI, Note 3) commander. 11. Lucullus was not 
recalled until he had been defeated by Mithridates with 
the loss of many men (many having been killed). 12. Do 
not give up (cease from) the battle, soldiers, until you 
put the king's forces to flight. 13. Catiline was driven 
from the city before he should be killed. 14. Catiline 
was driven from the city before his army was defeated. 
15. Unless you send a large army to Asia to defend your 
allies, you will be unable to hold them in allegiance. 

Exercise 2 (Pomp. 16-18) 

Finally Pompey seems to excel all our great soldiers in 
good-fortune, which is a gift of the gods themselves. 

1 Write in two ways : (1) with a clause ; (2) with an ablative absolute. 

2 Order : knights Roman. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 387 

And so I ask you, citizens, whether I have shown that he 
is the only man who should be sent to Asia as commander. 
Hortensius thinks that everything ought not to be put in 
the hands of one man. But if you had followed his 
opinion heretofore, the pirates would still hold the sea. 

LESSON XXVII 
Causal and Concessive Clauses 

1. Causal clauses with quod, quia, quoniam : 196, a; 
Bur. 886; A. 540; B. 285; G. 539 ; H. 588 ; HB. 555. 

2. Causal clauses with cum or qui : 196, b; Bur. 892 ; 
A. 540; B. 286; G. 586; H. 594; HB. 523. 

3. Concessive clauses with quamquam, etsi : 197, a, b; 
Bur. 894; A. 527; B. 309; G. 603 ; H. 585 ; HB. 556. 

4. Concessive clauses with cum or qui : 197, c; Bur. 
807; A. 549; B. 309; G. 580, 634; H. 597, 593; HB. 
525, 523. 

Note 1. — Quod and quia, because, give a reason based on fact, 
taking the indicative, if the reason is known, the subjunctive if it 
is quoted. Quoniam, since, introduces a self-evident or admitted 
fact, and hence takes the indicative : quoniam iam nox est, since 
it is already night. Cum, since, is used to express the circum- 
stances that cause an action : Haedui cum se defendere non 
possent, since (and when) the Haedui could not defend themselves. 

Note 2. — In concessive clauses, quamquam means this is so, 
but; licet, let this be so, yet; etsi, even if this is so, yet. Cum 
states the circumstances in spite of which the action occurs : 
nam cum id posset infitiari, for although (in spite of the fact that) 
he could have denied it. 

Note 3.— Quamquam often introduces an independent sen- 
tence, meaning and yet. 

Exercise 1 

1. Let us rejoice because we have escaped this peril. 
2. Since this is so, senators, do you hesitate to do-your- 
duty-by the state? 3. Return, O citizens, to your homes, 



388 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

since there is no longer anything to fear (which must be 
feared). 4. Since they are not permitted (licet) to do 
this, they ask that you do not refuse to send them aid. 

5. Although there are men who say that Catiline ought 
not to have been cast into exile, yet I do not fear them. 

6. Although Cicero had heard many orations from the 
Rostra, yet he had never spoken from that place. 7. How- 
ever-much this war is to be feared, our forces will conquer 
under the leadership of Pompey (abl. abs.). 8. Even if 
the river is very wide and deep, we must try to cross it. 
9. And yet it is not so wide that we cannot cross it. 10. A 
nation is fortunate indeed to have (which has) commanders 
of such ability and virtue. 11. These praetors, who 
(because they) were most patriotic, undertook (took upon 
themselves) the task. 12. The lieutenant, who (although 
he) had kept the soldiers in camp many days, on the 
seventh day sent cohorts to get grain. 13. The town 
could not have been captured, though there were few 
defenders. 1 14. We ought to thank the consul, because 
he has freed us from fear. 15. Who is there who does not 
think that we ought to thank the consul? 

Exercise 2 (Pomp. 19-21) 

Pompey wishes to take Gabinius with him as lieutenant, 
but objection is made because Gabinius was tribune last 
year. Nothing will prevent me from laying this matter 
before the Senate. 

But Catulus says that we must do nothing contrary to 
the customs of our ancestors. He is a man of great in- 
fluence. And yet he seems to have forgotten the new 
and important (great) precedents that have already been 
established in [the case of] this man. 

1 Express in two ways (151) . 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 389 

LESSON XXVIII 

Participles 

1. Present and perfect participles: 221; Bur. 986 

A. 490; B. 336; G. 282; H. 640; HB. 600. 

2. Participles used for clauses : 223 ; Bur. 991 ; A. 496 

B. 337; G. 664; H. 637 ; HB. 604. 

3. The active periphrastic conjugation : 224; Bur. 327 
A. 498; B. 337; G. 247; H. 531; HB. 600. 

4. The periphrastic future infinitive : 209, a; Bur. 946 
A. 569, a; B. 270, 3; G. 248; H. 571; HB. 472, c. 

Note 1. — With polliceor and spero, the future infinitive or 
posse, with subject-accusative, is commonly used : se obsides 
polliciti sunt, they promised to give hostages. 

Note 2. — Notice the difference between audio eum loqui 
and audio eum loquentem. 

Exercise 1 

1. And so he [though] conquered, was able to accom- 
plish much. 2. We have read that the magistrates put 
to death men [who were] eager for a revolution. 3. Do 
you not see all orders of citizens holding the same opinion 
(thinking the same) ? 4. Cicero learned all the plans of 
the conspirators almost before their meeting was broken 
up (the meeting having been scarcely yet dismissed). 
5. Following the Allobroges by the same road, the praetors 
arrested them near the Mulvian bridge. 6. I am about 
to speak of the great virtues of a man who has often con- 
quered our enemies. 7. I do not doubt that he is about 
to go to Marseilles. 8. Having made all things ready, 
the consul was able to carry out the measures (those 
things) which the Senate decided [upon]. 9. Never since 
the founding of the city (after the city founded) has such 
gratitude been due (to) the immortal gods. 10. He 



390 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

promised to remain at his brother's house to-day. 1 1 . Two 
Roman knights are said to have promised to go to Cicero's 
house. 12. This young man hopes to live (that he will 
live) a-long-time. 13. The Gauls saw that it would 
happen (be, fore) that no one would be able (impf. subj.) 
to resist Caesar's army. 14. Cicero tried to persuade the 
Senate to pardon Brutus and his friends. 15. No one 
can be found so desperate as-not-to-believe (Lesson XXIII, 
Note 1) that Catiline is an enemy of the state. 

Exercise 2 (Pomp. 22-24) 

Even if these eminent men object, yet they see that 
the Roman people have never acted unwisely in [the 
case of] Pompey. They ought, therefore, to approve your 
judgment at this time. No other commander could live 
in Asia with such self-control. His very coming into their 
cities brings joy to our allies. I urge you, citizens, for 
these reasons, to approve this bill of Manlius and to 
appoint a man who will bring honor to our common 
country. 

LESSON XXIX 

Gerund. Gerundive. Supine 

1. Uses of the Gerund: 227; Bur. 1003; A. 501; B. 
338; G. 425; H. 624; HB. 611. 

2. Uses of the Gerundive : 226 ; Bur. 1003 ; A. 503 ; 
B. 339; G. 425; H. 621; HB. 609. 

3. Uses of the Supine : 229 ; Bur. 1015 ; A. 509 ; B. 
340; G. 434; H. 632; HB. 618. 

4. Expressions of purpose : 193, b; Bur. 1007 ; A. 533 ; 
B. 282 ; G. 544, Rem. 2 ; H. 622, 626 ; HB. 612. 

Note 1. — With the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, the 
gerundive ends in -I, without regard to gender or number. 

Note 2. — The expression of purpose may be illustrated as fol- 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 391 

lows : envoys came to seek peace, legati venerunt, (1) ut pacem 
peterent; (2) qui pacem peterent ; (3) ad pacem petendam ; 
(4) pacis petendae causa ; (5) pacem petitum. 

Exercise 1 

1. Let us take time for reflection (reflecting) before we 
decide upon this matter (thing). 2. The envoys came from 
the Allobroges to complain 1 of (de) their injuries. 3. Mith- 
ridates had (came into) great hope of seizing the neighbor- 
ing kingdom. 4. Even the freedmen have been aroused 
to defend 1 the republic. 5. I urged you to do this for 
the purpose * of freeing yourselves. 6. My friend was not 
less prompt in (in) doing things, than in planning [them]. 
7. Cicero said that Catiline was living to strengthen x his 
audacity. 8. Caesar selected certain men to-be-sent 
(gerundive) to Gaul as centurions. 9. Citizens, we must 
not only feel grateful, but express our gratitude to the 
immortal gods, because we have conquered the enemy. 
10. It is not easy to say whether this is the best thing to 
do. 11. It is not easy to say whether he is a suitable 
man to carry (Lesson XXI, Note 3) on the war with the 
Germans. 12. Many citizens went to the Forum to hear L 
the orator. 13. There were some who rejoiced that an 
opportunity of fighting was afforded them. 14. Who 
would aid (pres. subj.) the conspiracy (ace.) by keeping 
silent? 15. Who will prevent us from attempting to aid 
the consul? 

Exercise 2 (Archias, 1-2) 

Cicero thought that he ought to use his ability in 
behalf of the poet Archias because he had derived much 
from him, even [as] a boy. He feared that it might 
seem strange to the judges that he should speak of the 
study of literature before them, but he urged them to 

1 Express in different ways. 



392 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

remember that all arts are bound together by a-kind-of 
(a certain) relationship. 

LESSON XXX 

Indirect Discourse 

1. Moods in indirect discourse: 215; Bur. 965; A. 
580; B. 314; G. 650; H. 642; HB. 644. 

2. Tenses in indirect discourse : 216 ; Bur. 966 ; A. 
584; B. 317; G. 653 ; H. 644; HB. 593. 

3. Conditional sentences in indirect discourse : 218 ; 
Bur. 979; A. 589; B. 319; G. 656; H. 646; HB. 536. 

Examples of Conditional Sentences 

1. Direct : si vincit, bene est, if he is conquering, it is 
well. 

2. Indirect : (a) dico si vincat, bene esse, I say that if 
he is conquering, it is well, (6) dixi si vinceret, bene esse, 
/ said that if he was conquering, it was well. 

3. Direct : si vincet, bene erit, if he conquers (i.e. shall 
conquer) it will be well. 

4. Indirect : (a) dico si vincat, bene futurum esse, / 
say that if he conquers, it will be well, (b) dixi si vinceret, 
bene futurum esse, I said that if he should conquer, it 
would be well. 

5. Direct : si vicerit, bene erit, if he shall have con- 
quered, it will be well. 

6. Indirect : (a) dico si vicerit (perf. subjv.) bene fu- 
turum esse, / say that if he shall have conquered, it will be 
well, (b) dixi si vicisset, bene futurum esse, / said that 
if he should have conquered, it would be well. 

7. Direct : si vincat, bene sit, if he should conquer, it 
would be well. 

8. Indirect : (a) dico si vincat, bene futurum esse, I 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 393 

say that if he should conquer, it would be well, (b) dixi si 
vinceret, bene futurum esse, / said that if he should con- 
quer, it would be well. 

9. Direct : si vinceret, bene esset, if he were conquer- 
ing, it would be well. 

10. Indirect : (a) dico (dixi) si vinceret, bene futurum 
esse, / say (said) that, if he were conquering, it would be 
well. 

11. Direct : si vicisset, bene fuisset, if he had conquered, 
it would have been well. 

12. Indirect : dico (dixi) si vicisset, bene futurum 
fuisse, I say (said) that if he had conquered, it would have 
been well. 

13. Direct : si contendissent, victi essent, if they had 
fought they would have been conquered. 

14. Indirect : dico (dixi) si contendissent, futurum 
fuisse ut vincerentur, I say (said) that if they had fought, 
they would have been conquered. 

Exercise 1 

1. The consul said that the citizens would defend their 
homes. 2. The consul had told (to) the citizens to defend 
their homes (dir., defend your homes). 3. He writes to 
his lieutenant to come with his legion (dir., come with 
your legion) to the territory of the Allobroges. 4. He 
knew that the grain, which the Haedui promised, had 
not been given. 5. Let us honor the poet Archias. What 
did he say? He said that we should honor the poet 
Archias. 6. Shall (201) we read these books of the old 
writers? 7. He asks whether we shall read these books 
of the old writers. 8. The Senate thanked Cicero because 
he had freed the citizens from fear (the Senate's reason) . 
9. The knights reported to Cicero that their property 
(things) in Asia would be in great peril, unless aid should 



394 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 

be sent by the Romans. 10. Do you know in what (how 
great) peril their property will be (Lesson VII, Note 2), 
if we do (shall) not send aid to them? 11. He said he 
would have assaulted the town, if he had thought there 
were so few soldiers within. 12. Do you think their 
property would have been lost if we had sent aid? 
13. Cicero said that the plans of the conspirators could 
(198, Note 2) never have been brought to light, if he had 
not been guided by the gods. 14. If you had (were hav- 
ing) a residence at Rome, would you desire to be enrolled 
as a Roman citizen? 15. It ought to concern us (107) 
greatly, what the poets and philosophers have written. 

Exercise 2 (Archias, 3-5) 

Archias [when] a boy lived in An ioch, where (in which 
city) his fame was so great that he was thought worthy 
of hospitality by many men in Greece and Italy. When 
he came to Rome, he was received by the Luculli. After- 
wards by the Law of Silvanus and Carbo he obtained the 
right of a Roman citizen. Since he was enrolled by 
Metellus, who was a most careful and conscientious man, 
no one ought to doubt that he was a citizen. 

Exercise 3 (Archias, 6-8) 

Do you ask why Cicero was so delighted with Archias? 
He said that by the studies of the poet his mind was 
refreshed when it was wearied with daily strife, and his 
power of speaking was increased (act. inf.). He believed 
that the greatest men have added training to natural 
ability. A poet is a gift of the gods to us, and is worthy 
of special honor. 



LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 395 

Exercise 4 (Archias, 9-12) 

Certainly we must receive as a citizen a man who by 
his verses has celebrated not only our generals, but the 
whole Roman people. Soldiers know that if there are no 
heralds of their valor, body and fame will be buried (fore 
ut) in the same tomb. Indeed, all of us (we all) are eager 
for glory, even the philosophers who pretend to despise it. 
For the hope of immortal fame makes us undergo all 
perils and labors of life. 



ENGLISH-LATIN AND LATIN-ENGLISH 
VOCABULARIES 



VOCABULARY 



ENGLISH-LATIN 



Note. — After verbs, 1 indicates that the parts are formed like 
those of laudo ; 2, like those of moneo ; 4, like those of audio. 



ability, ingenium, -i, N. 

able, am able, possum, posse, 

potul. 
about, around, circum w. ace. ; 

about, concerning, de, w. abl. 
abuse, abator, -i, -usus sum. 
accomplish, conficio, -ere, -feci, 

-fectus. 
accuse, accusb, 1. 
accused, the, reus, -i, M. 
acknowledge, confiteor, -erl, -fes- 

sus sum; cognosco. 
act, factum, -%, N. ; to act, 

facio. 
add, adiungo, -ere, -iunxl, 

-iunctum. 
added, it is, accedit, -ere, -cessit. 
address, appello, 1. 
advise, moneo\ 2. 
afraid, be afraid, timed, -ere, -ui. 
after, post, prep. ; postquam, 

conj. 
afterwards, posted. 
against, contra, in, w. ace. 
ago, ante, adv. 
aid, auxilium, -i, N. ; to aid, 

iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutum; adiuvo. 
alive, vlvus, -a, -um. 



all, omnis, -e, every, the whole, 
all ; totus, -a, -um, all, en- 
tire ; universus, -a, -um, all 
(taken together). 

allegiance, officium, -I, N. 

allow, potior, -l, passus sum; 
licet, -ere, licuit. 

ally, socius, -i, M. 

alone, solus, -a, -um; unus, -a, 
-um. 

already, iam. 

also, et, etiam. 

although, quamquam, quamvis, 
cum. 

always, semper. 

am, sum, esse, fui, futurus. 

ambassador, legatus, -i, M. 

ancestors, mdiores, -um. 

ancient, antiquus, -a, -um. 

and, et, -que, ac or atque; and 
so, itaque; and yet, tamen. 

another, alius, -a, -ud. 

any, anybody, any one, any- 
thing, aliquis; in a negative 
sentence, quisquam, ullus; 
after si, nisi, ne and num, 
-quis; interrogative, ecquis. 

appoint, deligo, -ere, -legi, -tec- 
tum. 



399 



400 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



approve, comprobo, 1. 

arise, coorior, -iri, -ortus sum. 

army, exercitus, -us, M. 

around, circum, w. ace. 

arouse, excito, 1. 

arrest, comprehendo, -ere, -hendl, 

-hensum. 
arrive, pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ven- 

tum. 
arrogantly, superbe.. 
art, ars, artis, F. 
as, ut, parenthetical, 
as long as, quamdiu. 
as much as, quantum. 
as soon as, simul ac (atque) ; 

cum prlmum. 
ashes, cinis, -eris, M. 
ask, rogo, 1 ; quaero, -ere, -sivi, 

-situm. 
assault, oppugnb, 1. 
assemble, intr., convenid; tr., 

cogo. 
assembly, conventus, -us, M. 
assistance, opera, -ae, F. 
at last, tandem. 
at the house of, apud, w. ace. 
at the time when, turn cum. 
attack, impetus, -us, M. ; to at- 
tack, peto, -ere, -vol, -Itum. 
attempt, cdndtus, -us, M. ; to 

attempt, conor, 1. 
audacity, auddcia, -ae, F. 
Aurelian, Aurelius, -a, -um. 
authority, auctoritas, -tdtis, F. 
avoid, vltb, 1. 
away, be, absum, -esse, afui. 

B 

band, company, manus, -us, F. 
be, sum; be not, neg. command, 
see Lesson II. 



be without, be deprived of, 

cared, 2. 
because, quod, quia, quoniam. 
become, be made, fid, fieri, 

f actus sum. 
before, ante, apud, w. ace. ; 

adv. previously, ante, anted; 

conj. antequam, priusquam. 
behalf, in behalf of, pro. 
believe, credo, -ere, credidi, 

creditum. 
beset, obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -ses- 

sum. 
better, melior, -ius. 
bill, law, lex, legis, F. 
bind together, contined. 
bitter, acerbus, -a, -um. 
blame, accuso, 1. 
blood, sanguis, sanguinis, M. 
body, corpus, -oris, N. 
boldness, auddcia, -ae, F. 
book, liber, libri, M. 
booty, praeda, -ae, F. 
born, be born, ndscor, -i, ndtus 

sum. 
boy, puer, -i, M. 
brave, forti's, -e; auddx, -dcis. 
bravely, fortiter, auddcter. 
bravery, virtus, -utis, F. 
bridge, pons, pontis, M. 
bring, bring out, effero, -ferre, 

extuli, eldtum; bring to, ad- 

fero; bring to an end, con- 

ficib, -ere, -feci, -fectum; bring 

to light, inlustro, 1 ; bring 

upon, infero. 
brother, f rater, frdtris, M. 
Brundisium, Brundisium, -i, N. 
build, aedifico, 1. 
burden, premd, -ere, pressi, 

pressum. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



401 



burn, incendd, -ere, -cendi, -cen- 
ts win. 
burning, a, incendium, -i, N. 
but, sed, autem; but if, sin. 
by, a, ab. 



call, appelld, 1, address, call by 

name; ndmind, 1, name; 

vocd, 1, summon; convocd, 1, 

call together, 
camp, castra, -drum, N. pi. 
can, possum, posse, potui. 
capture, expugnd, 1, compre- 

hendd, -ere, -hendi, -hensum. 
care, cura, -ae, F. 
care for, provided, -ere, -vidi, 

-visum, w. dat. 
careful, dlligens. 
carry on (war), gero, -ere, gessi, 

gestum. 
carry out, transigo, -ere, -egl, 

-actum; perficid. 
cast (out), eicid, -ere, -ieci, 

-tectum. 
cavalry, equitatus, -us, M. ; 

equites, -um, M. 
cease, desino, -ere, -sii(-slvi), 

-situm; desisto, -ere, -stiti, 

-stitum. 
centurion, centurid, -onis, M. 
certain, a certain, quidam. 
certainly, certe. 
chain, vinculum, -i, N. 
change, muto, 1. 
check, comprimo, -ere, -pressi, 

-pressum. 
chief men, principes, -um. 
children, liberi, -drum, M. 
choose, deligd, -ere, -legi, -tec- 
tum. 



citizen, clvis, -is, M. 

citizenship, civitas, -tdtls, F. 

city, urbs, urbis, F. 

class, genus, -eris, N. 

clear, clarus, -a, -um. 

cohort, cohors, -His, F. 

cold, frlgus, -oris, N. 

colleague, collega, -ae, M. 

collect, colligo, -ligere, -legi, 
-ledum; cdgd. 

colonist, coldnus, -i, M. 

come, venid, -ire, veni, ventum; 
come together, convenid. 

command, imperd, 1 ; iubed, 
-ere, iussi, iussum; be in com- 
mand of, praesum, -esse, -fui. 

commander-in-chief, imperator, 
-oris, M. 

common, communis, -e. 

companion, ally, socius, -i, M. ; 
comes, -itis, M. 

compare, compard, 1. 

comparison, in . . . with, pro. 

compel, cdgd, -ere, coegi, codctum. 

complain, complain of, queror, -i y 
questus sum. 

concern, it concerns, interest, 
-esse, -fui. 

concerning, de. 

condemn, condemnd, 1. 

confess, cdnfiteor, -eri, -fessus 
sum. 

confine, contined, -ere, -ui, -ten- 
turn. 

conquer, vincd, -ere, vici, vic- 
tum; super d, 1. 

conscientious, sanctus, -a, -um. 

conscript, cdnscriptus, -a, -um. 

consecrate, initio, 1. 

consider, deliberd, 1 ; cdnsiderd, 
1. 



402 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



conspiracy, coniuratid, -dnis, F. 

conspirator, coniuratus, -I, M. 

conspire, coniuro, 1. 

consul, consul, -ulis, M. ; elect, 
deslgnatus, -I. 

consulship, cdnsuldtus, -its, M. 

consult, cdnsuld, -ere, -ul, -sul- 
tum, w. ace. ; w. dat., eon- 
suit for. 

contain, see hold. 

content, contentus, -a, -um. 

contest, certamen, -inis, N. 

contrary to, contra, w. ace. 

contribute, confer 6. 

Corinth, Corinthus, -I, F. 

Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae, F. 

could, see can. 

country, terra, -ae, F., land, 
earth; patria, -ae, F., na- 
tive country ; rus, ruris, N., 
country as opposed to city. 

crime, scelus, -eris, N. 

criminal, facinordsus, -I, M. 

cross trdnsed, -Ire, -ivl (-it), 
-itum. 

cruel, crudelis, -e. 

cruelly, crudeliter. 

custody, custodia, -ae, F. 

custom, mds, mdris, M. 



dagger, slca, -ae, F. 
daily, cotldidnus, -a, -um. 
danger, perlculum, -i, N. 
dangerous, importunus, -a, -um. 
dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. 
daring, auddx, -dcis. 
daughter, fllia, -ae, F. 
day, dies, -el, M. and F. 

to-day, hodie; yesterday, hes- 

ternd die. 



dead of, the, summus, -a, -um. 

dear, cams, -a, -um. 

death, mors, mortis, F. ; put to 

death, need, 1. 
debt, aes alienum, N. 
December, December, -bris, -bre. 
decide, decide upon, statud, -ere, 

-ul, -utum. 
declare, decldrd, 1 ; cdnflrmd, 1. 
decree, decemd, -ere, -crevl, 

-cretum; decree of the Senate, 

sendtus cdnsultum, -I, N. 
deep, alius, -a, -um. 
deeply, vehementer. 
defeat, superd, 1 ; vincd, -ere, 

vlcl, victum. 
defend, defendd, -ere, -fendl, 

-fensum. 
defendor, defensor, -oris, M. 
delay, mora, -ae, F. 
delight, delectb, 1. 
deliver (an address), habed, 2. 
demand, posed, -ere, poposcl; 

postuld, 1 ; deposed. 
deny, say not, negd, 1. 
depart, proficlscor, -I, -fectus 

sum. 
derive, accipid, -ere, -cepl, -cep- 

tum. 
descend, be descended, orior, 

Irl, -ortus sum. 
deserving, be . . . of, mereor, 2. 
design, consilium, -I, N. 
desire, void, velle, volul; cupid, 

4. 
desirous, cupidus, -a, -um. 
despair, desperd, 1. 
desperate, perditus, -a, -um. 
despise, contemnd, -ere, -tempsl, 

-temptum. 
destroy, deled, -ere, -evl, -etum. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



403 



destruction, pestis, -is, F. ; exi- 

tium, -I, N. 
devastate, vcisto, 1. 
direction, pars, partis, F. 
disgrace, macula, -ae, F. 
dismiss, dlmitto. 
disregard, neglect, neglegb, -ere, 

-lexl, -ledum. 
divine, dlvlnus, -a, -um. 
do, facib, -ere, feci, factum. 
do not, negative command, see 

Lesson II. 
doubt, be in doubt, dubitb, 1 ; 

there is no doubt that, nbn est 

dubium quin. 
dread, pertimesco, -ere, -ul. 
drive, deferb; drive away, de- 

pellb, -ere, -pull, -pulsum; 

drive out, expellb; eicib, -ere, 

eiecl, eiectum. 
due, debitus, -a, -um. 
duty, do one's duty, satis facere. 



eager, be, studeo, 2 ; eager for, 

adj., cupidus, -a, -um. 
eagle, aquila, -ae, F. 
easily, facile. 
easy, facilis, -e. 
elect, creb, 1. 
else, alius, -a, -ud. 
embarrass, impedib, 4. 
eminent, clarissimus, -a, -um. 
empire, imperium, -I, N. 
encourage, cohortor, 1. 
end, bring to an, conficio. 
endurance, patientia, -ae, F. 
endure, patior, patl, passus sum. 
enemy, hostis, -is, M., of one's 

country; inimlcus, -I, M., a 

personal enemy. 



enough, satis. 

enroll, ascrlbo, -ere, -scrlpsi, 

-scrlptum. 
entrust, permitto; commendo, 1. 
envoy, legdtus, -I, M. 
envy, invideo. 

equestrian, equester, -tris, -tre. 
escape, vlto, 1 ; effugio, -ere, 

-fugl, -fugitum. 
escort, prosequor , -I, -secutus 

sum. 
especially, praesertim. 
establish, constitub, -ere, -ul, 

-utum. 
even, etiam. 
evening, vesper, -erl, M. 
everlasting, sempiternus, -a, -um 
every, each, quisque; every one, 

quisque, quaeque, quodque 

(quidque). 
everything = all things. 
example, exemplum, -I, N. 
excel, antecellb, -ere, w. dat. 
except, praeter, w. ace. ; nisi, 

after negatives. 
exile, exsilium, -I, N. 
exist, sum, -esse, -ful. 
experienced, perltus, -a, -um. 
express, dlcb; express grati- 
tude, gratids ago. 
extinguish, restingub, -ere, 

-stlnxi, -stlnctum. 
extraordinary, singuldris, -e. 
eye, oculus, -I, M. 

F 

fair, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. 
faithful, fidelis, -e; certus, -a, 

-um. 
fall into, incidb, -ere, -cidl. 
fame, fdma, -ae, F. 



404 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



family (i.e. stock), genus, -eris, 

N., gens, gentis, F. 
famous, cldrus, -a, -um. 
far, longe; be so far from, tan- 

tum abest ut. 
farthest, extremus, -a, -um. 
father, pater, patris, M. 
fear, timor, -oris, M. ; metus, 

-us, M. ; to fear, vereor, 2 ; 

timed, 2 ; metud, -ere, -ul, 

metutum. 
feel, sentio, -ire, -sensl, sensum. 
feel grateful, grdtiam habeo. 
fellow-citizen, clvis, -is, M. ; 

pi., elves, Quirltes. 
few, pauel, -ae, -a. 
fifteen, quindecim. 
fight, pugnb, 1 ; contendd, -ere, 

-tendl, -tentum. 
find, invenio, -Ire, -venl, -ven- 

tum, discover ; reperib, -Ire, 

repperi, repertum, meet with ; 

cognbscb, -ere, -novl, -nitum, 

find out. 
fire, ignis, -is, M. ; incendium, 

-i, N. 
first, primus, -a, -um. 
fitting, it is, oportet, 2. 
five, quinque. 
flame, flamma, -ae, F. 
flee, fugib, -ere, fugl, fugitum; 

profugio. 
fleet, classis, -is, F. 
foe, see enemy, 
follow, sequor, -i, secutus sum. 
for, pro, ad, w. ace. ; nam, 

conj. ; for a long time, now 

for a long time, iam diu, iam 
dudum. 
force, vis, vis, F. ; forces, 
troops, copiae, -drum, F. 



foreign, exterus, -a, -um. 
forget, obllvlscor, -I, oblltus sum. 
forgetful of, oblltus, -a, -um. 
form, make, facio, -ere, feci, 

factum. 
former, prlstinus, -a, -um; su- 
perior, -ius. 
fortify, munio, 4. 
fortunate, fortundtus, -a, -um. 
fortune, good fortune, fortuna, 

-ae, F. ; fortunes, fortunae, 

res. 
forty, quadrdgintd. 
found, build (a city), condo, -ere, 

-didl, -ditum. 
four, quattuor. 
fourth, qudrtus, -a, -um. 
free, set free, llbero, 1. 
freedman, llbertlnus, -I, M. 
friend, amicus, -I, M. ; of the 

people, populdris. 
friendship, amlcitia, -ae, F. 
from, out of, e, ex; from, away 

from, «, ob; de, down from, 
full, plenus, -a, -um. 



garrison, praesidium, -l, N. 

gate, porta, -ae, F. 

gather, collect, colligo, -ere, 
-legl, -ledum. 

general, imperdtor, -oris, M. 

Geneva, Gendva, -ae, F. 

get grain, frumentor, 1. 

gift, dbnum, -I, N. 

give, do, dare, dedl, datum. 

gladiator, gladiator, -oris, M. 

glory, gloria, -ae, F. 

go, eo, Ire, il, itum; pergo, -ere, 
perrexl, perrectum; go out, 
exed; is going on, geritur. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



405 



god, deus, del, M. 

good, bonus, -a, -um. 

good citizens, boul, -drum. 

grain, frumentum, -I, N. 

grandfather, avus, -I, M. 

grateful, be, grdtiam habeo. 

gratitude, gratia, -ae, F. 

great, magnus, -a, -um; how 
great, summus, -a, -um, quan- 
tum, -a, -um. 

greatly, magnopere, mdgnl. 

grief, maeror, -oris, M. 

guard, custos, -odis (a sentinel) ; 
praesidium, -I (a garrison) ; 
to guard, custodio, 4. 

guardian, custos, -odis, M. 

guide, duco, -ere, duxi, ductum. 

H 

hand, handwriting, manus, -its, 

F. 
hand over, trado, -ere, -didl, 

-ditum. 
happens, it happens, the result 

is, accidit, -ere, accidit; fit, 

fieri, factum est. 
harbor, portus, -us, M. 
hard-hearted, ferreus, -a, -um. 
harm, noceb, 2. 
harmony, concordia, -ae, F. 
hate, bdl, odisse, with present 

meaning, 
hateful, odiosus, -a, -um. 
hatred, odium, -i, N. ; invidia, 

-ae, F. 
have, habeo, 2. 
he, is, Me, hie. 
hear, audio, 4. 

hem in, teneo, -ere, -ui, -tentum. 
herald, praecb, -onis, M. 
heretofore, adhuc. 



hesitate, dubito, 1. 

highest, summus, -a, -um. 

hill, collis, -is, M. 

him, eum, se. 

himself, ipse, sul. 

hinder, impedio, 4. 

his, her, its, suus, -a, -um; eius. 

hitherto, adhuc. 

hold, teneo, -ere, -ul, -tentum; 

contineo. 
home, domus; homeward, do- 
mum; at home, domi. 
honor, honor, -oris, M. ; to 

honor, cold, -ere, -ul, cultum. 
hope, spes, spel, F. ; to hope, 

spero, 1. 
hospitality, hospitium, -I, N. 
hour, hora, -ae, F. 
house, domus, -us, F. ; at the 

house of, apud, or ad, w. aec. 
how, quam; in what manner, 

quo modo. 
how great, quantus, -a, -um. 
how long, quam diu. 
how many, quot, indecl. adj. ; 

quam multl, -ae, -a. 
how much, quantum. 
however much, quamvls. 
hunger, fames, -is, F. 

I 

I, ego. 

if, si, conj. ; if only, modo, dum, 

dum modo, conjs. 
illustrious, clarus, -a, -um. 
immortal, immortalis, -e. 
impel, impello, -ere, -pull, -pul- 

sum. 
impious, impius, -a, -um. 
in, in, w. abl. 
inactivity, inertia, -ae, F. 



406 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



income, fructus, -its, M. 
increase, crescd, -ere, crevl, cre- 

tum. 
incur, concipid, -ere, -cepl, -cep- 

tum. 
indeed, at least, quidem; surely, 

profectd. 
induce, addiicd. 
infantry, pedites, -um, M., pi. ; 

peditdtus, -lis, M. 
influence, auctdritas, -atis, F. 
inform any one, aliquem cer- 

tiorem facid; be informed, 

certior fid. 
injury, iniuria, -ae, F. ; detri- 

mentum, -I, N. 
inquire, quaerd, -ere, quaeslvl, 

quaesltum. 
insurrection, seditid, -onis, F. 
interest, interest, -esse, -fuit. 
intimate, on . . . terms, fa- 

miliariter. 
into, in, w. ace. 
involved, be, versor, 1. 
it, is, ea, id; sul. 



joy, gaudium, -i, N. 
judge, index, iudicis, M. 
judgment, indicium, -I, M. 
Jupiter, Iuppiter, Iovis, M. 



keep, restrain, contineo, -ere, -ul, 

-tentum; keep off, arced, 2 ; 

keep silent, taced, 2. 
kill, interficid, -ficere, -feci, -fec- 

tum; occldd, -ere, -cidl, -ci- 

sum. 
kind, genus, -eris, N. ; of this 

kind, huius modi. 



kindle, cdnfld, 1. 

king, rex, regis, M. 

knight, eques, -itis, M. 

know, scid, 4 ; nosed, -ere, ndvl, 
ndtum; intellegd, -ere, -lexl, 
-tectum; not know, nescid, 
-Ire, -Ivl. 

knowledge, scientia, -ae, F. 



labor, labor, -oris, M. 

lack, desum, -esse, -ful. 

land, terra, -ae, F. 

large, magnus, -a, -um. 

last, proximus, -a, -um. 

late, serd, adv. 

law, lex, legis, F. 

lax, dissolutus, -a, -um. 

lay before, report, deferd, -ferre, 

-tull, -latum; lay on, inferd. 
lead, ducd, -ere, duxl, ductum; 

lead out, edited. 
leader, dux, ducis, M. ; prln- 

ceps, -ipis, M. 
leading men, prlncipes, -um, M. 
learn, cogndscd, -ere, cogndvl, 

cognitum. 
leave behind, leave, relinqud, 

-ere, -llqul, -lictum; exeo, -Ire, 

-il, -itum. 
legion, legid, -onis, F. 
let, see Lesson II ; allow, potior, 

patl, passus sum. 
letter, litterae, -arum, F. ; epis- 

tula, -ae, F. 
levy (upon), imperd, 1. 
liberal, amplus, -a, -um; llbera- 

lis, -e. 
lieutenant, legatus, -I, M. 
life, vita, -ae, F. 
light, daylight, lux, lucis, F. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



407 



like, similis, -e; like, wish, void, 
velle, volul. 

listen, audio, 4. 

literature, litterae, -arum, F. 

little, parvus, -a, -um. 

live, vivo, -ere, vixl, vlctum. 

long, a long time, longer, 
longest, dlu, diutius, diutis- 
sime; no longer, non iam. 

long since, iam prldem. 

lose, amitto, -ere, -mist, -missum. 

loss, deminutio, -onis, F. 

loyal, bonus, -a, -um. 

M 

madness, furor, -oris, M. 
magistrate, magistratus, -us, M. 
maintain, aid, -ere, -ul, altum. 
make, facio, -ere, feci, factum; 

make upon, infero; make 

ready, paro, 1. 
man, vir, virl, M., distinguished 

from women ; homo, -inis, M. 

and F., human being. 
many, multi, -ae, -a. 
march, iter, itineris, N. ; to 

march, iter facio. 
Marseilles, Massilia, -ae, F. 
massacre, caedes, -is, F. 
matter = thing, 
may, see Lesson III. 
me, see I. 

meet together, convenio. 
meeting, coetus, -us, M. 
memory, memoria, -ae, F. 
middle, middle of, medius, -a, 

-um. 
might, expressing permission, 

licet. 
mild, clemens, -entis; lenis; -e. 
mile, mille passuum. 



military affairs, res militdris. 

mind, mens, mentis, F., under- 
standing; animus, -l, M., 
will. 

mindful, memor, -oris. 

month, mensis, -is, M. 

most, adj., plurimus; adv. plu- 
rimum; superlative ending of 
adj. or adv. 

move, moved, -ere, mdvl, motum; 
permoveo. 

much, multus, -a, -um; adv., 
multum, multo. 

Mulvian, Mulvius, -a, -um. 

must, see Lesson IV. 

my, meus, -a, -um. 

myself, ego. 

N 

name, nomen, nominis, N. 

nation, natio, -onis, F. 

natural ability, natura, -ae, F. 

near, prope, fere; ad, w. ace. 

nearest, proximus, -a, -um. 

need, be necessary, necesse est; 
oportet, 2. 

neglect, neglego, -ere, -lexi, -tec- 
tum. 

neighboring, flnitimus, -a, -um. 

neither . . . nor, neque . . . 
neque, nee . . . nee. 

never, numquam. 

nevertheless, yet, still, tamen. 

new, novus, -a, -um. 

night, nox, noctis, F. ; night 
before, nox superior. 

no, nullus, -a, -um. 

noble, nobilis, -e. 

nobody, no one, nemo; gen. and 
abl. supplied from nullus. 

no longer, non iam. 



408 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



not, non, ne; not even, ne . . . 

quidem. 
not only . . . but also, non 

solum . . . sed etiam. 
not yet, nondum. 
nothing, nihil. 
November, November, -bris, 

-bre. 
now, nunc, iam. 
number, numerus, -I, M. ; in 

great numbers, frequens, -en- 

tis. 

O 

O that, utinam. 

obey, pared, 2. 

object, reclamo, 1. 

objection, make . . . to, ob- 

trecto, 1. 
obtain, obtain a request, im- 

petrb, 1. 
October, October, -bris, -bre. 
of, concerning, de. 
offer, praefero; obfero. 
office, imperium, -I, N. ; magis- 
trate, -us, M. 
often, saepe. 

old, senex, senis; vetus, -eris. 
on, in, w. ace. after verbs of 

motion ; w. abl. after verbs 

of rest. 
on all sides, undique. 
once, quondam. 
one, unus, -a, -um. 
one . . . another, alius . . . 

alius. 
one . . . the other, alter . . . 

alter. 
only, solus, -a, -um; unus, -a, 

-um. 
open, patefacio; be open, pateo, 



opinion, sententia, -ae, F. 
opportunity, facultds, -tatis, F. 
or, aut; in double questions, 

an non; in indirect double 

questions, necne. 
oration, oratio, -bnis, F. 
orator, orator, -oris, M. 
order, in order that, ut, conj. 
order, command, iubeo, -ere, 

iussl, iussum; impero, 1. 
order, rank, or do, -inis, M. 
other, alius, -a, -um; some . . . 

others, alii . . . alii. 
ought, debeo, 2 ; oportet, 2 ; see 

Lesson IV. 
our, noster, nostra, nostrum. 
out of, e, ex. 

outside of, extra, w. ace. 
overhang, impended, -ere. 
overtake, cbnsequor, -I, -secutus 

sum. 
own, his, suus, ipslus. 



pardon, ignosco, -ere, -ignbvl, 

ignotum. 
parent, parens, -entis, M. or F. 
part, pars, partis, F. 
pass, fauces, -ium, F. 
patience, patientia, -ae, F. 
patriot, bonus, -I, M. 
patriotic, bonus, -a, -um; amdns 

rel publicae. 
peace, pax, pads, F. 
people, populus, -I, M. 
peril, perlculum, -I, N. 
permit, allow, potior, patl, 

passus sum; licet, 2. 
persuade, persuaded, -ere, -sudsl, 

-suasum. 
philosopher, philosophus, -I, M 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



409 



pirate, praedd, -dnis, M. 

pitch, pond, -ere, posui, posi- 

tum. 
pity, misericordia , -ae, F. 
place, locus, -i, M. ; pi. loci and 

loca. 
place in command of, praeficio, 

w. dat. 
plan, consilium, -i, N. ; to plan, 

cogito, 1 ; excdgitd, 1. 
pleasant, iucundus, -a, -um. 
please, delectd, 1, w. ace. ; 

placed, 2, w. dat. 
pleasing, gratus, -a, -um. 
pleasure, voluptds, -talis, F. 
plot, machinor, 1 ; mdlior, 4. 
plunder, praeda, -ae, F. 
poet, poeta, -ae, M. 
possible, as ... as possible, 

g warn + sup. of adj. 
power, facultas, -tatis, F. 
powerful, potens, -entis; be very 

powerful, plurimum posse or 

valere. 
praetor, praetor, -oris, M. 
praise, laus, laudis, F. ; to 

praise, laudo, 1. 
precedent, exemplum, -I, N. 
prefer, maid, malle, mdlul. 
preserve, conservo, 1. 
pretend, simulo, 1. 
prevent, deterred, 2 ; prohibed, 2. 
private, privatus, -a, -um. 
profit, fructus, -us, M. 
promise, polliceor, 2. 
prompt, prdmptus, -a, -um. 
property, res, rerum, F. ; bona, 

-drum, N. 
protect, defendd, -ere, -fendi, 

-fensum. 
protection, praesidiwm, -i, N. 



provide, provided; cdnsuld, -ere, 
-ui, -sultum. 

provided that, modo, dum, dum 
modo. 

province, prdvincia, -ae, F. 

punish, punid, 4 ; ulciscor, -i, 
ultus sum. 

punishment, poena, -ae, F. ; 
supplicium, -i, N. 

purpose, mens, mentis, F. ; con- 
silium, -l, N. ; for the pur- 
pose of, causa. 

put in command of, praeficio, 
-ere, -feci, -fectum. 

put to death, need, 1 ; interficid, 
-ere, -feci, -fectum. 

put to flight, in fugam do, dare, 
dedi, datum; fugd, 1. 



question, res, rei, F. 
quickly, celeriter. 



raise, efferd, -ferre, extuli, eld- 

tum. 
rank, drdd, -inis, M. 
reach, pervenid. 
read, lego, -ere, legi, lectum. 
ready, paratus, -a, -um; make 

ready, compard, 1. 
reason, cause, causa, -ae, F. 
recall, revocd, 1. 
receive, recipid, -ere, -cepi, 

-ceptum. 
recognize, cogndscd, -ere, -ndvi, 

-nitum. 
refer, referd. 
reflect, cogito, 1. 
refresh, reficid. 
refuse, recusd, 1. 



410 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



regard, with — to, de. 

reject, repudid, 1. 

rejoice, laetor, 1. 

rely (upon), cdnfidd, -ere, -jlsus 
sum. 

relying, fretus, -a, -um. 

remain, stay, maned, -ere, mdnsi, 
mdnsum; remaned; it re- 
mains, relinquitur. 

remaining, reliquus, -a, -um. 

remarkable, eximius, -a, -um. 

remember, meminl, meminisse; 
reminiscor, -i. 

remove, depelld, -ere, -pull, -pul- 
sum. 

repent, paenitet, -ere, -uit. 

report, deferd. 

reply, responded, -ere, -spondl, 
-spdnsum. 

republic, res publico, F. 

rescue, eripid, -ere, -ui, -reptum. 

residence, domicilium, -I, N. 

resign, abdicd (1) ab. 

resist, resistd, -ere, -stitl, -stitum. 

restrain, contined, -ere, -ul, 
-tentum. 

result, the was, factum est. 

return, revertd, -ere, -vertl, -ver- 
sum; deponent in pres. sys- 
tem ; reded, -Ire, -ii, -Hum; 
in return for, pro. 

revel, bacchor, 1. 

revenue, vectigal, -dlis, N. 

revolution, res novae. 

reward, praemium, -l, N. 

right, ius, iuris, N 

rightly, vere. 

rival, competitor, -oris, M. 

river, flumen, fluminis, N. 

road, via, -ae, F. ; iter, itineris, 
N. 



Roman, Romdnus, -a, -um; 
Romans, Romdni, -drum, M. 

Rome, Roma, -ae, F. 

Rostra, rostra, -drum, N. 

ruin, pestis, -is, F. 

rule, imperium, -i, N. ; to rule, 
regd, -ere, rexi, rectum; rule 
over, imperd, 1, w. dat. 



sacred rites, sacra, -drum, N. 

safe, tutus, -a, -um, well- 
guarded, secure ; salvus, -a, 
-um, incolumis, -e, unharmed, 
well. 

safety, saliis, -utis, F. 

sail, navigd, 1. 

sally, excursus, -us, M. 

salute, salutd, 1. 

same, the same, idem, eadem, 
idem. 

satisfied, contentus, -a, -um. 

save, servo, 1 ; cdnservd, 1. 

say, dico, -ere, dixi, dictum. 

scarcely yet, vixdum. 

scoundrel, implied in iste; 
sceieratus, -l, M. 

scout, expldrator, -oris, M. 

sea, mare, maris, N. 

seal, signum, -i, N. 

secure, potior, 4. 

see, video, -ere, vldi, visum. 

seek, petd, -ere, -ivi, -itum. 

seem, videor, -eri, iHsus sum. 

seize, occupd, 1 ; capid, -ere, 
cepi, captum; comprehendd, 
-ere, -hendi, -hensum. 

select, see choose. 

self, ipse, -a, -um; of himself, 
sul. 

self-control, temperantia, -ae, F, 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



411 



self-restraint, continentia, -ae, 

F. 
Senate, sendtus, -us, M. 
senator, senator, -oris, M. 
send, mittd, -ere, mlsl, missum; 

send ahead, praemittd. 
separate, secernd, -ere, -crevl, 

-cretum. 
September, September, -bris, -bre. 
serve, servid, 4. 
set fire to, incendd, -ere, -cendl, 

-censum. 
set up, conlocd, 1. 
seventh, septimus, -a, -um. 
severely, vehementer. 
severest, summus, -a, -um. 
shop, taberna, -ae, F. 
short, brevis, -e. 
show, referd; ostendd, -ere, -I, 

-tentum. 
shrewd, callidus, -a, -um. 
shrine, fanum, -I, N. 
signal, slgnum, -I, N. 
silent, tacitus, -a, -um ; keep 

silent, taced, 2. 
silver, adj., argenteus, -a, -um. 
since, cum, quoniam. 
sink, deprimd, -ere, -pressl, 

-pressum. 
situation, res, rel, F. ; causa, -ae, 

F. 
six, sex. 

sixth, sextus, -a, -um. 
slaughter, caedes, -is, F. 
slave, servus, -l, M. 
so, tarn, ita, sic; so great, tantus, 

-a, -um; so that, ut. 
soldier, miles, mllitis, M. 
some one, something, some, 

aliquis, quldam, nescio quis. 
some . . . others, alii . . . alii. 



son, fllius, -I, M. 

soon, as as possible, quam 

prlmum. 
Spain, Hispania, -ae, F. 
speak, loquor, -I, locutus sum; 

died, -ere, dlxl, dictum. 
special, eximius, -a, -um. 
speech, dratid, -onis, F. 
spirit, animus, -i, M. 
stake, be at, ago, -ere, egl, 

actum. 
stand, std, -are, stetl, statum; 

stand about, circumstd; stand 

in the way of, obstd, -are, 

-stitl. 
state, res publica, F. ; clvitas, 

-tatis, F. 
statue, slgnum, -I, N. 
stay, stator, -oris; to stay, 

remaned, -ere, -mdnsl, -man- 
sum. 
storm, tempestas, -tatis, F. 
straight, adv., recta. 
strange, mlrus, -a, -um. 
strengthen, flrmd, 1. 
strife, convlcium, -I, N. 
strong, flrmus, -a, -um. 
strongly-fortified, munltissimus, 

-a, -um. 
study, studium, -I, N. 
such, of such a kind, talis, -e; 

is, ea, id; so great, tantus, -a, 

-um; in such a manner, sic. 
suddenly, subitd, repente. 
suffer, potior, patl, passus sum; 

suffer injury, detrlmentum 

capid. 
suitable, iddneus, -a, -um. 
summer, aestds, -tatis, F. 
summon, vocd, 1. 
suppliant, supplex, -ids, M. 



412 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



support, firmamentum, -i, N. 
surely, profecto, adv. 
surrender, dedb, -ere, dedidi, 

deditum. 
surround, circumcludo, -ere, 

-clusi, -clusum. 
suspicion, susplcio, -onis, F. 
sword, gladius, -i, M. ; ferrum, 

-% N. 

T 

tablet, tabella, -ae, F. 

take, capib, -ere, cepi, captum; 
take upon, undertake, sus- 
cipio; take (time), sumo, -ere, 
sumpsi, sumptum; take with, 
edited. 

task, negotiant, -7, N. 

tax-collector, publicdnus, -7, N. 

tell, died, -ere, dixi, dictum; 
riarro, 1. 

temple, templum, -7, X. 

tenth, decimus, -a, -um. 

terrify, perterreo, 2. 

territory, fines, -ium, M. 

than, quam. 

thank (give thanks), grdtids ago. 

thankful, feel thankful, gratiam 
habeo. 

thanksgiving, supplicdtio, -onis, 
F. 

that, ille, is, iste; that of yours, 
iste; that, in order that, ut, 
quo; that not, ne, ut non; 
the fact that, quod; (doubt) 
that, quin. 

their, suus, -a, -um; eorum. 

themselves, se. 

there, in that place, ibi; to 
that place, eo; as an exple- 
tive, omitted. 

therefore, itaque, igitur. 



they, generally omitted ; pi. of 

is, ille, hie. 
thing, res, rei, F. ; neut. pi. of 

adj. 
think, reckon, puto, 1 ; believe, 

arbitror, 1 ; value, existimo, 1 ; 

think of, cogito, 1, w. ace. ; 

think with (some one), sentio, 

-ire, sensi, sensum. 
third, tertius, -a, -um. 
thirst, sitis, -is, F. 
this, hie, is. 

though, although, cum. 
thousand, mille, indecl. adj. in 

sing. ; pi., milia, -ium, noun, 

N. 
threaten, minitor, 1 ; impended, 

-ere. 
three, tres, trio. 
throng, jrequentia, -ae, F. 
through, throughout, per, w. 

ace. 
till, until, dum, quoad. 
time, tempus, -oris, N. ; now 

for a long time, iam diu, iam 

dudum; by this time, iam. 
to, ad, w. ace. 
to-day, hodie, adv. 
together, prefix com-; adv., 

una. 
too, comparative ending. 
top, the top of, summus, -a, -um. 
torch, fax, facis, F. 
towards, ad, in, w. ace. 
town, oppidum, -i, N. 
trader, meredtor, -oris, M. 
training, disciplina, -ae, F. 
treat, tracto, 1. 
tribe, civitds, -tdtis, F. 
tribune, tribiinus, -i, M. 
tributary, vectlgalis, -is, M. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



413 



Trojan, Troidnus, -a, -urn. 
troops, copiae, -drum, F. 
true, verus, -a, -um. 
trusting to, fretus, -a, -um, w. 

abl. 
try, conor, 1. 
turn, converto, -ere, -vertl, -ver- 

sum. 
twenty, vlgintl. 
two, duo, duae, duo. 

U 

undergo, subed, -ire, -Ivl, -itum. 
undertaking, condtus, -us, M. 
unfriendly, inimlcus, -a, -um. 
unjust, inlquus, -a, -um. 
unjustly, iniuriose. 
unless, nisi, conj. 
unlike, dissimilis, -e. 
unpopularity, invidia, -ae, F. 
until, till, dum, quoad. 
unwilling, invltus, -a, -um; be 

unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolul. 
unwisely, imprudenter. 
urge, cohortor, 1. 
use, usus, -its, M. ; to use, utor, 

utl, usus sum. 
useful, utilis, -e. 



valiantly, fortiter. 

valor, virtus, -utis, F. 

vergobretus, vergobretus, -I, M. 

verse, versus, -us, M. 

very, ipse, when a noun is to be 
emphasized ; otherwise, su- 
perlative ending of adj. or 
adv. 

victorious, victor, -oris. 

victory, victoria, -ae, F. 

vigilant, vigildns, -antis. 



violence, vis, vis, F. 
virtue, virtus, -utis, F. 
voice, vox, vocis, F. 

W 

wall, murus, -I, M., the general 

term; moenia, -ium, N., city 

walls; paries, -etis, M'., the 

wall of a house, 
war, bellum, -I, N. 
ward off, propulso, 1 ; depello, 

-ere, -pull, -ptdsum. 
warfare, res militdris. 
watch, speculor, 1 ; vigilo, 1 ; 

watchful, vigildns, -antis. 
way, via, -ae, F. 
we, nos. 

weaken, conficio. 
weapon, telum, -i, N. 
weary, defessus, -a, -um. 
welfare, salus, -utis, F. 
what, pron., quis, quid; adj., 

qui, quae, quod. 
when, cum, ubi; interrog., 

quando. 
where, in what place, ubi; 

to what place, quo. 
whether, utrum, nam; -ne. 
which, see who. 
while, dum; a little while ago, 

paulo ante. 
who, which, what, qui, quae, 

quod, rel. pron. ; quis, quid, 

and qui, quae, quod, interrog. 

pron. and adj. 
whole, see all. 
why, cur, quid. 
wicked, nefdrius, -a, -um; im- 

probus, -a, -um. 
wide, latus, -a, -um. 
wife, uxor, -oris, F. 



414 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



will, voluntas, -talis, F. 

willing, be willing, void, velle, 
volul. 

winter, hiems, hiemis, F. ; pass 
the winter, Memo, 1 ; winter- 
quarters, hiberna, -drum, N. 

wipe out, deled, -ere, -evi, -etum. 

wisdom, sapientia, -ae, F. ; con- 
silium, -i, N. 

wish, desire, be willing, void, 
velle, volul. 

with, in company with, cum. 

within, of time, expressed by 
abl. ; of place, intus, adv. ; 
intra, prep. w. ace. 

without, sine, w. abl. ; be with- 
out, cared, 2. 

withstand, obsistd, -ere, -stiti, 
-stitum. 

witness, testis, -is, M. 

woman, mulier, -eris, F. 

word, verbum, -l, N. 

worship, veneror, 1. 



worthy, dlgnus, -a, -um; it is 
worth while, tantl est. 

wrest, extorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, 
-tortum. 

write, scribd, -ere, scripsi, scrip- 
turn. 

writer, scriptor, -oris, M. 

would that, utinam, adv. 

wounded, saucius, -a, -um. 



year, annus, -i, M. 

yesterday, hesternd die. 

yet, tamen; not yet, nondum. 

you, tit, vds. 

your, tuus, -a, -um; vester, ves- 

tra, vestrum. 
yourself, tul. 
youth, a young man, iuvenis, 

-is, M. ; adulescens, -entis, M. 



zeal, studium, -i, N. 



VOCABULARY 



LATIN-ENGLISH 

The figures 1, 2, and 4 after verbs indicate that the principal 
parts are like those of laudo, moneo, and audio, respectively. 



A., see Aulus. 

a (before cons.), ab (before vow- 
els or cons.), abs (before te) ; 
prep. w. abl. (away from), 
from, by; as prefix, away, off, 
un-. 

abdico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico], 
tr., disown; se abdicare, re- 
sign, abdicate, w. abl. of the 
office. 

abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum [do], 
tr., put away, hide, conceal, 
bury. 

abed, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., 
go away. 

abhorreo, -ere, -ui, — [horreo], 
tr. and intr., shrink from, be 
remote from, be foreign to, be 
averse; differ. 

abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
[iacio], tr., throw away, give 
up, abandon. 

abiectus, -a, -um [abicio], cast 
down, downcast, prostrate, 
overwhelmed. 

abs, see a. 

absconditus, -a, -um [abscondo], 
hidden, concealed, secret. 



absens, absentis, adj. [absum], 
absent, distant. 

absolutio, -onis, F. [absolvo], 
acquittal. 

abstraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- 
tum [abs + traho], tr., draw 
away from. 

absum, abesse, afui [sum], 
be away, be distant, be ab- 
sent. 

abundantia, -ae, F. [abundo], 
abundance. 

abutor, -uti, -usus sum [utor], 
dep., use up, exhaust; abuse, 
outrage, try. 

ac, see atque. 

accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 
[ad + cedo], intr., go to, come 
to, approach, be applied, Ar. 
6. 

accelero, -are, -avi, -atum [ad + 
celero], intr., make haste, 
hasten. 

accido, -cidere, -cidi, — [ad + 
cado], intr., fall, happen. 

accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
[ad + capio], tr., take to, re- 
ceive; hear; incur, sustain, 
P. 6 ; learn, P. 9. 



415 



416 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



A:;:u5. -i. M.. Acetm 

man poet, born 170 

B.C. 

accommodatus. -a. -um [accom- 

modo\ suitable, -':. adapted, 

appropriate. 
accommodo. -are. -avi. -atum 

"commode", tr., adapt, suit, 
»»i modate. 
accubd. -are. — . — >d — cubo". 

intr :ne. 

accurate, adv. accuratns]. with 

accuso. -are. -avi. atum [ad — 

causa', tar., Home, find fault 

with. 
acer. acri? icre 

eager. jorous. 

acerre icerbus], bitterly, 

hly. 
acerr::Af -talis uerbusj. 

bitterness, secerity. 
acerbus. -a. -um [acer[. bitter. 

harsh, rio'. 
acerrus. -I. M.. heap. pile. 
Achaia.-ae.F.. A-:'- :: 

southern Greece. 
Achilles, -is. M.. AdUBes, Greek 

warrior and hero of Homer's 

Wad. 
acies. -ei. F.. tdge. line, battle- 
zrray, arr 

acriter. adv. [acer], s£ 

keenly, energetically, zealously. 
acroama. -atis. N 

so u n d. entertain men : 

former, Ar. 9. 
actus, -us. M. [ago] : I 

pi:.; 
ad. prep. 



near, at, at the house of, among: 
till. for. for the pur: 
in point of, as regards: as pre- 
fix, to, at. 

adaequo. -are. -avi -arum 

[aequo", tr.. make equal to. 
addo. -dere. -didi. -ditum ad — 

do", tr.. put to. add. 
adduco. -ducere. -duxi. -ductum 

[ad — duco[. tor., 

to; induce, imfim 

1. adeo -ire. -ii. -itum [1. e 
goto, risit: enter upor 

2. adeo. adv. [2. eo]. 

limit \ so far. ere'.. C::.. I. 2: 
actually. 

adeps. adipis. M. and F.. ; ".::. 
corpulence. Cat., II" 

adfero. adferre. artuli. adlatum 
[f ero] , tr . . bri ng to, bring, a pply : 
produce, cause, occasion, add. 

adficio. -ficere. -feci, -fectum 
[ratio], tr.. do to. tree 
impair: risit. honor >with : 
in pass tecum; sup- 

plicio adficere. punish. 

adfingo. -fingere. -firm, -fictum 
[nngo[. tr., add, bestc 

adfinis. -e [finis], adjoining. 
connected icith, implicated in. 

adflicto. -are. -avi. -atum [freq. 
of adfligo*. tr.. shatter, trouble, 
:.. I. 13. 

ai~:g: -rilgere -±:sf -ri;::u~ 
[fligd[. tr.. strike at. smite, 
aijRiet. distress, ruin. 

adflo. -are. -avi. -arum [fl 
--'- i >wards 

adfluens. -ends [adfluo], abound- 
ing, rich (in), /nil. 

adgrego.-are. -avi.-atum [grego [. 



LATIX-EXGLISH VOCABULARY 



417 



tr., bring together (in a 

flock). 
adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [habeo], 

tr., (hold toward), apply, use, 

employ: lend, furnish, supply. 
adhortor, avi, -atus sum [hortor] 

dep., encourage, urge on. 
adhuc. adv. [hue], hitherto, as 

yet, up to this time. 
adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum 

[emo], tr., take away. deny. 
adipiscor, -i. adeptus sum, dep. 

[aplscor], (come up with), 

attain, obtain, secure. 
aditus, -us, M. [1. adeo], 

access, approach, avenue, path. 
adiumentum, -i. X. [adiuvo], 

help, aid. 
adiungo. -iungere, -iunxi, -iunc- 

tum [iungo], tr., join to, add; 

impose, confer upon. 
adiuvo. -iuvare, -iuvi, -iutum 

[iuvo], tr., help, assist. 
adlicio, -licere, -lexi, -lectum 

[lacio], tr., allure; attract, 

influence. 
administer, -tri. M. [minister, 

servant], assistant. 
administra, -ae, F., handmaiden, 

assistant. 
administro. -are, -avi, -atum 

[ministro], tr.. care for. man- 
age, govern, conduct, arrange, 

execute. 
admiratio, -dnis, F. [admiror], 

admiration. 
admiror, -ari, -atus sum [miror], 

dep., wonder at, marvel at, ad- 
mire. 
admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum [mo- 

neo], tr., remind, warn ; advise. 



admonitus, -us, M. [admoneo], 

advice, suggestion. 

admurmuratio, -onis, F., a 
murmuring. 

adnuo, -nuere, -nui, — [nuo], 
intr., nod to, nod assent. 

adorno. -are, -avi, -atum [orno], 
tr., adorn, equip, provide. 

adprobo, -are. avi, -atum [ad + 
probo], tr., give assent to, ap- 
prove of. 

adpropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[propinquo], intr., draw near 
(to), approach. 

adquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- 
situm [quaero], tr., add (to), 
acquire, gain. 

adscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
-scriptum [scribo], tr., enroll 
(as a citizen). 

adsentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen- 
sum [sentio], intr., assent to, 
agree with. 

adsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 
[sequor], dep.. follow up, over- 
take, reach; accomplish, effect, 
obtain, attain. 

adservo, -are, -avi. -atum [servo], 
tr., watch over, keep, guard. 

adsido, -sidere. -sedi, — [sido], 
intr., take a seat, sit down. 

adsidue, adv. [adsiduus], con- 
stantly. 

adsto, -stare, -stiti. — [sto], 
intr., stand near, stand by. 

adsuefactus, -a. -um [adsue- 
facio], trained, accustomed. 

adsum, -esse, -fui [sum], be 
near, be present: aid. assist. 

adulescens, -entis, M. [ado- 
lesco], young man, youth. 



418 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



adulescentia, -ae, F. [adules- 
cens], youth. 

adulescentulus, -I, M. [adules- 
cens], very young man. 

adulter, -ten, M., adulterer. 

adultus, -a, -um [adolesco], 
mature, full-grown. 

adventicius, -a, -um [advenio], 
foreign. 

adventus, -us, M. [advenio], 
arrival, approach, coming. 

adversus, -a, -um [adverto], 
(turned, towards), facing, un- 
favorable; adversae res, ad- 
versity. 

advesperascit, -ere, — , hnpers., 
evening approaches, it grows 
dark. 

aedificium, -I, N. [aedifico], 
building, house, edifice. 

aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum [aedes, 
facio], tr., build. 

aedes -is, F., (a dwelling of the 
gods), temple; pi., (a dwell- 
ing for men), house. 

Aegaeus, -a, -um, Aege'an. 

aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick, 
suffering. 

aegre, adv. [aeger], with diffi- 
culty, reluctantly, bitterly. 

Aemilius, -i, M., Aemilius, a 
gentile name ; M. Aemilius 
Scaurus, consul 115 and 107 

B.C. 

Aeneas, -ae, M., Aene'as. 
aeque, adv. [aequus], equally; 

aeque ac, just as. 
aequitas, -tatis, F. [aequus], 

justice, equity. 
aequus, -a, -um, even, equal; 

fair, just, right; favorable, 



calm; aequo animo, with a 
calm mind, with resignation. 

aerarium, -i, N. [aerarius], 
treasury. 

aerarius, -a, -um [aes], of the 
treasury. 

aes, aeris, N., copper, bronze, 
money; aes alienum, (an- 
other's money), debt; pi., 
bronze tablets. 

aestas, -tatis, F., summer. 

aestimo, -are, avi, atum [aes], 
tr., judge, estimate. 

aestus, -us, M., heat. 

aetas, -tatis, F., age, old age; 
life. 

aeternus, -a, -um, everlasting, 
eternal, endless. 

Aetoli, -orum, M., the Aetolians, 
inhabitants of Aetolia. 

Africa, -ae, F., Africa, especially 
the Roman province in the 
northern part of the con- 
tinent. 

Africanus, -a, -um [Africa], 
African; Africanus, a sur- 
name of two of the Scipios. 

ager, agri, M., field, land, 
country. 

agito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of 
ago], tr., disturb, agitate, 
rouse. 

agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitum 
[ad + (g)nosco], tr. recog- 
nize, understand. 

ago, -ere, -egi, actum, tr., (put 
in motion), drive, do, act, 
act on; aim at; speak, plead; 
(aetatem) ; pass., be at 
, P. 2, 6; age vero, 
come now, well then. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



419 



agrarius, -a, -um [ager], -per- 
taining to land; agrarii, M. 
pi., the agrarian -party (sup- 
porting agrarian laws). 

agrestis, -e [ager], of the coun- 
try, country (adj.) ; rude, 
boorish, ignorant; as noun, 
countrymen. 

agricola, -ae, M., farmer. 

Ahala, -ae, M., Ahala, a family 
name ; Gaius Servilius Ahala 
a Roman officer, 439 b.c. 

aio, ais, ait ; pi., aiunt, def. vb., 
say, assert. 

alea, -ae, F., a game with dice, 
gambling. 

aleator, -oris, M. [alea], gambler. 

Alexander, -dri, M., Alexander, 
the Great, king of Mace- 
donia, born 356 b.c. 

alienigena, -ae, M. [alienus, 
gigno], one of foreign birth; 
as adj., foreign. 

alienus, -a, -um [alius], belong- 
ing to another, of others, 
foreign; as noun, stranger, 
foreigner, alien. 

aliquando, adv. [ali- + quando], 
at some time, at any time, at 
length, finally, at last. 

aliquanto, adv. [aliquantus], (by 
some little), a little. 

aliquis, -quid, indef . pron. (App- 
27, 28), some one, something; 
any-one, anything; as adj., 
aliqui, -qua, -quod, some, any. 

aliquo, adv. [aliquis], to some 
place, somewhere. 

aliquot [alius, quot], indecl. adj., 
some, several, a number of. 

aliter, adv. [alius], otherwise. 



alius, -a, -ud, adj. or pron. 
(App. 13), another, other (of 
more than two) ; pi. some, 
others; alius . . . alius, one 
. . . another; alii . . . alii, 
some . . . others 

Allobroges, -um, M. pi., the 
Allo'broges, a tribe south- 
west of Lake Geneva. 

alo, -ere, alui, altum, tr., feed, 
nourish; sustain, cherish, 
strengthen, Ar. 7. 

Alpes, -ium, F., the Alps. 

altaria, -ium, N. pi. [altus], an 
altar. 

alter, -era, -erum, adj. or pron. 
(App. 13), the other (of two), 
second (in a series), another; 
alter . . . alter, the one . . . 
the other. 

alternus, -a, -um [alter], alter- 
nate. 

altus, -a, -um [alto], high, deep. 

alveolus, -i, M. [alveus, a 
hollow], dice board, gambling. 

amans, -antis, adj. [part, of 
amo], loving, affectionate, fond 
(of), loyal (to) ; w. rei pub- 
licae, patriotic. 

ambi-, prefix, round, round about. 

ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
walk. 

am ens, -entis [a + mens], sense- 
less, foolish. 

amentia, -ae, F. [amens], folly, 
madness, insanity. 

amicio, -icire, — , -ictum [ambi- 
+ iacio], tr., throw around, 
clothe. 

amicitia, -ae, F. [amicus], friend- 
ship. 



420 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



1. amicus, -I, M., friend. 

2. amicus, -a, -um, friendly, 
dear. 

Amisus, -I, F. Ami'sus, a city 
of Pontus. 

amitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 
[mitto], tr., (send away), lose. 

amo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., love. 

amoenitas, -tatis, F. [amoenus], 
charm, beauty. 

amor, -oris, M. [amo], love. 

amplector, -plecti, -plexus sum 
[ambi + plecto], dep., twine 
about, embrace, include, Cat., 
IV, 4. 

amplified, -are, -avi, -atum 
[amplus, ratio], tr., enlarge, 
extend, increase. 

amplitudo, -inis, F. [amplus], 
breadth, greatness, eminence, 
honor. 

amplius, adv. [comp. of ample], 
more, further. 

amplus, -a, -um, great, ample; 
generous; illustrious, dis- 
tinguished, honorable. 

an, conj., usually introducing 
the second member of a 
double question, or; intro- 
ducing single direct questions 
it may be equivalent to -ne 
or nonne with added empha- 
sis or surprise; see 103, b; 
Bur. 368; HB. 236; intro- 
ducing an indirect question, 
whether. 

anceps, -cipitis, adj., [ambi-, 
caput], double, twofold, in two 
places. 

ango, -ere, anxi, — , tr., distress, 
trouble, torment. 



angulus, -i, M., corner, angle. 
anhelo, -are, -avi, -atum [an- 

helus, panting], tr. and intr., 

breathe forth; pant. 
anima, -ae, F., air, breath, 

spirit; life, soul. 
animadversio, -onis, F. [anim- 

adverto], attention, investiga- 
tion; punishment. 
animadverto, -vertere, -verti, 

-versum [animum + ad + 

verto], tr., (turn the mind 

to), perceive, notice, attend to; 

punish. 
animus, -i, M. mind, soul, feel- 
ing, feelings, spirit, disposition, 

heart, Cat., 1, 11. 
anne, = an. 
Annius, -i, M., Annius, a 

nomen or gentile name ; see 

Chilo. 
annona, -ae, F. [annus], yearly 

harvest, provisions, P. 15. 
annus, -i, M., year. 
annuus, -a, -um [annus], annual. 
ante, prep. w. ace, before; adv., 

before, beforehand; ago; 

paulo ante, a little while ago; 

just now; as prefix, before, in 

advance. 
antea, adv. [ante], before, 

hitherto, formerly. 
antecello, -ere, — , — [cello], 

intr., surpass, be superior to. 
antelucanus, -a, -um [ante, lux], 

lasting till daylight, all-night. 
antepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 

tum [pono], tr., place before, 

prefer. 
anten^iam, conj. [ante + quam], 

before. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



421 



Antiochla, -ae, F., Antioch, a' 
city of Syria. 

Antiochus, -i, M., Anti'ochus, 
the Great, king of Syria, 223- 
187 b.c. 

antiquitas, -tatis, F. [anti- 
quus], antiquity. 

antiquus, -a, -um [ante], 
former, ancient, old; M. pi., 
the men of old. 

aperio, -perire, -perui, -pertum 
[ab + pario], tr., open. 

aperte, adv. [apertus], openly, 
without reserve, plainly. 

apertus, -a, -um, open, undis- 
guised. 

apparatus, -a, -um [apparo], 
prepared; elaborate, sump- 
tuous. 

appareo, -ere, -ui, intr., appear. 

apparo, -are, -avi, -atum [paro], 
tr., make ready, prepare, pre- 
pare for. 

appello, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
call (by name), name, address. 

Appennlnus, -I, M., the Apen- 
nines. 

appetens, -entis [appeto], covet- 
ous of. 

Appius, -I, M., Appius, a prae- 
nomen or first name; see 
Claudius. 

Appius, -a, -um, Appian; Via 
Appia, the Appian Road, ex- 
tending from Rome to Brun- 
disium. 

approbo, see adprobo. 

aptus, -a, -um, suited, fit. 

apud, prep. w. ace., among, 
with, at the house of, before, 
off. 



Apulia, -ae, F., Apulia, a dis- 
trict in southern Italy. 

aqua, -ae, F., water. 

aquila, -ae, F., eagle; especially 
the eagle of a Roman stand- 
ard. 

ara, -ae, F., altar. 

arbitror, -ari, -a us sum [arbiter, 
judge], dep., think, judge, con- 
sider. 

arbor, -oris, F., tree, 

arceo, -ere, -ui, — , tr., keep 
away, ward off. 

arcesso, -cessere, -cessivi, ces- 
situm [ad + caus. of cieo], tr., 
cause to come, summon, send 
for, invite. 

Archias, -ae, M. (App. 11), 
Archias; A. Licinius Archias, 
see p. 269 

ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, intr., 
be on fire, be in flames, 
burn. 

ardor, -oris, M. [ardeo], (a 
burning), flame, fire, heat, 
brightness; passion. 

argenteus, -a, -um [argentum], 
silver, of silver. 

argentum, -i, N., silver. 

argumentum, -i, N. [arguo], 
proof, argument. 

Ariobarzanes, -is, M., Ariobar- 
za'nes, a king of Cappadocia. 

arma, -drum, N. pi., arms, 
equipment. 

Armenii, -orum, M., the Ar- 
menians. 

Armenius, -a, -um, of Armenia, 
Armenian. 

armo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
arm, equip. 



422 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



ars, artis, P., skill, art, accom- 
plishment, quality, practice. 

artifex, -ficis, M. [ars, facio], 
artist, scaenicus artifex, actor. 

arx, arcis, F., citadel, fortress, 
stronghold. 

ascendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
-scensum [ad + scando], tr. 
and intr., climb, rise, ascend. 

ascisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -sci- 
tum [ad + seised], tr., admit 
(to), enlist (in). 

ascribo, -ere, ascripsi, ascrip- 
tum [scribo], tr., enroll, as- 
sign, appoint. 

Asia, -ae, F., Asia, Asia Minor. 

Asiaticus,-a, -urn [Asia], Asiatic. 

aspectus, -us, M. [aspicio], 
sight, view; appearance. 

aspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn [ad + spicio], tr., look 
at, look upon. 

assiduitas, (adsid-) -tatis, F. 
[assiduus], perseverance, per- 
sistent effort. 

at, conj., but, expressing con- 
trast or objection ; yet, yet 
at least. 

Athenae, -arum, F., Athens. 

Atheniensis, -e, of Athens; pi. 
as noun, the Athenians. 

atque (before vowels or cons.), 
ac (before cons.), and, and 
also, and especially; after 
words of comparison, as. 

atqui, conj., and yet, why! 

atrocitas, -tatis, F. [atrox], 
cruelty, fierceness, harshness. 

atrox, -ocis [ater, black], fierce, 
cruel, horrible, inhuman, mon- 
strous. 



attendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
turn [ad + tendo], tr., (stretch 
toward), w. or without ani- 
mum, observe, notice, mark, 
listen. 

attenuo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[tenuo, make thin], tr., make 
thin, reduce. 

Atticus, -i, M., Atticus; T. 
Pomponius Atticus, a corre- 
spondent of Cicero; Intro. 11. 

attingo, -ere, attigi, attactum 
[ad + tango], tr., touch, reach, 
attain to; approach; attempt, 
touch upon, Ar. 9 ; set foot on, 
P. 9. 

attribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum [ad 
+ tribuo], tr., assign, allot, 
distribute. 

attuli, from adfero. 

auctionarius, -a, -um [auctio], 
of an auction, of the auction- 
eer. 

auctor, -oris, M. [augeo], origi- 
nator, author, promoter, ap- 
prover. 

auctoritas, -tatis, F. [auctor], 
influence, authority, power, 
prestige; opinion. 

audacia, -ae, F. [audax], daring, 
boldness, courage; audacity, 
presumption, effrontery. 

audax, -acis [audeo] bold, daring, 
audacious. 

audeo, -ere, ausus sum, semi- 
dep., dare. 

audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., hear, 
hear of, listen to. 

aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum 
[ab + fero], tr., bear away, 
carry off. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



423 



aufugio, -fugere, -fugi, — [ab + 

fugio], intr., run away, es- 
cape. 
augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, tr., 

increase, enrich. 
Aulus, -I, M., Aulus, a prae- 

nomen or personal name. 
Aurelius, -a, -um, Aurelian; 

see Forum Aurelium. 
auris, -is, F., ear; attention. 
aurum, -I, N., gold. 
auspicium, -I, N. [auspex], 

(divination by the flight of 

birds), augury; pi. auspices. 
aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, 

either . . . or. 
autem, conj., on the other hand, 

but; furthermore, moreover, 

besides, while. 
auxilium, -i, N. [augeo], aid, 

help, assistance; pi., auxiliary 

forces. 
avaritia, -ae, F. [avarus], greed, 

avarice. 
aversus, -a, -um [averto], turned 

away, averse, obstinate, hostile. 
avide, adv. [avidus], eagerly. 
avidus, -a, -um [aveo, crave], 

craving, eager for. 
avitus, -a, -um [avus], of one's 

grandfather. 
avoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco], 

tr., call away. 
avus, -i, M., grandfather. 

B 

bacchor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. 
[Bacchus, god of wine], (cele- 
brate the festival of Bacchus), 
revel, rage. 

barbaria, -ae, F. [barbarus], 



barbarism; foreign country, 
uncivilized people. 

barbarus, -a, -um, foreign, 
strange; as noun, foreigner. 

barbarus, -a, -um [barba], 
bearded. 

beatus, -a, -um [beo, make 
happy], happy, blessed, pros- 
perous, Cat., II, 9. 

bellicosus, -a, -um [bellum], 
warlike. 

bello, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
wage war, carry on war, fight. 

bellum, -i, N., war. 

bene, adv. (App. 20), well, suc- 
cessfully. 

beneficium, -i, N. [bene + fa- 
cio], (a well-doing), kindness, 
favor. 

benevolentia, -ae, F. [benevo- 
lus], goodwill, benevolence, loy- 
alty. 

benignitas, -tatis, F. [benignus], 
favor, courtesy, kindness. 

bestia, -ae, F., beast, animal. 

bibo, -ere, -bibi, — , tr., drink. 

bini, -ae, -a, two each, two. 

bipertito, adv. [bis + partitus], 
in two divisions. 

bis, num. adv., twice. 

BIthynia, -ae, F., Bithynia, a 
district of Asia Minor, south 
of the Black Sea. 

bonus, -a, -um, good, worthy, ex- 
cellent; as noun, bonum, ad- 
vantage; pi. boni, good men, 
loyal citizens, patriots; bona, 
-orum, goods, property, posses- 
sions. 

Bosporani, -orum, M., dwellers 
on the Bosporus. 



424 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



brevis, -e, short, brief. 

breviter, adv. [brevis], briefly. 

Brundisium, -I, N., Brundisium, 
a town in southern Italy ; 
modern Brindisi. 

Brutus, -i, M., Brutus, a family 
name ; D. Iunius Brutus, con- 
sul, 138 b.c. 



C. for G., abbreviation of Gaius. 

caedes, caedis, F. [caedo], kill- 
ing, slaughter, murder, massa- 
cre. 

Caelius, -i, M., Caelius, a gen- 
tile name ; Q. Caelius, a 
tribune. 

caelum, -i, N., sky, heaven, the 
heavens. 

Caesar, -is, M., Caesar, a cog- 
nomen or family name ; 1. C. 
Iulius Caesar, the conqueror 
of Gaul, praetor 62 b.c, consul 
59 b.c. ; 2. L. Iulius Caesar, 
consul 64 b.c 

Caieta, -ae,F., Caieta (ka-ye'ta), 
a coast town of Latium, with 
a harbor; now Gaeta (ga-a/ta). 

calamitas, -tatis, F., disaster, 
ruin, downfall, calamity, loss, 
injury, misfortune, distress. 

callidus, -a, -um, shrewd, crafty. 

campus, -i, M., a plain, field; 
especially the Cam-pus Mar- 
tins, a plain in Rome, dedi- 
cated to Mars, used for as- 
semblies of the people. 

cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, tr. 
and intr., sing, predict. 

canto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
of cano], intr., sing. 



cantus, -us, M. [cano], song, 
music. 

capillus, -i, M. [caput], hair (of 
the head). 

capio, capere, cepi, captum, tr., 
take, receive, hold, contain, 
capture, take prisoner; w. 
consilium, form, adopt; w. de- 
trimentum, suffer. 

capitalis, -e [caput], deadly, mor- 
tal. 

Capitolium, -i, N. [caput], the 
Capitoline Hill; the Capitol, 
a temple of Jupiter situated 
on the Capitoline. 

Cappadocia, -ae, F., Cappa- 
docia, a country of Asia 
Minor. 

caput, capitis, N., head, life, 
civil rights. 

Carbo, -onis, M., Carbo, a fam- 
ily name ; C. Papirius Carbo, 
tribune of the people 89 

B.C. 

career, carceris, M., prison. 

careo, -ere, -ui, — , fut. part, 
cariturus, intr., be without, 
want, be free from, be deprived 
of, withdraw from, Cat., I, 7. 

caritas, -tatis, F. [carus], dear- 
ness, high price. 

carmen, -inis, N., song, poem, 
verse. 

Carthaginiensis, -e, of Carthage; 
pi. as noun, the Carthaginians. 

Carthago, -inis, F., Carthage, a 
city in northern Africa. 

carus, -a, -um, dear, precious, 
valued. 

Cassius, -i, M., Cassius, a gen- 
tile name ; 1. Lucius Cassius, 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



425 



a confederate of Catiline ; 

2. C. Cassius, consul 73 b.c. ; 

3. C. Cassius Longinus, prae- 
tor 44 b.c. 

caste, adv. [castus], purely, hon- 
estly. 

castra, -orum, N. pi., a camp. 

castrensis, -e, of the camp. 

casus, -us, M. [cado], (a falling), 
accident, chance, fate, calamity ; 
emergency, P. 20. 

Catilina,-ae,M., Ca'tiline (kat'i- 
lin), a family name; L. Ser- 
gius Catilina, the conspirator ; 
see p. 181. 

Cato, -onis, M., Cato, a family 
name; 1. Porcius Cato, a 
friend of Archias ; 2. Marcus 
Cato, the censor (234-149 

B.C.). 

Catulus, -I, M., Ca'tulus, a fam- 
ily name; 1. Q. Lutatius 
Catulus, consul 102 b.c. ; 2. 
Q. Lutatius Catulus, son of 
1, consul 78 b.c 

causa, -ae, F., cause, reason, 
case, interest, question; causa 
(following a gen.), on account 
(of), for the sake (of), for the 
purpose (of). 

-ce, enclitic emphasizing cer- 
tain pronouns. 

cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, intr., 
go from, withdraw; pass by 
(of time) ; yield, submit. 

celeber, -bris, -bre, populous, 
frequented, busy. 

celebritas, -tatis, F. [celeber], 
renown, celebrity. 

celebro, -are, -avi, -atum [cele- 
ber], tr., frequent, throng; 



celebrate, solemnize, keep, 
honor, extol. 

celeritas, -tatis, F. [celer], quick- 
ness, swiftness, celerity, rapid- 
ity, promptness. 

celeriter, adv. [celer], quickly. 

cena, -ae, F., dinner, banquet. 

ceno, -are, -avi, -atum [cena], 
intr., dine, eat dinner. 

censeo, -ere, -ui, censum, tr., 
tax, estimate, assess, enroll 
(as a citizen), resolve, decree, 
vote; think. 

censor, -oris, M., censor; see 
Introd. 38. 

census, -us, M. [censeo], cen- 
sus, a censor's list, census roll. 

centuria, -ae, F. [centum], cen- 
tury, a division of the people, 
originally numbering one hun- 
dred. 

centuriatus, -us, M. [centurio], 
the office of a centurion, cen- 
turionship. 

centurio, -onis, M. [centuria], 
centurion. 

Ceparius, -I, M., Ceparius, a 
gentile name ; Marcus Cepa- 
rius, a confederate of Catiline. 

cerno, -ere, crevi, cretum, tr., 
separate, distinguish; see, 
perceive; decide, decree. 

certamen, -inis, N. [certo], con- 
test, rivalry. 

certe, adv. [certus], certainly, 
surely, at least. 

1. certo, adv. [certus], with cer- 
tainty, certainly. 

2. certo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
contend, struggle, fight, vie. 

certus, -a, -um [cerno], decided, 



426 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



certain, sure; particular, defin- 
ite; faithful; certiorem facio, 
inform; certior fid, be in- 
formed. 

cervix, -icis, F., neck. 

ceterus, -a, -um, the rest, the 
other, other; pi. as noun, 
others, the others, the rest. 

Cethegus, -I, M., Cethegus, a 
family name; C. Cornelius 
Cethegus, a confederate of 
Catiline. 

Chii, -drum, M., the Chians, 
people of the island Chios in 
the Aegean. 

Chilo, -onis, M., Chilo, a family 
name ; Q. Annius Chilo, a con- 
federate of Catiline. 

cibus, -i, M., food. 

Cicero, -onis, M., a cognomen 
or family name; 1. Marcus 
Tullius Cicero, the orator; 
see Introd. ; 2. Q. Tullius 
Cicero, praetor 62 b.c. ; 3. M. 
Tullius Cicero, son of the 
orator, born 65 b.c. 

Cilicia, -ae, F., Cilicia, a Ro- 
man province in southern 
Asia Minor. 

Cimber, -bri, M., Cimber, a cog- 
nomen ; see Gabinius. 

Cimbri, -orum, M., the Cimbri, a 
people of northern Ger- 
many. 

Cimbricus, -a, -um [Cimbri], of 
the Cimbri, Cimbrian. 

cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctum, tr., 
surround. 

cinis, cineris, M., ashes. 

Cinna, -ae, M., Cinna, a family 
name ; L. Cornelius Cinna, 



consul 86-84 b.c, leader of 
the popular party. 

circum, prep. w. ace, around, 
about; as prefix, around. 

circumcludo, -cludere, -clusi, 
-clusum [claudo], tr., hem in. 

circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum 
[do], tr., place around, sur- 
round with. 

circumscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
-scriptum [scribo], tr., bound. 

circumscriptor, -oris, M. [cir- 
cumscribo], cheat. 

circumsedeo, -sedere, -sedi, 
-sessum [sedeo], tr., sit 
around, surround. 

circumspicio, -spicere, -spexi, 
-spectum [specio], tr. and 
intr., look about, look out for ; 
observe, consider. 

circumsto, -stare, -steti, [sto], 
tr., stand around, surround. 

cito, adv., quickly, promptly. 

civilis, -e [civis], of citizens, civil. 

civis, civis, M., citizen, fellow- 
citizen. 

civitas, -tatis, F. [civis], citizen- 
ship, state, tribe, nation. 

clam, adv., secretly. 

clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
and intr., cry out, shout. 

clamor, -oris, M. [clamo], out- 
cry, shout. 

clarus, -a, -um, clear, bright; 
brilliant, renowned, famous, 
illustrious, honorable, eminent, 
conspicuous. 

classis, -is, F., division; fleet. 

Claudius, -i, M., Claudius, a 
gentile name; Appius Clau- 
dius Pulcher, praetor 89 b.c. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



427 



claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum, 

tr., close. 

Clemens, -entis, adj., mild, for- 
bearing, merciful, lenient. 

clientela, -ae, F. [cliens], client- 
ship, clients. 

Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus. 

Cnidus, -i, F., Cnidus (nl'dus), 
a city of Caria in Asia Mi- 
nor. 

coepi, def. vb. (App. 50), began; 
w. a pass, complementary 
inf. coeptus sum, etc., is 
used. 

coeptus, -us, M. [coepi], begin- 
ning, undertaking. 

coerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum [con + 
arceo, confine], tr., restrain, 
check, correct, repress. 

coetus, -us, M. [co'+ eo], meeting, 
gathering, assembly, company. 

cogitate, adv. [cogito], thought- 
fully, with thought. 

cogitatio, -onis, F. [cogito], 
thought, purpose, plan, design. 

cogito, -are, -avi, -atum [con + 
agito], tr., consider (thor- 
oughly), ponder, think, think 
of, plan, plot. 

cognatio, -onis, F., relationship, 
kinship. 

cognitio, -onis, F. [cognosco], 
a becoming acquainted with, 
acquaintance. . 

cognitor, -oris, M. [cognosco], 
advocate, supporter. 

cognomen, -inis, N. [nomen], 
surname, family name. 

cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, 
-gnitum [con + gnosco], tr., 
learn, ascertain; recognize; 



note, notice, observe; perf., 
have learned, hence know; 
plup., knew. 

cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum [con 
+ ago], tr., drive together, 
collect, assemble; compel, force. 

cohaereo, -haerere, -haesi, 
haesum [haereo], intr., cling 
together, be connected (with). 

cohibed, -ere, -ui, -itum [habeo], 
tr., hold together, keep. 

cohors, cohortis, F., cohort 
(tenth of a legion). 

cohortor, -avi, -atus sum [hor- 
tor], dep., encourage, urge. 

collectio, -onis, F. [colligo], a 
collecting, gathering. 

collega, -ae, M., partner in 
office, colleague. 

collegium, -i, N. [colligo], asso- 
ciation, board, college. 

colligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum 
[con + lego], tr., gather, col- 
lect; se colligere, assemble. 

colo, -ere, -ui, cultum, tr., cul- 
tivate, cherish, pay respect to; 
dwell in. 

colonia, -ae, F. [colo], colony. 

colonus, -i, M. [colo], colonist. 

Colophon, -onis, M., Colophon, 
a city of Asia Minor, north 
of Ephesus. 

Colophonii, -orum, M., the in- 
habitants of Colophon. 

color, -oris, M., color. 

comes, comitis, M. or F., com- 
panion, associate, comrade. 

comissatio, -onis, F. [comissor, 
revel], revelry. 

comitatus, -us, M. [comito], es- 
cort, retinue, company. 



428 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



comitia, -orum, N. [con + eo], 
assembly, comitia; election. 

comitium, -i, N. [con, eo], the 
Comitium, a place of assem- 
bly adjoining the Forum. 

comitor, -ari, -atus sum [comes] 
dep., accompany, attend. 

commeatus, -us, M. [commeo], 
intercourse; supplies, pro- 
visions. 

commemoratio, -onis, F., re- 
membrance, mention. 

commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum 
[memoro], tr., call to mind; 
relate, mention, speak of. 

commendatio, -onis, F. [com- 
mendo], a commending, recom- 
mendation. 

commendo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[mando], tr., commit for protec- 
tion, intrust, commend, recom- 
mend. 

commeo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
go and come, visit, resort. 

committo, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum [mitto], tr., send together; 
intrust, commit, permit, allow; 
begin. 

commode, adv. [commodus], 
conveniently. 

commodum, -i, N. [commodus], 
advantage, interest. 

commoratio. -onis, F. [com- 
moror], a tarrying, lingering. 

commoror, -ari, -atus sum [mo- 
ror], dep., remain. 

commoveo, -movere, -movi, 
-motum [moveo], tr., put in 
violent motion, move, stir, dis- 
turb, affect, influence, concern, 
grieve; commovere, te, se, 



make a noise, lift a finger, 
stir. 

communis, -e [munus], common, 
in common, general, public. 

communiter, adv. [communis], 
* in common, in general, Ar. 12. 

commuto, -are, -avi, -atum 
[muto], tr., change entirely, 
change. 

comparatio, -onis, F. [comparo], 
preparation. 

comparo, -are, -avi, -atum 1. 
[paro], tr., prepare, make ready, 
provide; make up, compose, 
procure, acquire. 2. [compar, 
like], compare. 

compello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- 
sum [pello], tr., drive together, 
drive, force. 

comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum 
[pario], tr., learn, discover, as- 
certain, detect. 

competitor, -oris, M. [competo], 
rival opposing candidate, com- 
petitor. 

complector, -plecti, -plexus sum 
[com + plector], dep., em- 
brace, receive; comprehend. 

compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum 
[pleo], tr., fill completely. 

complexus, -us, M. [complector] 
an embracing, embrace. 

compliires, -a(-ia) [com + plures 
several, many, many of. 

comprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, 
-hensum [prehendo], tr., seize, 
capture, arrest, grasp, detect. 

comprimo, -primere, -pressi, 
-pressum [premo], tr., press 
together; repress, check, curb; 
suppress. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



429 



comprobo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[probo], tr., approve, endorse, 
attest. 

con-, com-, co-, prefix, with, to- 
gether, completely, thoroughly, 
strongly. 

conatus, -us, M. [conor], at- 
tempt, effort, undertaking. 

concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum [cedo], tr., and intr., go 
away, withdraw; grant, con- 
cede, give up, yield. 

concelebro, -are, -avi, -atum 
[celebro], tr., attend in throngs, 
celebrate. 

concerto, -are, -avi, -atum 
[certo], intr., dispute, wrangle, 
contend. 

concido, -cidere, -cidi, — 
[cado], intr., fall (together), 
fall to pieces, collapse; fail, 
P. 7. 

concilio, -are, -avi, -atum [con- 
cilium], tr., bring together, win 
over, win, gain. 

concipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
[capio], tr., take up, take, re- 
ceive, incur, conceive. 

concito, -are, -avi, -atum [cito], 
tr., rouse, stir up, urge on, 
excite, agitate. 

concordia, -ae, F. [concors], 
union, harmony, concord; the 
goddess Concord, in whose 
temple the Senate often met. 

concupisco, -cupiscere, -cupivi, 
-cupitum [inceptive of cupio], 
desire, long for, covet. 

concurso, -are, -avi, -atum 
[curso], intr., run to and fro, 
run about. 



concursus, -us, M. [concurro], 
running together, throng, rally, 
assembly. 

condemno, -are, -avi, -atum 
[domno], tr., condemn, blame, 
convict, find guilty. 

conditio, -onis, F. [condico], 
agreement, condition, task, lot; 
circumstances, Cat., IV, 10. 

condo, -ere, condidi, conditum 
[con + do], tr., (put together), 
found, build; store, treasure, 
Cat., Ill, 11; post urbem 
conditam, since the founding 
of the city. 

confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 
[fero], tr., bring together, bring 
(upon), take, transfer; com- 
pare; appoint, fix, set; post- 
pone, put off; bestow, apply, 
devote, Ar. 9 ; conferre se, te, 
etc., betake oneself, turn, go. 

confertus, -a, -um [confercio], 
(crowded), filled, full, gorged, 
Cat., II, 5. 

confessio, -onis, F. [confiteor], 
confession. 

confestim, adv., immediately, 
without delay, at once. 

conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
[facio], tr., do (thoroughly), 
accomplish, execute, end, fin- 
ish; raise (an army) ; exhaust, 
overcome, subdue, weaken, wear 
out, P. 9. 

confido, -ere, -fisus sum [fido, 
trust], semi-dep., trust (fully), 
have confidence, be confident, 
believe. 

confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[firmo], tr., make firm, estab- 



430 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



lish, secure, confirm, strength- 
en; prove, assert, promise, 
assure, reassure, P. 9. 

confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum 
[fateor], dep., confess, admit; 
de se confiteri, admit one's 
guilt. 

conflagro, -are, -avi, -atum 
[flagro], intr., burn up, be con- 
sumed. 

confligo, fligere, -flixi, -flic- 
tum [fligo], intr., strike to- 
gether, be in conflict, contend, 
engage. 

conflo, -are, -avi, -atum [flo, 
blow], tr., blow up, kindle, 
cause; bring together, make up, 
compose. 

conformatio, -onis, F. [con- 
formo], shaping, training. 

conformo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[formo], tr., form, mold, 
train. 

confringo, -fringere, -fregi, -frac- 
tum [frango], tr., break to 
pieces, shatter. 

congerd, -gerere, -gessi, -gestum 
[gero], tr., bring together, col- 
lect. 

congrego, -are, -avi, -atum 
[grex], tr., collect; pass. w. 
reflex. meaning, assemble 
(themselves) , Cat., I, 13. 

conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
[iacio], tr., hurl, aim; drive. 

coniectura, -ae, F. [conicio], 
conjecture, inference; reflec- 
tion, P. 9. 

coniunctio, -onis, F. [coniungo], 
union, connection. 

coniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, iunc- 



tum [iungo], tr., join together, 
connect, unite. 

coniunx, -iugis, M. or F. [con- 
iungo], (married person), hus- 
band, wife; spouse. 

coniuratio, -onis, F. [coniuro], 
conspiracy. 

coniurator, -oris, M. [coniuro], 
conspirator. 

coniuratus, -a, -um [coniuro], 
(bound together by an oath), 
allied; pi. as noun, conspira- 
tors. 

coniuro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
take oath together, plot, con- 
spire. 

coniveo, -nivere, -nivi, [con + 
niveo], intr., shut the eyes; 
wink at, overlook, connive. 

conloco, -are, -avi, -atum [loco], 
tr., place, put, pitch (a camp), 
set up (a statue), establish, in- 
vest (money). 

conor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., at- 
tempt, try. 

conquiesco, -ere, conquievi, con- 
quietum [quiesco], intr., find 
rest, cease. 

consceleratus , -a, -um [con- 
scelero], wicked, depraved. 

conscientia -ae F. [consciens], 
consciousness, knowledge; con- 



science. 

conscriptus, -i, M. [conscribo], 
one enrolled; patres (et) con- 
script!, conscript fathers, i.e., 
senators; see note on Cat., I., 
1.47. 

consecro, -are, -avi, -atum 
[sacro], tr., dedicate, conse- 
crate, devote. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



431 



consensio, -onis, F. [consentio], 
agreement, unanimity, har- 
mony. 

consentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen- 
sum [sentio], intr., (I think 
alike), agree, unite. 

consequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 
[sequor], dep., follow up, over- 
take, attain; obtain, secure, 
gain, accomplish; result, en- 
sue. 

conservo, -are, avi, -atum 
[servo], tr, save, protect, keep 
safe, preserve, maintain. 

considero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
look at closely, consider. 

consido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum 
[sido], intr., sit down. 

consilium, -i, N. [consulo], plan, 
purpose, design, plot; delib- 
eration, wisdom., advice, coun- 
sel; shrewdness, Cat., Ill, 7; 
a council, deliberative body. 

consisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum 
[sisto], intr., stand still. 

consolor, -ari, -atus sum [solor], 
dep., cheer, comfort, console. 

conspectus, -us, M. [conspicio], 
sight. 

conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn [specio], tr., see, look at, 
gaze upon, face. 

conspiratio, -onis, F. [conspiro], 
harmony. 

constanter, adv. [constans], with 
firmness, consistently, without 
faltering. 

constantia, -ae, F. [constans], 
steadfastness, firmness, con- 
sistency ; courage. 

constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti- 



tutum [statuo], tr. and intr., 
place, station, set up; draw 
up, arrange, establish; decide, 
decide upon, resolve, fix; des- 
ignate, select, appoint, mark; 
make, prepare. 

consto, -stare, -stiti, -statum 
[sto], intr., (stand together), 
consist of, depend upon; im- 
pers., it is agreed, it is evident, 
it is proved. 

constringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
-strictum [stringo], tr., bind, 
bind fast, fetter, hold in check. 

consuetudo, -inis, F. [consue- 
sco], custom, usage; intimacy. 

consul, -is, M., consul; see 
Introd. 33. 

consularis, -e [consul], of a con- 
sul, consular; as noun, ex- 
consul, a man of consular rank. 

consulatus, -us, M. [consul], 
consulship. 

consulo, -sulere, -sului, -sultum, 
tr. and intr., deliberate, con- 
sider; w. ace., consult, ask 
advice of, refer to; w. dat. 
take counsel (for), consult for 
the welfare (of), take thought 
(for). 

1. consulto, adv. [consultum], 
deliberately, purposely. 

2. consulto, -are, -avi, -atum 
[consulo], intr., take counsel, 
deliberate. 

consultum, -i, N. [consulo], (de- 
liberation), decree, decision; 
resolution; see Introd. 30. 

consumo, -sumere, -sumpsi, 
-sumptum [sumo], tr., con- 
sume, waste, use up, spend. 



432 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



contamino, -are, -avi, -atum, 
tr., stain, defile, dishonor, con- 
taminate. 

contego, -tegere, -texi, -tectum, 
[tego], tr., cover, conceal. 

contemno, -temnere, -tempsi, 
-temptum [temno], tr., think 
lightly of, ignore, despise, 
scorn. 

contendo, -tendere, -tendi, ten- 
turn [tendo], tr. and intr., 
(stretch), strive, fight, con- 
tend, contrast, maintain, Ar. 7. 

contentio, -6nis, F. [contendo], 
a straining, strain, struggle, 
contest, rivalry, Cat., IV, 6; 
comparison. 

contentus, -a, -um [contineo], 
content, satisfied, contented. 

conticesco, -ere, conticui, — , 
[taceo], intr., become silent, 
be silent. 

continens, -entis, adj. [contineo], 
self-restrained, moderate. 

continentia, -ae, F. [continens], 
restraint, self-control, mod- 
eration. 

contineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 
[teneo], tr., hold together, con- 
nect; hold back, restrain, 
check, keep off; confine, in- 
close, bound, contain, hold. 

contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum 
[tango], tr. and intr., touch, 
border on; happen. 

continuus, -a, -um [contineo], 
continuous. 

contio, -onis, F. [conventio], as- 
sembly, mass-meeting ; speech, 
address, delivered before an 
assembly. 



contionator, -oris, M. [con- 

tionor], agitator, demagogue. 
contra, prep. w. ace, opposite, 

facing; against, in hostility 

to, Cat., I, 2. 
contraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- 

tum [traho], tr., contract, in- 
cur, bring upon. 
contrarius, -a, -um [contra], 

opposite, contrary, opposed, 

conflicting. 
controversia, -ae, F. [contro- 
versy], controversy, dispute, 

question. 
contumelia, -ae, F., insult, re- ■ 

proach, abuse. 
convenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 

tum [venio], tr. and intr., 

come together, assemble, unite; 

impers., it is fitting, it is 

proper. 
conventus, -us, M. [convenio], 

(a coming together), meeting, 

assembly. 
converto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 

sum [verto], tr. and intr., 

turn, change, divert. 
convicium, -i, N., wrangling, 

strife, disputation. 
convinco, -vincere, -vici, -vic- 

tum [vinco], tr., overcome; 

convict, refute; show clearly, 

prove. 
convivium, -i, N. [convivo], 

feast, banquet. 
convoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco], 

tr., call together, summon. 
copia, -ae, F., supply, plenty, 

abundance; fluency (of 

speech) ; pi., resources, wealth, 

supplies; forces, troops. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



433 



copiosus, -a, -um [copia], well- 
supplied, rich, wealthy; co- 
piose, adv., fully. 

coram, adv. [co + 6s], face to 
face. 

Corduba, -ae, F., Corduba, a 
city in Spain, now Cordova, 

Corinthus, -i, F., Corinth, a 
famous city of Greece. 

Cornelius, -i, M., Cornelius, a 
nomen or gentile name ; see 
Scipio, Lentulus, Cinna, Sulla. 

corpus, -oris, N., body. 

corrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum 
[con + rego], tr., make straight, 
set right; improve, correct, re- 
form. 

corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum [con, 
robur], tr., strengthen; en- 
courage. 

corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- 
tum [con + rumpo], tr., de- 
stroy, corrupt, falsify, tamper 
with. 

corruo, -ruere, -rui, — , intr. 
[con + ruo], fall together, fall. 

corruptela, -ae, F. [corruptus], 
a corrupting, temptation; pi., 
corrupting arts. 

corruptor, -oris, M. [corrumpo], 
corrupter, seducer. 

corruptus, -a, -um [corrumpo], 
depraved, corrupt, profligate. 

cotidianus, -a, -um [cotidie], 
daily. 

cotidie, adv. [quot + dies], 
every day, daily. 

Cotta, -ae, M., Cotta, a family 
name ; L. Aurelius Cotta, 
consul 65 b.c. 

eras, adv., to-morrow. 



Crassus, -i, M., Crassus, a fam- 
ily name; 1. L. Licinius Cras- 
sus, consul 95 b.c. ; 2. P. 
Licinius Crassus, censor 89 

B.C. 

credo, -ere, credidi, creditum, 

tr. and intr., believe, suppose 
(often w. irony) ; trust, have 
confidence in; intrust. 

cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, intr., 
grow, increase, improve, rise. 

Cretensis, -e [Creta], Cretan; 
pi. as noun, Cretans. 

criminor, -ari, -atus sum 
[crimen], dep. charge, ac- 
cuse. 

cruciatus, -us, M. [crucio], tor- 
ture, torment, punishment. 

crudelis, -e [crudus, bloody], 
unfeeling, unmerciful, cruel. 

crudelitas, -tatis, F. [crudelis], 
cruelty. 

crudeliter, adv. [crudelis], cru- 
elly, severely. 

cruentus, -a, -um [cruor], blood- 
stained, bloody. 

cubile, -is, N., bed, couch. 

culpa, -ae, F., fault. 

cultura, -ae, F. [colo], cultiva- 
tion. 

1. cum, prep. w. abl., with, 
against; written as an en- 
clitic after a personal, re- 
flexive, or rel. pron. 

2. cum, conj., when, while, since, 
although ; whenever ; cum . . . 
turn (etiam), not only . . . 
but also. 

cumulo, -are, -avi, -atum [cumu- 
lus, heap], tr., heap up, add to, 



434 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



cunctus, -a, -um [coniunctus], 
all together, all, the whole. 

cupiditas, -tatis, F. [cupidus], 
desire, passion, ambition. 

cupidus, -a, -um [cupio], eager 
(for), desirous (of) ; avari- 
cious. 

cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum, 
tr. and intr., desire, long (for), 
wish (for). 

cur, adv., why. 

cura, -ae, F., care, anxiety, con- 
cern, trouble, duty. 

curia, -ae, F., senate house, i.e. 
the Curia Hostilia in the 
Forum. 

Curio, -onis, M., Curio, a family 
name ; C. Curio, consul 76 

B.C. 

euro, -are, -avi, -atum [cura], 
tr., care for, take care; main- 
tain; w. gerundive, cause, 
have (something done). 

curriculum, -i, N. [currus], 
course. 

currus, -us, M. [curro], chariot. 

curso, -are, — , — [freq. of 
curio], run about. 

cursus, -us, M. [curro], a run- 
ning, course, career; journey, 
P. 12 ; progress, P. 14. 

curulis, e [currus], curule; sella 
curulis, the curale chair. 

custodia, -ae, F. [custos], a 
guarding; guard, watch, sen- 
tinel; custody, protection; 
watch station, P. 6. 

custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [custos] 
tr., guard. 

custos, custodis, M., guard, 



Cyziceni, -orum, M., the people 
of Cyzicus (siz'i-kus), the 
Cyzicenes. 

D 

D., see Decimus. 

damnatio, -onis, F. [damno], 
condemnation. 

damno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
[damnum, loss], (inflict loss 
upon), condemn, convict. 

de, prep. w. abl., down from, 
from, concerning, about, of,- 
for, over; as prefix, down, 
off, away, completely, not. 

debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [de + 
habeo], tr., withhold, hence 
owe; ought (w. inf.); pass., be 
due. 

dehilis, -e, feeble, helpless, power- 
less. 

debilitd, -are, -avi, -atum [de- 
bilis], tr., disable, weaken, 
wear out, Cat., II, 5 ; over- 
come, overwhelm. 

debitus, -a, -um [debeo], de- 
served ; due. 

decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum [cedo], intr., go away, 
depart, withdraw. 

decern, indecl. adj., ten. 

decerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- 
tum [cerno], tr., decide, deter- 
mine; decree, vote, vote for. 

decet, -ere, -uit, impers., it 
becomes, is proper. 

decimus, -a, -um [decern], 
tenth. 

Decimus, -i, M., Decimus, a 
praenomen. 

declaro, -are, -avi, -atum [claro], 
make clear, make evident, prove. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



435 



declinatio, -onis, F. [declino], a 
turning aside. 

decoctor, -oris, M. [decoquo, 
boil away], spendthrift, bank- 
rupt. 

decoro, -are, -avi, -atum [decus], 
tr., adorn, honor, distin- 
guish. 

decretum, -I, N. [decerno], de- 
cree, decision. 

decuma, -ae, F. [decima, sc. 
pars], a tenth part, tithe, land 
tax. 

dedecus, -oris, N. [de + decus, 
honor], disgrace. 

dedico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico], 
tr., dedicate. 

deditio, -onis. F. [dedo], sur- 
render. 

dedo, -ere, dedidi, deditum 
[do], tr., give up, surrender; 
devote. 

deduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
tum [duco], tr., lead away, 
draw away, bring, dissuade; 
drive. 

defatigo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[fatigo], tr., weary, wear out. 

defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fen- 
sum [fendo, strike], tr., de- 
fend, protect. 

def ero, -f erre, -tuli, -latum [f ero], 
tr., carry down; lay before, re- 
fer; report, relate; confer, upon, 
bestow, intrust, proffer, P. 24. 

defessus, -a, -um [defetiscor], 
wearied, exhausted. 

deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
[facio], tr. and intr., with- 
draw, revolt; fail, be wanting, 
desert. 



defigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixum 

[figo], tr., fix, fasten, plunge. 
definio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [finio], 

tr., limit, bound. 
deflagro, -are, -avi, -atum 

[flagro], tr., burn up, destroy 

by fire. 
deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 

[iacio], tr., throw down, thrust 



deinde, adv., denoting order, 
then, afterward, secondly, 
furthermore. 

delabor, -labi, -lapsus sum 
[labor], dep., slip down, de- 
scend. 

delectatio, -onis, F. [delecto], 
enjoyment, pleasure, delight. 

delecto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
of delicio, entice], tr., delight, 
charm, please, give pleasure to. 

1. delectus, -a, -um [deligo], 
chosen, picked, select. 

2. delectus, -us, M., see dilectus. 
delego, -are, -avi, -atum [lego], 

tr., send away; intrust. 

deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, tr., 
blot out, destroy, eradicate. 

deliberatio, -onis, F. [delibero], 
deliberation; question, P. 10. 

delibero, -are, -avi, -atum 
[libero], tr. and intr., think 
about, consider, deliberate. 

delicatus, -a, -um [deliciae], 
alluring, delightful; effemi- 
nate, Cat., II., 10. 

deligo, -ligere, -legi, -Iectum 
[lego, gather], tr., choose, select. 

Delos, -i, F. (App. 11), De'los, 
an island in the Aegean Sea. 

delubrum, -i, N. [luo], (place 



436 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



of purification), shrine, sanc- 
tuary, temple. 
demens, -entis, adj. [mens], (out 

of one's senses), mad, raving, 

maddened. 
dementer, adv. [demens], madly, 

foolishly. 
dementia, -ae, F. [demens], 

folly, madness. 
demigro, -are, -avi, -atum 

[migro], intr., move away; go 

away, depart. 
deminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum 

[minuo], tr., lessen, diminish, 

take away, detract. 
deminutio, -onis, F. [deminuo], 

diminution, loss. 
demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum 

[monstro], tr., point out, show. 
demum, adv., at length, at last. 
denique, adv., at last, lastly, 

finally; in short. 
denoto, -are, -avi, -atum [noto], 

tr., mark out, mark, desig- 
nate. 
denunti6, -are, -avi. -atum 

[nuntio], tr., announce. 
depello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum 

[pello], tr., drive out, drive; 

ward off, avert, remove; over- 
throw. 
dependo, -ere, dependi, — 

[pendo, weigh], pay. 
deploro, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro], 

tr. and intr., weep bitterly, 

lament; mourn, bewail. 
depono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 

tum [pono], tr., lay aside, give 

up, abandon. 
deporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto], 

tr., bring back, bring home. 



depesco, -poscere, -poposci, — 

[posco], tr., demand, beg. 
depravo, -are, -avi, -atum [pra- 

vus, crooked], tr., pervert, 

corrupt, deprave, tamper with. 
deprecator, -oris, M. [deprecor], 

intercessor. 
deprecor, -ari, -atus sum [pre- 

cor], dep., avert by prayer, 

deprecate, avert. 
deprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, 

hensum [prehendo], tr., seize 

upon; grasp, detect, discover. 
deprimo, -primere, -pressi, 

-pressum [premo], tr., press 

down, sink. 
depromo, -promere, -prompsi, 

-promptum [promo], tr., draw, 

take from. 
derelictus, -a, -um [part, of 

derelinquo], deserted, for- 
saken, abandoned. 
describo, -scribere, -scripsi, 

-scriptum [scribo], tr., write 

down, lay down, arrange, assign. 
desero, -serere, -serui, -ser- 

tum [sero], tr., leave, desert, 

give up; fail, forfeit, Cat., II., 3 
desiderium, -i, N. [desidero], 

a longing (for), want, desire; 

love. 
desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 

long for, demand, call for, 

desire. 
designates, -a, -um [designo], 

elect, elected, chosen; consul 

designates, consul elect. 
designo, -are, -avi, -atum 

[signo], tr., (mark out), point 

out, mark, designate. 
desino, -sinere, -sii, -situm 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



437 



[sino], tr. and intr., cease, 
desist. 

desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum 
[sisto], intr., (stand away 
from), desist, cease. 

desperatio, -onis, F. [despero], 
despair. 

desperatus, -a, -um [despero], 
despaired of, desperate. 

despero, -are, -avi, -atum 
[spero], tr. and intr., be hope- 
less, despair, despair of. 

despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn [specio], tr., look down 
upon, despise. 

despoliatus, -a, -um, impov- 
erished. 

destringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
-strictum [stringo], tr., un- 
sheathe, draw. 

desum, deesse, defui [sum], 
intr., be lacking, be wanting, 
be at fault, fail. 

detestor, -ari, -atus sum [testor], 
dep., (curse), avert by protest, 
remove. 

detraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- 
tum [traho], tr., take away, 
withdraw, deny, withhold. 

detrimentum, -i, N. [detero, 
rub away], loss, injury, harm, 
damage; defeat, overthrow. 

deus, -I, M. (App. 10), god. 

devincio, -vincire, -vinxi, -vinc- 
tum [vincio], tr., bind fast, 
closely attach. 

devinco, -vincere, -vlci, -vic- 
tum [vinco], tr., conquer. 

devoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco], 
tr., call away, turn aside. 

devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -votum 



[voveo], tr., voiv, devote, offer, 

dedicate. 
dextera, or dextra, -ae, F. 

[dexter, right; se. manus] 

right hand. 
di, pi. of deus. 
dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, tr., 

say, express, speak, declare, 

call. 
dictator, -oris, M. [dicto], dic- 
tator; see Introd. 39. 
dictatura, -ae, F. [dictator], 

dictatorship. 
dictito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 

of dicto], tr., say repeatedly, 



dicto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of 

dico], tr., repeat; dictate. 
dies, diei, sing. M. or F., pi. 

M., day, time, season. See 

singuli. 
differo, differre, distuli, dila- 

tum [fero], tr. and intr., bear 

apart, differ. 
difficilis, -e [dis + facilis], not 

easy, difficult. 
difficultas, -tatis, F. [difficilis], 

difficulty, trouble. 
diffidd, -fidere, -fisus sum [fido], 

semidep., distrust, despair 

of. 
dignitas, -tatis, F. [dignus], 

dignity, merit, worth, authority, 

Cat., Ill, 12. 
dignus, -a, -um, worthy (of), 

deserving, befitting; w. abl. 
diiudico, -are, -avi, -atum [iu- 

dico], tr., distinguish; decide, 

settle. 
dilatio, -onis, F. [differo], post- 
ponement, adjournment. 



438 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



dilectus, -us, M. [diligo], a 
choosing, choice, levy, enroll- 
ment. 

diligens, -entis, adj. [diligo], 
industrious, attentive, diligent, 
faithful, careful, scrupulous, 
P. 19. 

diligenter, adv. [diligens], care- 
fully, diligently, attentively, 
Ar. 8 ; faithfully. 

diligentia, -ae, F. [diligens], 
carefulness, industry, atten- 
tion, diligence, care. 

diligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectum 
[lego], tr. (choose out), esteem, 
love. 

dilucesco, -ere, diluxi, — 
[lucesco], intr., grow light. 

dimetior, -metiri, -mensus sum 
[metior], dep., measure, meas- 
ure out. 

dimicatio, -dnis, F. [dimico], 
contest, struggle. 

dimico, -are, -avi, -atum [mico, 
brandish], intr., fight, contend, 



dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum [mitto], tr., send away, 
discharge; dismiss, adjourn, 
break up; discontinue, Ar. 
11. 

direptio, -onis, F. [diripio], a 
plundering, pillaging. 

direptor, -oris, M. [diripio], 
plunderer. 

diripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum 
[rapio], tr., tear asunder; 
plunder, pillage. 

dis-, di-, prefix, apart, away, not. 

dis, see deus. 

discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 



sum [cedo], intr., go away, 
depart, withdraw. 

discerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum 
[cerno], tr., separate, distin- 
guish. 

discessus, -us, M. [discedo], 
departure, withdrawal. 

disciplina, -ae, F. [disco], train- 
ing, teaching, discipline, in- 
struction. 

disco, -ere, didici, — , tr., learn. 

discordia, -ae, F. [discors], 
discord; sedition (w. civilis). 

discribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
-scriptum [scribo], tr., mark 
out, divide, assign, distribute. 

discrimen, -inis, N. [discerno], 
(that which parts), decision, 
crisis, peril, danger. 

disiunctus, -a, -urn [disiungo], 
separated. 

dispar, -paris [par], adj., dif- 
ferent. 

dispersus, -a, -um [dispergo], 
scattered, dispersed. 

dispertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [partio], 
tr., distribute. 

disputo, -are, -avi, -atum [puto], 
tr., discuss, argue. 

dissemino, -are, -avi, -atum [se- 
mino, sow], tr., scatter widely, 
spread abroad, disseminate. 

dissensio, -onis, F. [dissentio] 
(difference of opinion), dis- 
sension, strife, quarrel. 

dissentio, -sentire, -sensi, sen- 
sum [sentio], intr., disagree, 
dissent, differ. 

dissero, -serere, -serui, -ser- 
tum, tr. and intr., argue, dis- 
cuss, explain, talk. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



439 



dissimilis, -e [similis], unlike, 
different. 

dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[simuloj, tr. and intr., (make 
unlike), dissemble, pretend not 
to; conceal. 

dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum [supo, 
throw], tr., spread abroad, 
scatter, disperse. 

dissolutus, -a, -um [part, of 
dissolvo], lax, remiss, neg- 
lectful of duty. 

dissolvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solu- 
tum [solvo], tr., separate, free 
(from debt), dissolve. 

distribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, -in- 
fo utum [tribuo], tr., assign, 
distribute. 

distringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
-strictum [stringo], tr., 
(stretch apart), distract, oc- 
cupy. 

diu, adv. (App. 20), long (in 
time), for a long time; quam 
diu etiam? how much longer? 
Cat., I, 1 ; iam diu, long 
since. 

diutius, comp. of diu. 

diuturnitas, -tatis, F. [diutur- 
nus], length of time, long 
duration. 

diuturnus, -a, -um [diu], long- 
continued, long, lasting. 

divello, -vellere, -velli, -vul- 
sum [vello], tr., tear apart, 
tear away, separate. 

diversus, -a, -um [diverto], 
separated, different, diverse, 
remote, P. 4. 

divido, -videre, -visi, -vi- 
sum, tr., divide, separate; 



extend, P. 11; distribute, 
P. 13. 

divinitus, adv. [divinus], di- 
vinely, by the gods, provi- 
dentially. 

divinus. -a, -um [divus], divine, 
godlike, marvelous, providen- 
tial. 

divitiae, -arum, F. [dives], 
riches, wealth. 

do, dare, dedi, datum (App. 
49), tr., give; put, place; allot. 

doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, tr., 
teach. 

doctrina, -ae, F. [doceo], teach- 
ing, learning, knowledge, in- 
struction. 

doctus, -a, -um [doceo], taught, 
learned. 

documentum, -i, N. [doceo], 
proof, evidence. 

doleo, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and 
intr., grieve, deplore. 

dolor, -oris, M. [doled], pain, 
grief, distress, sorrow, horror, 
torture. 

domesticus, -a, -um [domus], 
of the house, of the family, 
domestic, internal; w. bellum, 
civil. 

domicilium, -i, N. [domus], 
habitation, dwelling, home, 
seat, abode, residence. 

dominatio, -onis, F. [dominus], 
mastery, supreme power, 
tyranny. 

dominor, -ari, -atus sum [domi- 
nus], dep., rule. 

domo, -are, -ui, -itum, tr., 
overcome, subdue. 

domus, -us, F. (decl., App. 8), 



440 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



house, home; domi, loc, at 

home. 
dono, -are, -avi, -atum [donum], 

tr., present' (as a gift). 
donum, -i, N. [do], gift. 
dormio, -ire, -IvL -itum, intr., 



Drusus, -i, M., Drusus, a 
family name; M. Livius 
Drusus, tribune 91 b.c. 

dubitatio, -onis, F. [dubito], 
doubt, hesitation. 

dubito, -are, -avi, -atum [du- 
bius], intr., doubt (usually 
followed by quin) ; delay, 
hesitate (usually w. comple- 
mentary inf.). 

dubius, -a, -um, doubtful; neut. 
as noun, sine dubio, beyond 
doubt. 

duco, -ere, duxi, ductum, tr., 
lead, draw, attract, take; think, 
consider. 

ductus, -us, M. [duco], leader- 
ship, command. 

dudum, adv. [diu + dum], a 
while ago; iam dudum, this 
long time, now for a long time. 

duint, an old pres. subjv. of do, 
= dent. 

dulcedo, -inis, F. [dulcis], sweet- 
ness, charm. 

dulcis, -e, sweet, delightful. 

dum, conj., while, as long as, 
until; dum modo, if only, 
provided that. 

duo, duae, duo, adj. (App. 17), 
two. 

duodecim [duo + decern], twelve. 

durus, -a, -um, hard, harsh, 
rude, insensible. 



dux, ducis, M. [duco], leader, 
general. 

E 

e (before cons.), ex (before 

vowels or cons.), prep. w. 

abl., out of, from, of; accord- 
ing to, on, after; as prefix, 

out, forth, completely, up, 

off. 
ebriosus, -a, -um [ebrius], given 

to drink, drunk. 
ecquid, adv. interrog. [ecquis], 

at all? indir., whether, if at 

all. 
ecquis, -quid, interrog. pron., 

any one, anything; whether 

any one, whether anything; 

as adj., any. 
edictum, -I, N. [edico], edict, 

proclamation. 
edo, edere, edidi, editum [do], 

tr., give out, publish, record. 
edoceo, -docere, -docui, -doc- 

tum [doceo], tr., teach 

(thoroughly) ; show. 
educo, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 

[duco], tr., lead out, take out; 

(of swords) draw. 
efferd, efferre, extuli, elatum 

[ex + fero], tr., bear out, 

carry out, bring; bring forth; 

raise up, exalt, Cat., I, 11 ; 

praise, extol, Ar. 7, 9. 
efficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 

[ex + facio], tr., accomplish, 

produce, cause, do. 
effigies, -ei, F. [effingo], copy, 

image, portrait, effigy. 
effrenatus, -a, -um [ex + frena- 

tus], unbridled, ungoverned, 

unrestrained. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



441 



effugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugitum 
[fugio], tar., escape. 

egens, -entis, adj., needy, desti- 
tute, poor. 

egeo, -ere, ui, — , intr., need, 
lack, not to have. 

egestas, -tatis, F. [egens], 
poverty, destitution, want. 

ego,mei, pers. pron. (App. 21), 
/; egomet, emphatic nom. 
form, / myself. 

egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 
[gradior], dep., go out, depart. 

egregius, -a, -urn [grex], excel- 
lent, extraordinary, superior, 
distinguished, eminent. 

eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum 
[iacio], tr., throw out, cast out, 
drive out, banish, Cat., I, 12 ; 
reject, Ar. 10. 

elabor, -labi, -lapsus sum 
[labor], dep., slip away. 

elaboro, -are, -avi, -atum 
[laboro], tr., work out, elabo- 
rate. 

eludo, -ludere, -lusi, -lusum 
[ludo, play], tr., elude, avoid, 
baffle; mock, make sport of. 

emergo, -mergere, -mersi, -mer- 
sum [mergo], tr. and intr., 
raise up; rise, emerge, come 
forth, escape, free oneself. 

emitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum [mitto], tr., send out, 
drive out; let go. 

emorior, -mori, -mortuus sum 
[morior], dep., (die off), die. 

enim, conj., postpositive (App. 
233, h), for; indeed, now (in 
transitions). 

Ennius, -i, M. Ennius, the 



father of Roman poetry, 
born 239 B.C. 

1. eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum (App. 
46), go. 

2. eo, adv. [is], to that place. 
eodem, adv. [idem], to the 

same place, in the same place. 

epigramma, -atis, N. (Greek), 
an epigram. 

epistula, -ae, F., letter. 

eques, equitis, M. [equus], 
horseman; knight, one of the 
equestrian order. 

equidem, adv., indeed, verily. 

equitatus, -us, M. [eques], 
cavalry. 

erga, prep. w. ace., towards, for. 

ergo, adv., therefore, conse- 
quently, then; now (in argu- 
ment). 

erigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum, 
[rego], tr., raise up; animate, 
encourage. 

eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum 
[rapio], tr., snatch away, take 
away, wrest; rescue, free, 
deliver. 

erro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
err, be mistaken. 

eructo, -are, — , — [ructo], tr., 
belch forth. 

erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [rudio], 
tr., educate, train. 

eruditus, -a, -um [erudio], edu- 
cated, cultivated, learned, ac- 
complished. 

erumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- 
tum [rumpo], tr. and intr., 
break out, burst forth, be dis- 
closed; rush out, Cat., II, 1. 

escendo, -ere, escendi, escen- 



442 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



sum [scando, climb], tr. and 

intr., climb up, mount, ascend. 
et, conj., and; et . . . et, both 

. . . and. 
etenim, conj. [et + enim], for 

indeed, for; and indeed; 

stronger than enim. 
etiam [et + iam], adv. and conj., 

also, and also, even, further- 
more, now too, still; etiam 

atque etiam, again and again; 

see diu. 
etiamsi, conj. [etiam + si], even 

if, although. 
Etruria, -ae, F., Etruria, a 

division of Italy, north of 

Latium. 
etsi, conj. [et + si], although, 

and yet. 
evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum 

[vado], intr., escape. 
everto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 

sum [verto], tr., overturn, 

overthrow, subvert, destroy. 
evocator, -oris, M. [evoco], 

summoner, instigator. 
evomo, -vomere, -vomui, -vomi- 

tum [vomo], tr., vomit forth, 

cast out, expel. 
ex, see e. 
exaggero, -are, -avi, -atum 

[agger], tr., heap up. 
exanimatus, -a, -um [exanimo], 

(out of breath), fainting, ex- 
hausted. 
exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [audio], 

tr., overhear, hear (from a 

distance). 
excedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 

[cedo], intr., go out, depart, 

withdraw. 



excellens, -entis, adj. [excello], 
eminent, distinguished, su- 
perior, excellent. 

excello, -cellere, -celsi, -eel- 
sum [cello], intr., be eminent, 
be superior, surpass. 

excelsus, -a, -um [excello], ele- 
vated, high; neut. as noun, 
a high position. 

excido, -cidere, -cidi, — [cado], 
intr., fall, drop. 

excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
[capio], tr., take out, except; 
take up, undertake, catch, 
intercept. 

excito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
of excio], tr., call out, raise, 
Cat., II, 9; excite, rouse, 
stimulate, Ar. 8. 

excliido, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- 
sum [claudo], tr., shut out, 
exclude, refuse to admit. 

excolo, -ere, -ui, excultum [colo], 
tr., cultivate, refine, im- 
prove. 

excrucio, -are, -av!, -atum [cru- 
cio], tr., torment, torture. 

excursio, -onis, F. [excurro], (a 
running out), expedition, ex- 
cursion, sally, raid, inroad. 

exemplum, -i, N. [eximo], 
sample, example, precedent, 
Ar. 6 ; instance. 

exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., 
go out, go forth, withdraw. 

exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum [arceo], 
tr., train, exercise, employ, 
keep busy; trouble, distress; 
conduct, preside over, Ar. 2 ; 
collect, farm (vectigalia). 

exercitatio, -onis, F. [exerceo], 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



443 



practice, exercise, training, 

skill. 
exercitatus, -a, -um [exercito], 

practiced, trained. 
exercitus, -us, M. [exerceo], (a 

trained body of men), army. 
exhaurio, -haurire, -hausi, 

-haustum [haurio], tr., draw 

out, drain, take away, remove, 

exhaust. 
exigo, -igere, -egi, -actum [ago], 

tr., drive out; collect, P. 6; 

of time, spend, pass, end. 
exiguus, -a, -um [exigo], (driven 

out), limited, narrow, little, 



eximie, adv. [eximius], exceed- 
ingly, greatly. 

eximius, -a, -um [eximo], (taken 
out), exceptional, conspicuous, 
extraordinary, excellent. 

existimo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[aestimo, value], tr., estimate, 
judge, consider, deem, sup- 
pose, think. 

exitiosus, -a, -um [exitium], 
destructive, dangerous. 

exitium, -i, N. [exeo], destruc- 
tion, ruin. 

exitus, -us, M. [exeo], (a going 
out), outcome, result, end, 
termination. 

exorno, -are, -avi, -atum [orno], 
tr., adorn. 

exorsus, -us, M. [exordior], 
beginning. 

expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum 
[pello], tr., drive out, expel. 

expers, -pertis, adj. [pars], with- 
out part in, without. 

expeto, -petere, -petivi, -peti- 



tum [peto], tr., seek after, 
seek, claim, request. 

expilo, -are, -avi, -atum [pilo, 
rob], tr., pillage. 

explano, -are, avi, atum [planus], 
tr., make plain, clear. 

explico, -are, -avi, -atum [plico. 
fold], tr., extricate. 

exploro, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro], 
tr., explore. 

expono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tum [pono], tr., set forth; 
declare, tell, relate; explain. 

exporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto], 
tr., carry out, carry away, 
export. 

exprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres- 
sum [premo], press out, set 
forth, relate; draw, portray, 
Ar. 6. 

expromo, -promere, -prompsi, 
-promptum [promo], tr., ex- 
hibit, display. 

expugnatio, -onis, F. [expugno], 
a taking by storm, capture. 

exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- 
situm [quaero], tr., search 
out, arrive at (w. Veritas). 

exsilium, -i, N. [exsul], banish- 
ment, exile. 

exsisto, -sistere, -stiti, — [sisto], 
intr., (stand forth), arise, 
appear; be done, be com- 
mitted; exist, be. 

exsolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutum 
[solvo] tr., set free} deliver. 

exspectatio, -onis, F. [exspecto], 
a waiting, anticipation, ex- 



exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum 
[specto], tr. and intr., wait 



444 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



for, await, expect, look for; 
wait. 

exstinguo, -ere, exstinxi, ex- 
stinctum [stingud, quench], 
tr., destroy, extinguish. 

exstiti, from exsisto. 

exsul, -is, M. or F., exile. 

exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
of exsilio, spring forth], intr., 
exult, revel, indulge. 

exsupero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
exceed, transcend. 

extermino, -are, -avi, -atum [ter- 
minus], tr., drive out, banish. 

externus, -a, -um [extra], ex- 
ternal, foreign. 

exterus, -a, -um [ex], on the 
outside, foreign. 

extollo, -tollere, — , — , tr., 
lift up, exalt, praise. 

extorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tor- 
turn [torqueo, twist], wrest 
away, obtain by force, extort. 

extra, prep. w. ace, outside of, 
beyond, apart from, without. 

extremus, -a, -um [sup. of 
exterus], outermost, extreme, 
last, the end (close) of; ad 
extremum, at last. 

exuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum 
[iiro], tr., burn up, burn. 

exuviae, -arum, F. [exuo], (that 
which is stripped off), spoils, 
booty. 

F 

facile, adv. [facilis], easily. 

facilis, -e [facio], (App. 18), 
easy. 

facilitas, -tatis, F. [facilis], affa- 
bility, accessibility. 

facinorosus, -a, -um [facinus], 



criminal; as noun, a crimi- 
nal. 
facinus, -oris, N. [facio], deed; 

misdeed, reckless act, crime, 

villainy. 
facio, facere, feci, factum, tr., 

do, make; cause, bring about; 

offer; pass., fio, fieri, f actus 

sum, irr. (App. 45), be made, 

be done, become, happen. 
factiosus, -a, -um [factio], parti- 
san, factious. 
factum, -i, N. [facio], action, act, 

deed, fact. 
facultas, tatis, F. [facilis], ability; 

opportunity, means, power, 

advantage; facility. 
Faesulae, -arum, F., Faesidae 

(fes'ti-le), a city of Etruria, 

now Fiesole. 
Faesulanus, -a, -um [Faesulae], 

of Faesulae, Faesulan. 
falcarius, -i, M. [falx, scythe], 

scythe-maker. 
Falcidius, -i, M., Falcidius, a 

gentile name ; C. Falcidius, a 

tribune, 
fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum, tr., 

deceive, disappoint; pass., be 

deceived, be mistaken. 
falso, adv. [falsus], falsely. 
falsus, -a, -um [fallo], deceptive, 

false, unfounded, undeserved. 
fama, -ae, F. [for, speak], report, 

fame, reputation, renown. 
fames, famis, F., hunger, famine. 
familia, -ae, F. [famulus, slave], 

slaves of a household, servants, 

retinue; household, family; 

familias, old gen. sing, 
familiaris, -e [familia], of the 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



445 



household; familiar, intimate, 
friendly; as noun, friend, 
comrade; sup., intimate friend. 

familiariter, adv. [familiaris], 
intimately. 

fanum, -i, N. [for, speak], shrine, 
temple. 

fascis, -is, M., bundle; pi., the 
fasces, a bundle of rods 'con- 
taining an ax as a symbol of 
authority. 

fatalis, -e [fatum], of fate, or- 
dained or decreed by fate, des- 
tined, connected by destiny. 

fateor, -eri, -fassus sum [for, 
speak], dep., admit, own, con- 
fess, acknowledge. 

fatum, -i, M. [for, speak], (utter- 
ance), fate, destiny; oracle, 
prophecy. 

fauces, -ium, F. pi., throat, jaws; 
pass, defile, entrance. 

faveo, -ere, -favi, fautum, intr., 
favor. 

fax, facis, F., torch, firebrand; 
meteor, shooting star. 

febris, -is (abl. -i), F., fever. 

fefelli, see fallo. 

felicitas, -tatis, F. [felix], good 
fortune, felicity. 

femina, -ae, F., woman. 

fere, adv., almost, about, 
nearly. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr., bear, 
carry; endure, suffer, tolerate; 
say, report, talk about, Cat., I, 
10; w. responsum, receive; 
w. lex, pass. 

ferox, -oris, adj., wild, violent. 

ferocitas, -tatis, F. [ferox], fierce- 
ness, cruelty. 



ferramentum, -i, N. [ferrum], 
(implement of iron), tool, 
weapon. 

ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum], made 
of iron; unfeeling, hard- 
hearted. 

ferrum, -i, N., iron; (iron im- 
plement), sword, weapon. 

fertilis, -e [fero], fertile, produc- 
tive. 

festino, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
make haste. 

festus, -a, -um, festal, festive. 

fictus, -a, -um [fingo] false, imag- 
inary, fictitious. 

fidelis, -e [fides], faithful, loyal. 

fides, ei, F. [fido], trust, pledge, 
faith, good faith, confidence, 
protection; honesty; cre- 
dence; credit, Cat., II, 8. 

Fidius, -i, M. [fides], the god of 
faith, a surname of Jupiter. 

figo, -ere, fixi, fixum, tr., fix, 
fasten, establish. 

filia, -ae, F., daughter. 

filius, fill, M., son. 

fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum, tr., 
form; imagine, devise. 

finis, -is, M..,end, limit; pi., bor- 
ders, territory; quern ad finem 
to what limit f to what lengths f 

finitimus, -a, -um [finis], border- 
ing on, adjoining, neighboring ; 
as noun, neighbor. 

fio, fieri, f actus sum, dep., see 
facio. 

firmamentum, -i, N. [firmo], 
strengthening, support, main- 
stay. 

firmo, -are, -avi, -atum [firmus], 
strengthen, secure. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm, 
powerful; trusty, trustworthy. 

Flaccus, -i, M., Flaccus, a fam- 
ily name; 1. M. Fulvius 
Flaccus, consul 125 b.c. ; 
2. L. Valerius Flaccus, con- 
sul 100 b.c. ; 3. L. Valerius 
Flaccus, praetor, 63 b.c. 

flagitiose, adv. [rlagitiosus], 
basely, infamously, shame- 
fully. 

rlagitiosus, -a, -um [flagitium], 
shameful, disgraceful, infa- 
mous. 

flagitium, -i, N. [flagito], shame- 
ful act, outrage, disgraceful 
thing. 

flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
demand (urgently), clamor 
for. 

flamma, -ae, F. [flagro], flame, 
fire. 

flecto, -ere, flexi, flexum, tr., 
turn, move, appease. 

fletus, -us, M. [fleo], weeping. 

florens, -entis, adj. [floreo], 
blooming, flourishing. 

floreo, -ere, -ui, — [flos], intr., 
flourish; be eminent. 

flos, floris, M., flower. 

flumen, -inis, N. [fluo], river, 



fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxum, intr., 
flow. 

focus, -i, M., fire-place, hearth; 
home. 

foederatus, -a, -um [2. foedus], 
allied, confederate. 

1. foedus, -a, -um, foul; shame- 
ful, disgraceful, impious, Cat., 
IV, 1. 



2. foedus, -eris, N., league, 
treaty, compact, association. 

fons, fontis, M., fountain, 
source. 

foras, adv. [ace. of fora], out of 
doors, forth. 

fore, = futurus esse. 

forensis, -e [forum], of (in) the 
Forum, public, forensic. 

foris, adv. [abl. of fora, door], 
out of doors, outside, abroad. 

formldo, -inis, F., dread, fear, 
terror. 

formidolosus, -a, -um [formldo], 
formidable. 

fortasse, adv., perhaps, pos- 
sibly. 

forte, adv. [abl. of fors], by 
chance, perchance. 

fortis, -e, strong, brave, coura- 
geous, gallant, fearless, stal- 
wart, Ar. 7 ; pi. as noun, 
brave men. 

fortiter, adv. [fortis], bravely. 

fortitude, -inis. F. [fortis], brav- 
ery, courage, fortitude. 

fortuna, -ae, F. [fors], fortune, 
chance; good fortune, mis- 
fortune; lot, fate, destiny; pi., 
fortunes, property, possessions. 

fortunatus, -a, -um [fortuno], 
happy, fortunate. 

forum, -i, N., open space, court, 
market place, forum; espe- 
cially the Forum (the open 
space between the Capitoline 
and Palatine hills). 

Forum Aurelium, -i, N., Forum 
Aurelium, a small town in 
Etruria on the Via Aurelia. 

frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, tr., 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



447 



break, subdue, crush, weaken, 
bend, wear out, Ar. 11. 

f rater, fratris, M., brother. 

fraudatio, -onis, F. [fraudo, 
cheat], fraud. 

frequens, -entis, adj., repeated, 
frequent, crowded, full; pi., 
in crowds, in great numbers. 

frequentia, -ae, F. [frequens], 
assembly, crowd, throng, mul- 
titude. 

frequento, -are, -avi, -atum 
[frequens], tr., visit frequently, 
bring in crowds. 

fretus, -a, -um, relying, depend- 
ing, trusting. 

frigus, -oris, N., cold. 

frons, frontis, F., forehead, 
brow. 

fructus, -us, M. [fruor], enjoy- 
ment, fruit, benefit, advantage, 
gain, reward, profit, Cat., II, 
8. income, products. 

'frumentarius, -a, -um [frumen- 
tum], of grain; res frumen- 
taria, grain supply, grain. 

fruor, frul, fructus sum, dep., 
enjoy. 

fuga, -ae, F., flight. 

fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, tr. 
and intr., flee, escape, elude. 

fugitivus, -a, -um [fugio], fleeing, 
fugitive; as noun, runaway 
slave. 

fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, — , intr., 
glitter, gleam. 

fulmen, -inis, N. [fulgeo], thun- 
derbolt, lightning. 

Fulvius, -i, M., Fulvius, a gen- 
tile name; 1. M. Fulvius 
Flaccus, consul 125 B.C., parti- 



san of C. Gracchus ; 2. M. 
Fulvius Nobilior, consul 189 
b.c, a patron of Ennius, the 
poet, 
fundamentum, -i, N. [fundo], 
foundation. 

1. fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
found, establish. 

2. fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, 
pour, scatter, rout. 

funestus,-a, -um [furius], deadly, 

fatal, destructive. 
fungor, fungi, functus sum, dep. 

perform, fulfill. 
furiosus, -a, -um [furia], (full of 

madness), raging, frenzied, 

furious. 
Furius, -i, M., Furius, a nomen 

or gentile name ; 1. P. Furius, 

a confederate of Catiline ; 2 

L. Furius Philus, consul 136 

B.C. 

furo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., rage, 
rave, be mad. 

furor, furoris, M., madness, rage, 
frenzy. 

furtim, adv. [furtum], by stealth, 
stealthily. 

furtum, -i, N. [fur], theft, rob- 
bery. 



Gabinius, -i, M., Gabinius (ga- 
bin'i-us), a gentile name; 1. 
P. Gabinius, praetor 89 b.c ; 
2. P. Gabinius Cimber, a con- 
federate of Catiline ; 3. A. 
Gabinius, tribune 67 b.c 

Gabinius, -a, -um, of Gabinius, 
- Gabinian. 

Gaiiis, Gai, Gaio, etc., M., 



448 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



Gaius (ga/yus), a praenomen 

or personal name ; abbr. C. 
Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul. 
Gallicanus, -a, -um, Gallic. 
Gallicus, -a, -um [Gallia], Gallic, 

of Gaul. 
Gallus, -a, -um, of Gaul, Gallic; 

masc. as noun, a Gaul; pi., 

the Gauls. 
ganeo, -onis, M. [ganea], glutton, 

debauchee. 
gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, 

semidep., rejoice, be glad. 
gaudium, -i, N. [gaudeo], joy, 

gladness. 
gaza, -ae, F., treasure, wealth. 
gelidus, -a, -um [gelu, ice], 

very cold. 
gener, -eri, M., son-in-law. 
gens, gentis, F., tribe, race, 

nation. 
genus, generis, N., birth, race; 

nation; kind, class, character, 

style, nature. 
gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, tr., 

do, manage, carry on, wage; 

se gerere, conduct oneself, 

act; res gestae, deeds, ex- 
ploits. 
Glabrid, -onis, M., Glabrio, a 

family name; M'. Acilius 

Glabrio, a Roman commander 

in the Third Mithridatic War. 
gladiator, -oris, M. [gladius], 

gladiator, ruffian. 
gladiatorius, -a, -um [gladiator], 

of gladiators. 
gladius, -i, M., sword. 
Glaucia, -ae, M., Glau'cia, a 

family name ; C. Servilius 

Glaucia, praetor 100 b.c. 



gloria, -ae, F., glory, fame, 
honor, renown. 

Gnaeus, -i, M. , Gnaeus (ne'us) , a 
praenomen or personal name. 

gnavus, -a, -um [cf. (g)nosco], 
busy, diligent, active. 

Gracchus, -i, M., Gracchus; 
pi., the Gracchi; a family 
name; 1. Tiberius Sem- 
pronius Gracchus, tribune, 
133 b.c; 2. Gaius Sem- 
pronius Gracchus, brother of 
Tiberius, tribune 123 and 122 

B.C. 

gradus, -us, M., step, grade, 
degree, rank. 

Graecia, -ae, F., Greece. 

Graecus, -a, -um, Greek, Gre- 
cian. 

gratia, -ae, F. [gratus], favor, 
good will, influence; thanks, 
gratitude; gratias agere, 
thank, give (express) thanks; 
gratiam referre, show grati- 
tude, reward. 

Grattius, -i, Grattius, the prose- 
cutor of Archias ; see note, 
Ar., 1, 112. 

gratuito, adv., without pay, for 
nothing, for no particular 
reason. 

gratulatio, -onis, F. [gratulor], 
manifestation of joy, public 
thanksgiving, Cat., IV, 5. 

gratus, -a, -um, acceptable, wel- 
come; thankful, grateful; 
pleasing. 

gravis, -e, heavy, weighty, bur- 
densome; severe, authorita- 
tive; august, dignified; im- 
portant, grave, serious, P., 2, 9. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



449 



gravitas, -tatis, F. [gravis], 

weight; authority, dignity. 
graviter, adv. [gravis], heavily, 

seriously, severely, deeply, 

gravely. 
gravo, -are, -avi, -atum [gravis], 

tr., weigh down, load; pass., 

object, be unwilling. 
grex, gregis, M., flock, herd; 

band, throng. 
gubernatio, -onis, F. [guberno], 

(a piloting), direction, manage- 
ment. 
guberno, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 

steer, pilot, manage. 
gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 

taste, appreciate. 



habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., 
have, hold; feel, entertain, 
consider; w. oratio, deliver, 
make; w. honor, pay. 

habito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
of habito], intr., dwell, re- 
side, live. 

habitus, -us, M. [habeo], con- 
dition, quality, Ar., 7. 

haereo, -ere, haesi, haesum, 
intr., stick, cling, adhere, be 
fixed, remain. 

haesito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
of haereo], intr., (stick fast), 
hesitate. 

Hannibal, -is, M., Hannibal, 
the Carthaginian general. 

haruspex, -icis, M., soothsayer ; 
see Classical Dictionary. 

haud, adv., not, not at all. 

haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum, 
tr., draw, derive. 



hebesco, -ere, — , — , incep- 
tive vb. [hebeo, be dull], 
grow dull, 83, b. 

Heraclia (-ea), -ae, F., Heraclea 
(her-a-kle'a), a Greek city of 
southern Italy. 

Heracliensis, -e [Heraclia], 
Heracle'an; as noun, Hera- 
cle'an, inhabitant of Heraclea. 

hercule, adv., or interj. [voc. 
of Hercules], by Hercules, 
verily. 

hereditas, -tatis, F. [heres], in- 
heritance. 

hesternus, -a, -um, of yesterday; 
hesterno die, yesterday. 

hiberno, -are, -avi, -atum [hi- 
bernus], winter, pass the win- 
ter. 

hibernus, -a, -um, pertaining to 
winter; hiberna (sc. castra), 
winter quarters. 

1. hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., 
this, this man, this thing, he, 
she, it; pi., these, these men, 
these things. 

2. hie, adv., here; at this point 
(of time), hereupon; on this 
point (subject). 

hiems, hiemis, F., winter. 
hinc, adv., from this place, hence; 

from this fact; on this side. 
hisce = his, w. emphasis. 
Hispania, -ae, F., Spain. 
Hispaniensis, -e, [Hispania], 

Spanish, of Spain. 
Hispanus, -a, -um, Spanish; 

masc. as noun, a Spaniard. 
hodie, adv. [hie, dies], to-day, 

this day. 
hodiernus, -a, -um [hodie], of 



450 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



this day; hodiernus dies, 
to-day, this day. 

Homerus, -I, M., Homer. 

homo, hominis, M. or F., 
(human being), man. 

honestas, -tatis, F. [honor], 
honor. 

honeste, adv. [honestus], with 
honor, honorably. 

honesto, -are, -avl, -atum, tr. 
[honestus], honor, distinguish, 
grace. 

honestus, -a, -um [honos], 
honored, respected, honorable, 
distinguished, respectable, Cat., 
II, 8. 

honor (or honos), honoris, M., 
honor, respect; an honor. 

honoratus, -a, -um [honoro], 
honored, respected. 

hora, -ae, F., hour. 

horribilis, -e [horreo + bilis], 
terrible, dreadful, horrible. 

hortatus, -us, M. [hortor], en- 
couragement. 

Hortensius, -i, M., Hortensius, 
a gentile name ; Q. Horten- 
sius, the orator, consul 69 

B.C. 

hortor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
urge, encourage, exhort. 

hosce, emphatic form of hos. 

hospes, -itis, M., guest-friend, 
guest, friend. 

hospitium, -i, N. [hospes], (the 
relation of host and guest), 
hospitality, tie of friendship, 
Cat., IV, 11. 

hostilis, -e [hostis], of an 
enemy, hostile. 

hostis, hostis, M., (stranger), 



an enemy (of the state) ; pi., 
the enemy. 

hue, adv., hither, to this place; 
to this point. 

huiusce, more emphatic than 
huius, this very, this. 

humanitas, -tatis, F. [humanus], 
human nature, humanity; 
kindness; refinement, culture, 
civilization. 

humanus, -a, -um [homo], hu- 
man, cultured, refined; reason- 
able, Ar. 7. 

humilis, -e [humus], low, ob- 
scure, humble, inferior. 

humus, -i, F., earth, ground, 
soil; humi, loo., on the 
ground. 



iaceo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., lie, 
lie prostrate, be powerless. 

iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum, tr., 
throw; w. voces, utter. 

iacto, -are, -avl, -atum [freq. of 
iacio], tr., throw, toss, toss 
about; w. se, vaunt, display; 
make a display. 

iactura, -ae, F. [iacio], (a throw- 
ing away), loss. 

iactus, -us, M. [iacio], a throw- 
ing, hurling, falling, Cat., Ill, 
8. 

iam, adv., w. pres. tense, by this 
time, now; w. past tense, al-' 
ready, at length, now, hitherto; 
w. fut. tense, presently, at 
once, now; w. negatives and 
interrogatives implying a neg- 
ative, longer; see diu, pridem, 
turn, vero. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



451 



Ianuarius, -a, -um [ianua], of 

January. 

ibi, adv., there, in that place; 
then, thereupon. 

idcircd, adv. [id + abl. of cir- 
cus], on that account, for that 
reason. 

idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., 
[is], (App. 23), the same, the 
same man; also. 

ideo, adv., on that account, there- 
fore. 

idoneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit, 
deserving. 

Idus, -uum, F., the Ides, the 
fifteenth day of March, May, 
July, and October, the thir- 
teenth of other months. 

igitur, conj., then, therefore, ac- 
cordingly. 

ignavia, -ae, F. [ignavus], inac- 
tivity, laziness, cowardice. 

ignis, -is, M., fire. 

ignominia, -ae, F. [in + nomen], 
disgrace, dishonor, ignominy. 

ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
not to know, be ignorant of, 
be unaware. 

ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum, 
intr., (not to know), par- 
don. 

ignotus, -a, -um [ignosco], un- 
known; as noun, stranger. 

Ilias, -adis, F., the Iliad, the 
epic poem by Homer. 

ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that 
(yonder), that man, he, she, it; 
the famous, the great; pi., those, 
they, those men, those things. 

illinc, adv. [ille], from that place, 
thence; on that side. 



Illyricus, -a, -um, of Illyricum, 
Illyrian. 

im-, see in-, as prefix. 

imago, -inis, F. [cf. imitor], (an 
imitation), likeness, image, 
portrait, model. 

imberbis, -e [barba], without a 
beard, beardless. 

imitor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
copy, imitate. 

immanis, -e, monstrous, enor- 
mous, frightful, savage, Ar. 8. 

immanitas, -tatis, F. [immanis], 
monstrous size, vastness, enor- 
mity. 

immaturus, -a, -um [maturus], 
unripe, premature, untimely. 

immineo, -ere, — , — [mineo], 
intr., impend, threaten. 

imminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum 
[minuo], tr., lessen, diminish, 
encroach upon. 

immitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum [mitto], tr., send into, 
let in. 

immo, adv., on the contrary; 
immo vero, nay more, aye, 
indeed, or rather, Why! Cat., 
I, 1. 

immortalis, -e [mortalis], im- 
mortal. 

immutatus, -a, -um [immuto], 
changed, altered, transformed. 

impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [in, 
pes], tr., entangle, hinder, en- 
cumber, prevent; suspend, P. 
7. 

impello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsum 
[pello], tr., strike against; in- 
cite, instigate, rouse. 

impended, -ere, — , — [pendeo, 



452 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



hang], intr., overhang; threaten; 
be near, be at hand, impend. 

imperator, -oris, M. [impero], 
commander-in-chief, general. 

imperatorius, -a, -urn [impera- 
tor], of a commander, worthy 
of a commander. 

imperitus, -a, -urn [peritus], in- 
experienced, ignorant. 

imperium, -I, N. [impero], com- 
mand, control, power, supreme 
power, authority, dominion; 
government, office, empire. 

impero, -are, -avi, -arum, tr. and 
intr., command, demand, levy 
(upon). 

impertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [par- 
tio], tr., share with; give, be- 
stow (upon), impart. 

impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
obtain one's request, gain one's 
end; secure, obtain. 

impetus, -us, M., attack; vio- 
lence, fury. 

impius, -a, -um [pius], irreverent, 
ungodly, treasonable, wicked, 
impious. 

implico, -are, -avi, -atum [plico], 
tr., fold into; involve. 

imploro, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro] , 
tr., beg earnestly, implore. 

importunus, -a, -um, unfit, 
rude, cruel, unnatural, un- 
feeling, relentless. 

improbitas, -tatis, F. [impro- 
bus], wickedness, iniquity, de- 
pravity, recklessness. 

improbo, -are, -avi, -atum [im- 
probus,] tr., reject, disapprove. 

improbus, -a, -um [probus], 
wicked, depraved, shameless, 



worthless; pi. as noun, profli- 
gates, scoundrels, the ill-dis- 



impubes, -eris, adj. [pubes], 
youthful, beardless. 

impudens, -entis, adj. [pudens], 
shameless, impudent, pre- 
sumptuous, P. 16. 

impudenter, adv. [impudens], 
shamelessly, impudently. 

impudentia, -ae, F. [impudens], 
shamelessness, impudence. 

impudicus, -a, -um [pudicus], 
shameless, without modesty. 

impunitus, -a, -um [punitus], 
unpunished, unrestrained. 

impurus, -a, -um [purus], un- 
clean, impure. 

in, prep. w. ace, (of motion) 
into, to, on, upon, toward, 
against, for, concerning ; w. 
abl., (of rest) in, on, at, in 
the case of, in regard to; as 
prefix, in, into, over, on, at, 
against; neg. prefix, not. 

inanis, -e, empty, deserted; use- 
less, idle, vain. 

inauditus, -a, -um [audio], un- 
heard of, unknown. 

inauratus, -a, -um [inauro], 
gilded. 

incedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 
[cedo], intr., advance; per- 
vade. 

incendium, -i, N. [incendo], a 
burning, fire, flame, confla- 
gration. 

incendo, -cendere, -cendi, -cen- 
sum, tr., set fire to, burn. 

incensio, -onis, F. [incendo], 
burning. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



453 



inceptum, -i, N. [incipio], be- 
ginning, undertaking. 

incertus, -a, -um [certus], un- 
certain; unsettled. 

incido, -cidere, -cidi, — [cado], 
intr., fall in, fall into, incur. 

incido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum 
[caedo], tr., cut into, cut. 

incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
[capio], tr. and intr., under- 
take; begin. 

incitamentum, -i, N. [incito], 
incentive, inducement. 

incito, -are, -avi, -atum [cito], 
rouse, urge on. 

inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
and intr., turn, incline, lean. 

includo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- 
sum [claudo], tr., shut up, con- 
fine, inclose. 

incoho, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
begin, begin to treat, Ar. 11. 

incolumis, -e, safe, unharmed. 

incommodum, -i, N. [incom- 
modus], inconvenience, dis- 
advantage; loss, disaster. 

incredibilis, -e [credibilis], in- 
credible, marvelous, extraor- 
dinary. 

increpo, -are, -ui, -itum [crepo, 
rattle], intr., make a noise, 
sound. 

incumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, 
cubitum, intr., bend to, devote 
oneself, apply oneself. 

inde, adv., thence (of time or 
space), from that place, from 
that point, P. 2. 

indemnatus, -a, -um [damna- 
tus], uncondemnned, without 
a trial. 



index, -dicis, M. or F. [indico], 
(one who points out), in- 
former, ivitness, accuser. 

indicium, -i, N. [indico], in- 
formation, proof, evidence, 
testimony, indication. 

indico, -are, -avi, -atum [index], 
tr., point out, indicate, de- 
clare, reveal, tell, prove; be- 
tray, accuse. 

indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum 
[died], tr., proclaim, declare 
(upon). 

indigne, adv. [indignus], un- 
worthily, undeservedly. 

indignus, -a, -um [dignus], un- 
worthy. 

induco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 
[diicd], tr., lead into, lead on, 
bring to, induce. 

industria, -ae, F. [industrius], 
diligence, industry. 

industrius, -a, -um, industrious, 
enterprising. 

indiitiae, -arum, F., truce. 

ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], tr., 
enter, enter upon, form, engage 
in, begin; pres. part, as adj., 
early, the beginning of. 

iners, -ertis, adj., unskillful, 
inactive, indolent, Cat., II, 5. 

inertia, -ae, F. [iners], inactivity, 
idleness, indolence. 

infamia, -ae [infamis], ill report, 
disgrace, infamy. 

infamis, -e [fama], notorious, in- 
famous. 

infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum [fero], 
tr., bring upon, lay upon, ap- 
ply; wage, make upon. 

inferus, -a, -um, below, lower; 



454 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



m. pi. as noun, the dead; 
apud Inferos, in the lower 
world. 

infestus, -a, -urn, unsafe, hostile, 
dangerous, troublesome; in- 
dignant (at). 

Infidus, -a, -urn, faithless. 

Infimus, -a, -urn [sup. of In- 
ferus], lowest, meanest, basest. 

Inflnltus, -a, -urn [finitus], end- 
less, countless. 

inflrmo, -are, -avi, -atum [In- 
firmus], tr., weaken, refute, 
disprove. 

Inflrmus, -a, -um [firmus], weak, 
powerless, delicate, infirm. 

Infitiator, -oris, M. [Infitior], 
denier ; debtor. 

Infitior, -ari, -atus sum [infitiae], 
dep., deny. 

lnflammo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[flammo], tr., kindle, set fire 
to, burn; inflame, arouse. 

Inflo, -are, -avi, -atum [no, 
blow], tr., (blow into), inspire. 

informo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[formo], tr., mold, train. 

ingenium, -I, N. [ef. gigno], 
native talent, ability, genius. 

ingens, -gentis, adj., vast, great. 

ingenuus, -a, -um, native, free- 
born. 

ingratus, -a, -um, ungrateful. 

ingravesco, -ere, — , — [in- 
ceptive of Ingravo, weigh 
down], intr., increase, grow 
worse. 

ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 
[gradior], dep., go into, enter, 
enter upon, come upon. 

inhio, -are, -avi, -atum [hid], 



intr., open the mouth (for), 
gape. 

inhumanus, -a, -um [humanus], 
inhuman. 

initio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
[iacio], tr., throw in, cast on; 
cause; inspire. 

inimicitia, -ae, F. [inimicus], 
unfriendliness, enmity. 

inimicus, -a, -um [amicus], un- 
friendly, hostile; as noun 
(personal), enemy, foe. 

inlquitas, -tatis, F. [inlquus], 
unfairness, injustice. 

inlquus, -a, -um [aequus], un- 
even, unfair, unjust. 

initio, -are, -avi, -atum [initium], 
tr., initiate, consecrate. 

initium, -I, N. [ineo], a begin- 
ning. 

iniuria, -ae, F. [ius], wrong, in- 
justice, injury; iniuria, un- 
justly. 

iniuriose, adv. [iniuriosus], un- 
justly, unfairly. 

iniussii, abl. sing. M., without 
the command. 

inlecebra, -ae, F. [inlicio], en- 
ticement, allurement, charm. 

inlustris, -e [lux], bright, brilliant, 
illustrious; famous, glori- 
ous. 

inlustro, -are, -avi, -atum [lus- 
tro], tr., light up, illuminate, 
make illustrious, bring to light, 
make clear, explain. 

innocens, -entis, adj. [nocens], 
harmless, blameless, innocent, 
honest, P. 10. 

innocentia, -ae, F. [innocens], 
innocence, integrity, P. 13. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



455 



innumerabilis, -e [numerus], 
countless, innumerable. 

inopia, -ae, F. [inops], want, 
lack, scarcity. 

inquam (inquis, inquit), dep. 
vb. (App. 51), I say. 

inrepo, -repere, -repsi, — 
[repo, creep], intr., creep in, 
be stealthily inserted. 

inretio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum [rete, 
net], tr., catch in a net, en- 
snare, entrap. 

inscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
-scriptum [scribo], tr., write 
upon, inscribe, entitle. 

insepultus, -a, -urn [sepelio], 
unburied. 

insideo, -sidere, -sedi, — 
[sedeo], tr. and intr., sit upon, 
be seated, dwell, exist. 

insidiae, -arum, F. [insideo], 
snare, ambush, plot, treachery. 

insidiator, -oris, M. [insidior], 
(one who lies in wait), high- 
wayman 

insidior, -ari, -atus sum [in- 
sidiae], dep., lie in wait (for), 
plot against. 

insidiosus, -a, -um [insidiae], 
treacherous. 

insido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum 
[si do, sit], tr. and intr., sit in, 
settle on, be fixed, sink in, P. 
3. 

insigne, -is, N. [insignis], mark, 
badge, sign, token. 

insignis, e [signum], marked, dis- 
tinguished, notable. 

insimulo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[simulo], tr., charge, accuse, 



insipiens, -entis, adj. [sapiens], 
unwise, foolish. 

insolens, -entis, adj. [soleo], 
(unusual), insolent. 

insolenter, adv. [insolens], un- 
usually, insolently. 

insolitus, -a, -um [insoleo], un- 
usual, strange. 

inspecto, -are, -avi, -atum [in- 
spicio], tr. and intr., look at, 
look on, observe. 

insperatus, -a, -um [spero], un- 
expected. 

instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- 
tum [statuo], tr. and intr., 
put in place, establish, train, 
Ar. 8 ; begin; determine, de- 
cide, intend. 

institutum, -i, N. [instituo], cus- 
tom, institution. 

insto, -stare, -stiti, -statum 
[sto], intr., be at hand, draw 
nigh. 

instrumentum, -i, N. [instruo], 
instrument, tool, means, stock 
in trade, Cat., IV, 8. 

instruo, -struere, -struxi, -striic- 
tum [struo], tr., build; array, 
marshal, draw up; equip, P. 8. 

insula, -ae, F., island. 

insum, inesse, infui [sum], be 
in, exist in, be present. 

integer, -gra, -grum [cf. tango], 
untouched, whole, unbroken, 
sound, entire, unhurt; fresh; 
irreproachable, of integrity. 

integre, adv. [integer], wholly, 
without reproach. 

integritas, -tatis, F. [integer], 
(soundness), integrity. 

intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum 



456 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



[inter -f- lego, gather], tr., learn, 
perceive, know, understand, 
be sure, recognize, see clearly. 

intendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
turn [tendo], tr. and intr., 
stretch out; aim, purpose, in- 
tend. 

inter, prep. w. ace, between, 
among; as prefix, between. 

intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum [cedo], intr., go between, 
intervene, elapse. 

intercessio, -onis, F. [intercedo], 
intervention, veto, protest. 

interea, adv. [inter + ea], in 
the meantime, meanwhile. 

intereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., 
perish, be lost. 

interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
[facio], tr., kill, put to death, 
murder. 

interim, adv., meanwhile, in 
the meantime. 

interimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum 
[emo], tr., (take from the 
midst), kill, murder. 

interior, -ius, comp. adj. [intra], 
interior, inland, P. 22. 

interitus, -us, M. [intereo], ruin, 
destruction, death, overthrow. 

internecio, -onis, F. [nex], mas- 
sacre. 

interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[rogo], tr., ask, inquire of, 
question. 

intersum, -esse, -fui [sum], 
be between; be different, differ; 
be present; impers., it con- 
cerns, it interests. 

intervallum, -i, N., interval (of 
space or time). 



interventus,-us,M. [intervenio], 
(a coming between), inter- 
vention. 

intestinus, -a, -um [intus], in- 
ternal; civil. 

intimus, -a, -um [sup. of in- 
terior], inmost; as noun, 
most intimate friend, bosom 
friend. 

intra, prep. w. ace, within. 

introduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
tum [intro + duco], tr., lead 
in, bring in, introduce. 

intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum 
[tueor], dep., look upon, gaze 
at. 

intus, adv. [in], within, on the 
inside. 

inultus, -a, -um [ulciscor], un- 
punished. 

inuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum 
[uro], tr., burn in, brand upon, 
impress (upon), Cat., II, 9. 

inusitatus, -a, -um [usitor], un- 
usual. 

inutilis, -e [utilis], useless, un- 
profitable. 

invado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum 
[vado], tr., enter; possess. 

invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum 
[venio], tr., (come upon), find, 
discover, detect, invent. 

investigo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[vestigium], tr., track, hunt 
out, investigate. 

inveterasco, -ere, inveteravi, 
— [inceptive of invetero], 
intr., grow old, become estab- 
lished, become fixed. 

invictus, -a, -um [victus], un- 
conquered, invincible. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



457 



invidia, -ae, F. [invidus], envy, 
hatred, unpopularity, odium. 

invidiosus, -a, -um [invidia], 
causing unpopularity, hate- 
ful. 

invidus, -a, -um, envious; as 
noun, envious person. 

invisus, -a, -um [invideo], dis- 



invltatus, -us, M. [invito], in- 
vitation. 

invito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., in- 
vite, summon. 

invitus, -a, -um, against the will, 
unwillingly. 

Iovis, see Iuppiter. 

ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron. 
(App. 24), self; (I) myself, 
(you) yourself, (he) himself, 
etc. ; very. 

Ira, -ae, F., anger. 

iracundia, -ae, F. [Ira], excessive 
anger, wrath. 

Irascor, -I, Iratus sum [Ira], dep., 
be angry. 

irruptio, -onis, F. [irrumpo], 
(a breaking in), invasion, 
incursion, attack. 

is, ea, id, dem. pron. (App. 23), 
that, this, he, she, it; such; 
pi., these, those, they. 

Isdem = eisdem. 

Isse = Ivisse [1. eo]. 

iste, ista, istud, dem. pron. 
(App. 23), that (of yours), 
yonder; that man (in irony or 
scorn), that scoundrel; such, 
he. 

ita, adv., so, thus, in such a man- 
ner; ita ut, just as. 

Italia, -ae, F., Italy. 



Italicus -a, -um, Italian. 

itaque, conj. [ita + que], and 
so, therefore, accordingly. 

item, adv., likewise, also, be- 
sides. 

iter, itineris, N. [1. eo], way, 
course, road; journey, march. 

iterum, adv., again, a second 
time; iterum et saepius, 
again and again. 

iubeo, -ere, iussl, iussum, tr., 
order, direct. 

iucundus, -a, -um [iuvo], pleas- 
ing, pleasant, agreeable. 

iudex, iudicis, M. [ius + dico], 
judge, juror. 

iudicialis, -e [iudex], of a court, 
judicial. 

ludicium, -I, N. [iudex], judg- 
ment, decision, verdict, opin- 
ion; trial, court of justice. 

iudico, -are, -avi, -atum [iudex], 
tr., judge, decide, determine, 
think, consider. 

iugulo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
kill. 

iugulum, -I, N. [iugum], (collar 
bone), throat. 

Iugurtha, -ae, M., Jugurtha, 
a king of Numidia. 

Iulius, -I, M., Julius, a gentile 
name ; see Caesar. 

iungo, -ere, iunxl, iunctum, tr., 
join. 

Iuppiter, Iovis (App. 11), M., 
Jupiter, the chief god of the 
Romans. 

ius, iuris, N., right, justice; the 
principle of right upon which 
law (lex) is based ; iure, 
rightly. 



458 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, N., 

oath. 
iussu, abl. of obsolete iussus 

[iubeo], by order. 
iuste [iustus], adv., rightly, justly. 
iustus, -a, -urn [ius], just, right, 

proper, fair, regular, Cat., II, 

1. 
iuvenis, -is, adj., young; as 

noun, youth, young person. 
iuventus, -tutis, F. [iuvenis], 

youth, young person. 
iuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutum, tr., help, 

aid, assist. 



Kalendae, -arum, F. pi. (abbr. 

Kal.), the Calends, the first 

day of a month. 
Karthago, -inis, F., Carthage. 



L., see Lucius. 

labefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
tum [labo + facio], tr., shake, 
disturb, overthrow. 

labefacto, -are, -avi, -atum 
[labefacio], tr., freq., cause 
to totter, weaken, destroy. 

labes, -is, F., spot, stain. 

labor, -oris, M., exertion, labor, 
work, hardship, activity; in- 



laboriosus, -a, -um [labor], 

laborious. 
laboro, -are, -avi, -aturn [labor], 

intr., labor, toil, strive, be 

careful; suffer. 
lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum [lacio, 

entire], tr., challenge, provoke, 

rouse. 



lacrima, -ae, F., tear. 

lactans, -antis, pres. part, 
[lacto], (taking milk), suck- 
ling. 

Laeca, -ae, M., Laeca, a family 
name ; M. Porcius Laeca, a 
Roman senator, at whose 
house the conspirators met. 

laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, tr., 
wound, injure. 

Laelius, -i, M., Laelius, a gentile 
name ; C. Laelius, consul 140 

B.C. 

laetitia, -ae, F. [laetus], glad- 
ness, joy, delight, happiness. 

laetor, -ari, -atus sum [laetus], 
dep., rejoice, be glad; rejoice 
over. 

lamentatio, -onis, F. [lamentor], 
wailing, lamentation. 

lamentor, —ari, -atus sum [la- 
mentum], dep., bewail, lament. 

languidus, -a, -um, stupid, lan- 
guid. 

largior, -iri, -itus sum [largus], 
dep., give bountifully, bestow, 
confer. 

largitio, -onis, F. [largior], lavish 
giving, bribery, corruption. 

largitor, -oris, M. [largior], (one 
who gives lavishly), a liberal 
man. 

late, adv. [latus], widely. 

latebra, -ae, F. [lateo], hiding 
place, recess. 

lateo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., lie 
concealed, lie hid, escape notice. 

Latiniensis, -e [Latium], of 
Latium; as noun, a surname. 

Latinus, -a, -um [Latium], Latin. 

Latium, -i, N., Latium (la/- 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



459 



sh(y)um), a district in central 

Italy, 
lator, -oris, M. [fero], bearer, 

proposer. 
latro, -onis, M., robber, brigand. 
latrocinium, -i, N. [latro], brig- 
andage, robbery; concretely, 

band of brigands. 
latrocinor, -ari, -atus sum [latro], 

dep., be a brigand, live as a 

bandit. 
latus, lateris, N., side, body. 
latus, -a, -um, broad, wide. 
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 

praise. 
laus, laudis, F., praise, merit, 

fame, renown, glory. 
lectulus, -i, M. [lectus], small 

couch, bed. 
lectus, -i, M., couch, bed. 
lectus, -a, -um [lego], chosen, 

choice, Cat., 11,9; excellent, 

eminent. 
legatio, -onis, F. [lego], em- 



legatus, -i, M. [lego], ambassa- 
dor, envoy; lieutenant. 

legio, -onis, F. [lego, collect], 
legion. 

legitimus, -a, -um [lex], estab- 
lished by law, legal. 

lego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
appoint . (or commission) as 
lieutenant. 

lego, -ere, legi, lectum, tr., 
gather, collect; choose, select; 
read, read of, P. 10. 

lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [lenis], 
tr. , soften, soothe, alleviate. 

lenis, -e, soft, smooth; mild, 
moderate, merciful, lenient. 



lenitas, -tatis, F. [lenis], mild- 
ness, gentleness, lenity. 

lend, -onis, M., seducer, agent, 
tool. 

Lentulus, -i, M., Lentulus, a 
family name; 1. L. Corne- 
lius Lentulus, praetor 89 b.c. ; 
2. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, 
tribune of the people ; 3. Cn. 
Cornelius Lentulus Clodia- 
nus, consul 72 b.c. ; 4. P. 
Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a 
confederate of Catiline, consul 
71 b.c. ; see Cethegus, Cinna, 
Sulla. 

lentus, -a, -um [lenis], slow; 
shirking. 

lepidus, -a, -um, charming. 

Lepidus, -i, M., Lepidus, a 
family name ; 1. M. Aemilius 
Lepidus, consul 78 b.c ; 2. M'. 
Aemilius Lepidus, consul 66 

B.C. 

levis, -e, light; trifling, fickle, 

trivial. 
levitas, -tatis, F. [levis], light- 
ness, shallowness, fickleness, 

trifling conduct, Ar. 5. 
leviter, adv. [levis], lightly; 

slightly. 
levo, -are, -avi, -atum [levis], 

tr., lighten; relieve, modify, 

alleviate. 
lex, legis, F., law. 
libellus, -i, M. [liber], little 

book, book, manuscript. 
libenter, adv. [libens], gladly, 

with delight, cheerfully, will- 



liber, libri,M., (inner bark), book. 
liber, libera, liberum, free; M. 



460 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



pi. as noun, (free persons), 
children. 

liberalis, -e [liber], liberal. 

libere, adv. [liber], freely. 

libero, -are, -avi, -atum [liber], 
tr., free, release, deliver. 

libertas, -tatis, F. [liber], liberty, 
freedom. 

libertinus, -a, -um [libertus], 
of a freedman; libertinus 
homo, freedman. 

libet, -ere, libuit or libitum est, 
impers., it pleases, it is pleas- 
ing. 

libido, -inis, F. [libet], pleasure, 
desire, lust, passion. 

licentia, -ae, F. [licens], free- 
dom, license; want of control. 

licet, licere, licuit, impers. (App. 
52), it is permitted, it is 
allowed. 

Licinius, -i, M., Licinius, a 
gentile name ; see Archias. 

lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language. 

linum, -i, N., (flax), thread, 
string. 

liquefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
tum; pass., -fio, -fieri, -f ac- 
tus sum [liqueo + facio], 
(make liquid), melt. 

littera, -ae, F., letter (of the 
alphabet) ; pi., letter (epistle) 
or letters; literature. 

litteratus, -a, -um [littera], 
(lettered), learned, cultured. 

litura, -ae, F. [lino, smear], 
(smearing of the wax tablet), 
erasure. 

loco, -are, -avi, -atum [locus], 
tr., place, put, set; let a con- 
tract, order. 



Locrenses, -ium, M., Locrians, 
inhabitants of Locri, in 
southern Italy. 

locuples, -pletis, adj. [locus, 
pleo], rich in lands, wealthy, 
rich. 

locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum 
[locuples], tr., make rich, en- 
rich. 

locus, -i, M. ; pi. loca, -orum, 
N., place, locality, region, 
position, site, room, station, 
rank, point, instance. 

longe, adv. [Longus], far, by 
far; long, for a long period. 

longinquitas, -tatis, F. [longin- 
quus], distance, remoteness. 

longinquus, -a, -um [longe], 
distant, far off. 

longiusculus, -a, -um [longior], 
rather long, a little longer. 

longus, -a, -um, long; far, dis- 
tant, remote; tedious. 

loquax, -acis, adj. [loquor], 
talkative, garrulous. 

loquor, loqui, locutus sum, dep., 
speak, say. 

Lucius, -i, M., Lucius, a prae- 
nomen or personal name. 

luctus, -us, M. [lugeo], mourn- 
ing, grief. 

Lucullus, -i, M., Lucullus, a 
family name ; 1. L. Licinius 
Lucullus, Roman commander 
in the Third Mithridatic War ■ 
2. M. Licinius Lucullus, 
brother of 1. 

ludus, -i, M., play, game; 
school. 

lugeo, -ere, luxi, luctum, tr. 
and intr., mourn over, lament. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



461 



lumen, -inis, N. [luceo, shine], 

light. 
lupinus, -a, -um [lupus], of a 

wolf. 
lux, lucis, F., light, daylight; 

help, relief, hope of safety, 

P. 12. 
luxuria, -ae, F. [luxus], luxury, 

excess. 

M 

M., see Marcus. 

M'., see Manius. 

machinator, -tdris, M. [machi- 
nor], contriver, inventor. 

machinor, -sal, -atus sum [ma- 
china], dep., devise, invent; 
contrive, plot. 

macto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
glorify, sacrifice; put to death, 
afflict (with punishment), Cat. 
I, 11. 

macula, -ae, F., stain, disgrace. 

Maelius, -i, M., Maelius, a gen- 
tile name ; Spurius Maelius, 
a rich plebeian, slain 439 

B.C. 

maereo, -ere, — , — , tr. and 
intr., grieve, lament, mourn. 

maeror, -oris [maereo], M., 
sorrow, grief. 

magis, comp. adv. (App. 20), 
more, rather. 

magistratus, -us, M. [magister], 
civil office, magistracy ; magis- 
trate. 

magnifies, adv., grandly, glori- 
ously. 

magnificus, -a, -um [magnus, 
facio], great, magnificent, fond 
of display, powerful. 

magnitude, -inis, F. [magnus], 



greatness, enormity, magni- 
tude, extent. 
magnopere, adv. [magno opere], 

greatly. 
Magnus, -i, M., Magnus, the 

Great, a surname, especially 

of Pompey. 
magnus, -a, -um, great, large. 
maior, maius, adj. [comp. of 

magnus], larger, greater; pi. 

as noun, ancestors, elders. 
male, adv. [malus], badly, 

wrongly, scarcely. 
maleficium, -i, N. [male, facio], 

evil deed, crime. 
malleolus, -i, M. [dim. of 

malleus, hammer], firebrand. 
maid, malle, malui (App. 48), 

[magis + volo], tr. wish rather, 

prefer. 
malus, -a, -um, bad, evil; neut. 

as noun, evil, misfortune, 

calamity. 
mandatum, -i, N. [mando], 

commission, order, instruc- 
tion, message. 
mando, -are, -avi, -atum [manus 

+ do], tr., (put in hand), 

commit, intrust, consign, order, 

confer, P. 1. 
mane, adv., in the morning, 

early in the morning. 
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, 

intr., remain, persevere. 
manicatus, -a, -um [manicae, 

long sleeves], long-sleeved. 
manifesto, adv. [manifestos], 

openly, manifestly, clearly. 
manifestus, -a, -um, clear, open, 

manifest; apparent, evident, 



462 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



Manilius, -I, M., Manilius, a 
gentile name ; C. Manilius, 
tribune 66 b.c. 

Manius, -i, M., Manius, a 
gentile nanie. 

Manlianus, -a, -um, of Manlius. 

Manlius, -i, M., Manlius, a 
nomen or gentile name ; 
Gaius Manlius, the officer 
in charge of Catiline's forces 
at Faesulae. 

mano, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
trickle; extend, spread. 

mansuetudo, -inis, F. [man- 
suetus], gentleness, mildness. 

manubiae, -arum, F. [manus], 
spoils. 

manus, -us, F., hand; hand- 
writing; band, company. 

Marcellus, -i, M. [dim. of Mar- 
cus], Marcellus, a family 
name; 1. M. Claudius Mar- 
cellus, the conqueror of Syra- 
cuse ; 2. M. Claudius Mar- 
cellus, consul 51 b.c. 

Marcus, -i, M., Marcus, a 
praenomen. 

mare, maris, N., sea; terra 
marique, on land and sea. 

maritimus, -a, -um [mare], of 
the sea, on the sea, maritime; 
ora maritima, seacoast. 

maritus, -i, M., married man, 
husband. 

Marius, -i, M., Marius, a gentile 
name ; Gaius Marius, the 
celebrated general and con- 
sul, died 86 b.c. 

Mars, Martis, M., Mars, god 
of war ; figuratively, war. 

Massilia, -ae, F., Massilia, a 



Greek city in Gaul, now 
Marseilles. 

Massilienses, -ium, M. pi. 
[Massilia], the people of Mas- 
silia. 

mater, matris, F., mother; 
mater familias (old gen. sing, 
of familia], matron, mistress 
of a household. 

mature, adv. [maturus], early, 
soon. 

maturitas, -tatis, F. [maturus], 
ripeness, maturity. 

maturo, -are, -avi, -atum [ma- 
turus], tr. and intr., make 
ripe, bring to maturity; hasten. 

maturus, -a, -um, ripe, mature; 
early, speedy. 

maxime, adv. [sup. of magis], 
most, very greatly, especially, 
entirely, ever so much, Cat., I, 
12. 

maximus, -a, -um, sup. of 
magnus (App. 19), greatest, 
largest; very great; see ponti- 
fex. 

Maximus, -i, M., Maximus, a 
family name; Q. Fabius 
Maximus, dictator 217 b.c 

Medea, -ae, F., Medea, daugh- 
ter of Aeetes, king of Colchis. 

medeor, -eri, — , dep., heal, 
cure, remedy. 

medicina, -ae, F. [medicus], 
remedy, medicine. 

mediocris, -ere [medius], moder- 
ate, ordinary, of moderate 
attainments, Ar. 5. 

mediocriter, adv. [mediocris], 
moderately, slightly. 

meditor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



463 



think over, consider, meditate, 
-plan, prepare; design, Cat., I, 
10. 

medius, -a, -urn, the middle of. 

mehercule, adv. [= me Her- 
cules iuvet, may Hercules 
help me], by Hercules, as- 
suredly, verily. 

mel, mellis, N., honey. 

melior, comp. of bonus. 

membrum, -I, N., limb. 

mementote, imperative pi. of 
memini, remember (ye). 

memini, -isse, dep. vb. (App. 
50), remember; perf. system 
used w. meanings of the pres. 
system. 

Memmius, -i, M., Memmius, a 
gentile name. 

memor, -oris, adj., mindful (of), 
remembering, w. gen. 

memorabilis, -e [memor], deserv- 
ing of record, memorable. 

memoria, -ae, F. [memor], 
memory, recollection; post 
memoriam, within the memory. 

memoro, -are, -avi, -atum 
[memor], tr., recall, recount, 
relate. 

mendicitas, -tatis, F. [mendl- 
cus], beggary, extreme pov- 
erty. 

mens, mentis, F., mind, intel- 
lect; spirit, feeling; dispo- 
sition; thought, purpose, plan, 
intention, design. 

mensis, -is, M., month. 

mercator, -oris, M. [mercor], 
trader, merchant. 

merces, -edis, F. [merx], pay, 
reward. 



mereor, -eri, -itus sum, dep., 
deserve, merit. 

meritd, adv. [meritum], de- 
servedly, justly. 

meritum, -i, N. [mereor], merit, 
service, kindness, favor, bene- 
fit. 

merx, mercis, F., merchandise. 

Metellus, -i, M., Metellus, a 
family name ; 1. Q. Caecilius 
Metellus Numidicus, consul 
109 b.c; 2. Q. Caecilius 
Metellus Pius, praetor 89, 
consul 80 b.c. ; 3. Q. Cae- 
cilius Metellus Creticus, tri- 
bune 75 b.c. ; 4. Q. Caecilius 
Metellus Celer, praetor in 
63 b.c. ; 5. M. Metellus, 
an associate of Catiline. 

metuo, metuere, metui, — 
[metus], tr., fear, dread. 

metus, -us, M., fear. 

meus, -a, -um, poss. pron., 
my. 

miles, -itis, M., soldier. 

militaris, -e [miles], of a soldier, 
military; res militaris, the 
art of war, warfare. 

militia, -ae, F. [miles], military 
service, military skill ; militiae, 
loc. in the field, in war. 

mille, indecl. adj., thousand; 
milia, milium, N. pi. as noun. 

minae, -arum, F., threats. 

minime, adv. [sup. of parum], 
least, very little, by no means. 

minimus, -a, -um [sup. of par- 
vus], least, 

minitor, -ari, -atus sum [freq. 
of minor], dep., threaten, men- 
ace. 



464 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



1. minor, -ari, -atus sum 

[minae], dep., threaten. 

2. minor, minus, adj. [comp. of 
parvus], less. 

Minucius, -I, M., Minucius, a 
gentile name. 

minuo, -ere, minui, minutum, 
tr., make less, lessen, dimin- 
ish. 

minus, adv. [comp. of parum] 
(App. 20), less, not. 

miror, -ari, -atus sum [mi- 
nis], dep., wonder at, mar- 
vel at, admire, wonder; see 
modus. 

mlrus, -a, -um, wonderful, mar- 
velous. 

misceo, -ere, -ui, mixtum, tr., 
mix; devise, Cat., IV, 3. 

Misenum, -i, N., Misenum 
(mi-se'num), a town and 
promontory near Naples. 

miser, -era, -erum, wretched 
unhappy, miserable, unfortu- 
nate; grievous. 

miserandus, -a, -um [miseror], 
-pitiable, to be pitied. 

miseria, -ae, F. [miser], wretched- 
ness, misery, trouble. 

misericordia, -ae, F. [mise- 
ricors], pity, compassion, 
mercy. 

misericors, -cordis, adj. 
[misereo, pity, cor, heart], 
(tender-hearted), merciful. 

miseror, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
deplore. 

Mithridates, -is, or -i, M., 
Mithridates, king of Pontus, 
who fought w. the Romans 
88-63 B.C. 



Mithridaticus, -a, -um, of Mith- 
ridates, Mithridatic. 

mitis, -e, mild, gentle, merciful. 

mitto, -ere, mlsi, missum, tr., 
send. 

mixtus, -a, -um [misceo], mixed, 
promiscuous ; mixtum ex, in- 
volving. 

moderatio, -onis, F. [modera- 
tus], moderation. 

moderatus, -a, -um [moderor], 
moderate, restrained, self-con- 
trolled, wise, Ar. 7. 

moderor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
guide, restrain, moderate. 

modestus, -a, -um [modus], 
(within due measure), dis- 
creet, honorable, scrupulous. 

modo, adv. [modus], only, just; 
lately, a little while ago. 

modus, -i, M., measure, limit, 
extent, amount; way, man- 
ner, kind, sort; moderation; 
eius modi, of such a nature, 
such; mirandum in modum, 
wonderfully. 

moenia, -ium, N. pi., defensive 
walls, city walls, city (inclosed 
by walls). 

moles, -is, F., mass, weight, load, 
burden, Cat., I, 8. 

moleste, adv. [molestus], with 
trouble, with vexation; moleste 
fero, be vexed, be annoyed, be 
troubled. 

molestus, -a, -um [moles], 
troublesome, disagreeable, an- 
noying. 

molior, -iri, -itus sum [moles], 
dep., endeavor, attempt; con- 
trive, plan, plot. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



405 



mollis, -e, mild, gentle; timid. 

moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., 
warn, advise. 

monstrum, -i, N. [moneo], di- 
vine omen; monster, Cat., II, 1. 

monumentum, -I, N. [moneo], 
(reminder), memorial, monu- 
ment; record. 

mora, -ae, F., delay, hesita- 
tion. 

morbus, -I, M., disease, sickness. 

morior, mori, mortuus sum, 
fut. part., moriturus [mors], 
dep., die. 

mors, mortis, F., death. 

mortalis, -e [mors], mortal. 

mortuus, -a, -um [morior], dead. 

mos, moris, M,, custom, man- 
ner; pi., customs, character, 
the ways of men, Cat., I, 1 ; 
principles. 

motus, -us, M. [moved], move- 
ment, motion, action; com- 
motion, disturbance, shock. 

moveo, -ere, movi, motum, tr., 
move, disturb, affect, influence. 

mucro, -onis, point or edge of a 
sword; sword. 

mulier, -is, F., woman. 

muliercula, -ae, F. [dim. of 
mulier], mistress. 

multitudo, -inis, F. [multus], 
great number, multitude. 

1. multo, adv. [multus], by 
much, much, far. 

2. multo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[multa, a fine], tr., fine, punish. 

multum, adv. [multus], much. 
multus, -a, -um, much; pi., 

many. 
Mulvius, -a, -um, Mulvian. 



municeps, -cipis, M. or F. 
[munia, official duties, capio], 
citizen of a free town. 

municipium, -i, N. [municeps], 
free town, free district, one 
whose people were Roman 
citizens, but governed by 
their own laws and magis- 
trates. 

munio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, tr., 
fortify, protect. 

munitus, -a, -um [munio], for- 
tified, defended; safe, secure. 

munus, -eris, N., task, duty; 
present, favor, Ar. 8. 

Murena, -ae, M., Murena, a 
family name ; L. Licinius 
Murena, commander in the 
Second Mithridatic War (83- 

81 B.C.). 

murus, -i, M., wall. 

Musa, -ae, F., Muse, one of the 

nine goddesses of music, 

poetry, and other arts, 
muto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 

change. 
mutus, -a, -um, mute, speechless, 

silent, voiceless. 
Mytilenaeus, a, -um, of Mytilene 

(mit-i-le'ne), a city on the 

island of Lesbos. 

N 

nam, conj., for; now (introduc- 
ing an explanation). 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, 
dep., obtain, find. 

narro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
intr., tell, narrate, recount. 

nascor, -i, natus sum, dep., be 
born; rise, grow; natus, born. 



466 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



Nasica, -ae, M., Nasica, a fam- 
ily name ; see Scipio. 

natio, -onis, F., (birth), race, 
tribe, nation. 

natura, -ae, F. [nascor], birth; 
nature. 

naufragus, -a, -urn [navis, 
frango], shipwrecked; ruined; 
pi. as noun, men of wrecked 
fortunes, bankrupts. 

nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], of 
sailors, nautical, naval. 

navalis, -e [navis], pertaining to 
ships, naval. 

navicularius, -i, M. [navicula], 
sh ipowner, shipmaster. 

navigatio, -onis, F. [navigo], sail- 
ing, navigation. 

navigo, -are, -avi, -atum [navis], 
intr., sail, put to sea. 

navis, -is, F., ship. 

-ne, enclitic particle, introduc- 
ing questions ; w. direct 
questions, not to be trans- 
lated ; w. indirect questions, 
whether. 

1. ne, adv., not; ne . . . qui- 
dem, not even. 

2. ne, conj., that . . . not, lest; 
after word of fearing, that. 

3. ne, interj., truly, verily. 

Neapolitan!, -orum, M., the in- 
habitants of Neapolis, or 
Naples. 

nee, see neque. 

necessario, adv. [necessarius], 
of necessity. 

necessarius, -a, -um [necesse], 
necessary, inevitable, unavoid- 
able; as noun, connection, 
kinsman, relative. 



necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. 

necessitas, -tatis, F. [necesse], 
necessity. 

necessitudo, -inis, F. [necesse], 
close relationship, connection. 

necne, conj., or not, used at the 
end of a double question. 

neco, -are, -avi, -atum [nex], 
tr., put to death, kill. 

nefandus, -a, -um [ne + for, 
speak], unspeakable, abom- 
inable. 

nefarie, adv. [nefarius], im- 
piously. 

nefarius, -a, -um [nefas], im- 
pious, abominable, nefarious, 
wicked, infamous, Cat., I, 10. 

neglegenter, adv., carelessly. 

neglego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum 
[nee + lego], tr., disregard, 
neglect, ignore, treat lightly. 

nego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
intr., say no, deny; refuse; 
say . . . not. 

negotior, -ari, -atus sum [nego- 
tium], dep., do business, trade. 

negotium, -i, N. [nee + otium], 
business, affairs; task, trouble; 
matter. 

nemo, dat. nemini, ace. nemi- 
nem, gen. and abl. from 
nullus, M. [ne + homo], no 
one, nobody. 

nepos, -otis, M., grandson; 
spendthrift, Cat., II, 4. 

nequam, indecl. adj., worthless, 
vile. 

neque (before vowels or cons.), 
nee (before cons.), conj., and 
not, nor; neque (nee) . . . 
neque (nee), neither . . . nor. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



467 



nequior, comp. of nequam. 

nequitia, -ae, F. [nequam], 
worthlessness ; neglect, negli- 
gence, remissness, indecision. 

nervus, -l, M., nerve, sinew; 
force, strength. 

nescio, -ire, -ivl (ii), — [ne + 
scio], tr., not know, be ignorant. 

nescio quis, nescio quid, (I 
know not who), some one, (I 
know not what), something. 

neve, or neu, conj. [ne + -ve], 
and that not, and not. 

nex, necis, F., violent death, 
murder. 

nihil, indecl. noun, or nihilum, 
~i, N., nothing; ace. as adv., 
not at all; nihil-dum, nothing 
as yet. 

nimis, adv., too, too much. 

nimium, adv., too. 

nimius, -a, -um [nimis], exces- 
sive, too much, too great; as a 
noun, too much, Cat., Ill, 9. 

nisi, conj., if not, unless, except, 
but. 

niteo, -ere, -ui, — , shine, glisten. 

nitidus, -a, -um [niteo], shining ; 
sleek. 

nix, nivis, F., snow. 

nobilis, -e [nosco], well-known, 
famous, noble, of high rank. 

nobilitas, -tatis, F. [nobilis], 
fame, renown; high birth, 



nocens, -entis, adj. [noceo], 
guilty; as noun, guilty man, 
criminal. 

noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., 
harm, injure. 

nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], by 



night, at night, nightly, noc- 
turnal. 
nolo, nolle, nolui, — [non + 

volo] (App. 48), irr., be un- 

loilling, not wish. 
nomen, -inis, N., name. 
nominatim, adv. [nomino], by 

name, expressly. 
nomino, -are, -avi, -atum [no- 
men], tr., name, call (by 

name). 
non, adv., not. 
nondum, adv. [non + dum], 

not yet. 
nonne, interrog. adv., expecting 

affirmative answer, not. 
nonnullus, -a, -um [non + 

nullus], (not none), some; 

pi. as noun, some. 
nonnumquam, adv. [non + 

numquam], sometimes, at 

times. 
nos, gen. nostrum or nostri, 

pers. pron., we; see ego. 
nosco. -ere, novi, notum, tr., 

learn; perf., know. 
noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., 

our, of us; sometimes = 

meus, my. 
nota, -ae, F., mark, sign, brand. 
noto, -are, -avi, -atum [nota], 

tr., mark, brand, single out. 
notus, -a, -um [nosco], known, 

well-known. 
novem, adj., indecl., nine. 
November, -bris, -bre [novem], 

of November. 
novus, -a, -um, new, unusual; 

novae res, pi., change of gov- 
ernment, revolution. 
nox, noctis, F., night. 



468 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



nudius tertius [nunc dies tertius 

est], day before yesterday. 

nudus, -a, -um, naked, bare, 
vacant. 

nullus, -a, -um [neg. of ullus], 
(App. 13), not any, no, none, 
no one. 

num, interrog. particle; in a 
dir. question implies a neg. 
answer, but has no equiva- 
lent English word; in an 
indir. question, whether. 

Numantia, -ae, F., Numantia, a 
city of Spain. 

numen, -inis, N. [nuo, nod], 
command, will, divine will, 
authority. 

numerus, -i, M., number. 

numquam, adv. [ne + um- 
quam], never. 

nunc, adv., now. 

nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
report, announce. 

nuntius, -i, M., messenger; mes- 
sage, order. 

nuper, adv., recently. 

nuptiae, -arum, F. [nubo, marry], 
marriage, wedding. 

nusquam, adv., nowhere. 

nutus, -us, M. [nud, nod], nod, 
command, order, will. 

O 

6, inter j., 0! oh! alas! 

ob, prep. w. ace, on account of, 

for; as prefix, towards, against, 

in front of. 
obeo, -Ire, -H, -itum [eo], tr., 

and intr., go to meet, attend to; 

reach, Cat., Ill, 10 ; accomplish, 

commit, transact, P 12, 17. 



obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 

[iacio], tr., throw before, ex- 
pose. 

oblecto, -are, -avi, -atum [lacto, 
allure], tr., delight, entertain. 

obligo, -are, -avi, -atum [ligo, 
bind], tr., bind up; pledge, 
mortgage, place under obliga- 
tion. 

oblino, -linere, -levi, -litum 
[lino], smear over, cover. 

oblitus, -a, -um, part, of oblino. 

oblitus, -a, -um, part, of oblivis- 
cor, forgetting, forgetful. 

oblivio, -onis, F. [obliviscor], a 
forgetting, oblivion. 

obliviscor, -I, oblitus sum, dep., 
forget. 

oboedio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum [ob -f- 
audio], intr., listen to, give 
heed to, obey. 

obrepo, -repere, -repsi, -rep- 
tum [repo], creep up, steal on, 
come on. 

obruo, -ruere, -rui, -rutum [ruo], 
tr., overwhelm, bury. 

obscure, adv. [obscurus], darkly, 
obscurely, stealthily. 

obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum [ob- 
scurus], tr., hide, conceal, ob- 
scure, veil, keep secret, Ar. 
11. 

obscurus, -a, -um, dark, ob- 
scure, concealed, unknown, 
secret; neut. as. noun, ob- 
scurity. 

obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum [sacro, 
tr., entreat, implore. 

obsecundo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[secundo], intr., yield to, favor, 
comply with. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



469 



obses, -sidis, M. or F., hostage; 
pledge. 

obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum 
[sedeo], tr., (sit down against), 
besiege, hem in, surround, 
Cat., I, 2 ; watch for, Cat., I, 
10. 

obsidio, -onis, F. [obsideo], 
siege, invasion, Cat., IV, 10. 

obsisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum 
[sisto], intr., stand in the way, 
oppose, resist, withstand. 

obsolesco, -ere, obsolevi, ob- 
soletum [olesco], intr., be out 
of date, become obsolete, lose 
force, P. 17. 

obsto, -stare, -stiti, — [sto], 
intr., stand before, thwart, 
hinder, check. 

obstupefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
tum, pass, fid, -fieri, -factus 
sum, tr., astound, daze, over- 
power. 

obstupesco, -ere, obstupui, — 
[stupesco], intr., be stunned, 
be oimazed, be astounded. 

obsum, -esse, -fui, — [sum], 
intr., be against, injure, harm. 

obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum 
[tempero], submit, obey; com- 
ply with, P. 16 ; consult, P. 
19. 

obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 
[teneo], tr., hold, possess; 
maintain, retain, prove, Cat., 
IV, 6. 

obtingo, -tingere, -tigi, — 
[tango], intr., fall to the lot of, 
befall, happen. 

obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atum 
[tracto], tr. and intr., make 



objection to, be opposed to, 
decry. 

occasio, -onis, F. [occido], oppor- 
tunity. 

occasus, -us, M. [occido], a fall- 
ing, downfall; setting. 

occidens, -entis, M. [occido] 
(sc. sol), the sunset, the west. 

occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum 
[ob + caedo], tr., kill, slay. 

occludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- 
sum [ob + claudo], tr., shut 
up, close. 

occulte, adv. [occultus], secretly. 

occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
conceal, hide. 

occultus, -a, -um [occulo, cover], 
secret. 

occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
seize, take possession of, oc- 
cupy; invest, P. 2. 

occurro, -currere, -curri, -cur- 
sum [ob + curro], intr., run 
to meet, meet; encounter, op- 
pose. 

Oceanus, -i, M., the ocean. 

Octavius, -i, M., Octavius, a 
gentile name; 1. Cn. Octa- 
vius, consul 87 b.c. ; 2. L. 
Octavius, consul 75 b.c. 

octingentesimus, -a, -um, eight 
hundredth. 

oculus, -i, M., eye. 

odi, odisse, dep. vb. (App. 50), 
hate; perf. system w. mean- 
ings of pres. system. 

odiosus, -a, -um [odium], hate- 
ful, odious. 

odium, -i, N. [odi], hatred. 

odor, -oris, M., smell, odor, per- 
fume. 



470 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



offensid, -orris, F. [offendo], (a 
striking against), disaster, 
reverse, loss. 

offensus, -a, -um [offendo], 
odious, detested, offensive, an 
object of offense. 

offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum 
[ob + fero], tr., present, offer; 
expose, give. 

officium, -i, N. [opus, facio], ser- 
vice, kindness, duty. 

olim, adv., formerly, long ago, 
Ar. 9. 

omen, -inis, N., omen. 

omitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 
[ob + mitto], tr., let go; pass 
over, disregard, say nothing 
of, omit, abandon, P. 7 ; set 
aside, P. 17. 

omnino, adv. [omnis], altogether, 
entirely; w. neg., at all. 

omnis, -e, all, every, the whole, 
the whole of. 

onus, -eris, N., load, burden; 
cargo. 

opera, -ae, F. [opus], service, 
work, assistance, effort; occu- 
pation; see pretium ; operam 
dare, take pains, use influence. 

Opimius, -i, M., Opimus, a 
gentile name ; L. Opimius, 
consul 121 b.c. 

opimus, -a, -um, fat; rich. 

opinio, -onis, F. [opinor], opin- 
ion, notion, idea, impression; 
expectation. 

opinor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
think, suppose, imagine. 

opitulor, -ari, -atus sum [ops, 
fero], dep., bear aid, help. 

oportet, oportere, oportuit, im- 



pers. (App. 52), it is neces- 
sary, it ought. 

oppeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum 
[ob + peto], tr., meet, en- 
counter. 

oppidum, -i, N., town. 

oppono, -ponere, -posui, -pos- 
itum [ob + pono], tr., set 
before, oppose, place in com- 
parison. 

opportunitas, -tatis, F. [oppor- 
tunus], opportunity,, fortunate 
circumstance, P. 17. 

opportunus, -a, -um [ob, portus], 
suitable, advantageous. 

opprimo, -primere, -pressi, 
-pressum [ob + premo], tr., 
(press against), crush, over- 
whelm, oppress, burden, weigh 
down, check, Cat., I, 13 ; de- 
stroy, P. 12. 

oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum [ob 
+ pugno], tr., fight against, 
attack, assault. 

ops, opis, F. (nom. and dat. 
sing, not used), help; pi., 
resources, power, influence. 

optimas, -atis, adj. [optimus], 
of the best, pi. optimates, 
-ium, M., the optimates (op- 
ti-ma/tez), the nobles, the aris- 
tocracy. 

optime, adv., sup. of bene. 

optimus, see bonus. 

opto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
choose, wish, desire, hope for. 

opulentia, -ae [opulens], riches, 
opulence, prosperity. 

opus, -eris, N., work; nom. and 
ace. in phrases w. sum, need; 
opus est, there is need, it is 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



471 



necessary; magno opere, 
greatly, thoroughly. 

ora, -ae, F., coast, shore; dis- 
trict. 

oratio, -onis, F. [oro], speech, 
address, oration, words, lan- 
guage; argument. 

orbis, orbis, M., circle; orbis 
terrae (or terrarum), (circle 
of land, i.e. around the Medi- 
terranean), the earth, the 
whole world. 

ordo, -inis, M., line, row; rank, 
class, order, body (referring es- 
pecially to the Senate or the 
equites) . 

orior, -iri, ortus sum, dep., 
rise, spring; oriens, -entis, 
as noun, the rising (sun), the 
east. 

ornamentum, -I, N. [orno], 
equipment; decoration, orna- 
ment, distinction; grace, glory, 
P. 17. 

ornate, adv. [ornatus], grace- 
fully, elegantly. 

ornatus, -a, -um [orno], fur- 
nished, equipped, adorned, 
honored, possessed of, pro- 
vided with; honorable, P. 1 ; 
substantial, P. 6. 

orno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., fit 
out, furnish, equip; honor, 
adorn, embellish, add lustre to. 

oro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., speak, 
beseech, implore, beg. 

ortus, -us, M. [orior], a rising; 
solis ortus, the east. 

6s, oris, N., mouth, face, coun- 
tenance. 

ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 



turn [ob + tendo], tr., stretch 
out, show, make evident, Ar. 7 . 
display. 

ostento, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
of ostendo], tr., show, dis- 

_ play. 

Ostiensis, -e, of Ostia, the port 
of Rome, at the mouth of the 
Tiber. 

ostium, -i, N. [6s], mouth, en- 
trance. 

otiosus, -a, -um [otium], at 
leisure, at peace, peaceful, 
peaceable, unconcerned, tran- 
quil, quiet. 

otium, -i, N., leisure, ease, idle- 
ness; quiet, peace. 



P., see Publius. 

pacatus, -a, -um [paco], sub- 
dued, peaceful. 

paciscor, -i, pactus sum, dep., 
agree, agree upon, stipulate, 

paco, -are, -avi, -atum [pax], 
tr., make peaceful, subdue, 
pacify. 

pactum, -i, N. [paciscor], (agree- 
ment), manner, way. 

paene, adv., almost. 

paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers., it 
repents. 

palam, adv., openly, plainly. 

Palatium, -i, N., the Palatine 
Hill. 

Pamphylia, -ae, F., Pamphylia, 
a country in southern Asia 
Minor. 

Papius, -a, -um, of Papius, 
Papian. 

par, paris (abl. pari, gen. pi. 



472 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



parium), adj., equal, like; 

adequate; a match (for). 
paratus, -a, -um [paro], ready, 

prepared, equipped. 
parco, -ere, pepercl (parsl) 

parsum, intr., spare, be con- 
siderate of. 
parens, -entis, M. or F. [pario], 

parent; father, mother. 
pared, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., 

obey, submit (to), follow, bow 

(to), P. 22. 
paries, parietis, M., wall (of a 

house), house wall. 
pario, parere, peperi, partum 

(fut. part, pariturus), tr., 

bring forth, produce, create, 

form; procure, win, gain; 

incur, Cat., I, 12. 
paro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 

make ready, prepare, provide, 

procure. 
parricida, -ae, M. [pater, caedo], 

(one who slays his father), 

parricide, murderer, assassin. 
parricidium, -i, N. [parricida], 

parricide, murder. 
pars, partis, F., part, side, 

direction; party, faction; 

measure, P. 9. 
particeps, participis, adj. [pars, 

capio], sharing, as noun, 

sharer, partaker, participant, 

accomplice. 
partim, adv., partly; partim 

. . . partim, partly . . . 

partly; some . . . others; 

either . . . or. 
partus, -a, -um, see pario. 
parum, adv. (App. 20), but 

little, too little. 



parvulus, -a, -um [dim. of par- 
vus], very small, little. 

parvus, -a, -um, small, slight, 
little, narrow. 

pastio, -onis, F. [pasco], pas- 
turing, grazing, pasturage. 

pastor, -oris, M. [pasco], 
shepherd, herdsman. 

patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum 
[pateo + facio], tr., lay open, 
open, reveal, disclose, relate, 
make known. 

pateo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., be 
open, be exposed, be manifest. 

pater, patris, M., father; pater 
familias, head of a household. 

patientia, -ae, F. [patiens], 
patience, forbearance, endur- 
ance, ability to bear, Cat., I, 
10. 

patior, pati, passus sum, dep., 
suffer, endure; allow, permit. 

patria, -ae, F., fatherland, native 
land, country. 

patricius, -a, -um [pater], pa- 
trician; pi. as noun, the 
patricians. 

patrimonium, -i, N. [pater], 
inheritance (from a father), 
patrimony. 

patrius, -a, -um [pater], of 
one's father, ancestral. 

pauci, -ae, -a, few; pauca, 
-drum, a few things, a few 
words, briefly. 

paulatim, adv., little by little, 
gradually. 

paulisper, adv. [paulum], for a 
short time. 

paulo, adv. [paulus, little], by a 
little, a little; see ante. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



473 



paulum, adv. [paulus], a little, 
somewhat. 

Paulus, -I, M., Paulus, a family 
name ; L. Aemilius Paulus, 
consul 168 b.c. 

pax, pacis, F., peace, harmony, 
concord. 

pecto, -ere, pexi, pexum, tr., 
comb. 

pecuaria, -ae, F. [pecu], cattle- 
raising. 

pecunia, -ae, F. [pecu, cattle], 
property, wealth, riches, for- 
tune, capital, money. 

pecus, -udis, F., a head of 
cattle, beast; pi., cattle. 

pedester, -tris, -tre [pes], on 
foot, of foot soldiers. 

pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, tr., 
beat, drive, rout; defeat; expel, 
banish. 

Penates, -ium, M., the Penates 
(pe-na'tez), gods of the house- 
hold. 

penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
and intr., enter, penetrate. 

penitus, adv., inwardly, deeply, 
wholly. 

pensito, -are, -avi, -atum 
[pendo], tr., weigh out; pay. 

per, prep. w. ace, through, by; 
for; owing to, P. 1 ; during; 
as prefix, through, thoroughly, 
very. 

peradulescens, -entis, adj., very 
young. 

perbrevis, -e [brevis], very short. 

percello, -ere, -culi, -culsum, 
strike, down, cast down, dis- 
hearten. 

percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 



[capio], tr., (take fully), re- 
ceive, reap; perceive, hear, 
learn, appreciate, Ar. 7. 

percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cus- 
sum [quatio], tr., strike. 

perditus, -a, -um [perdo], lost, 
ruined, desperate; corrupt, 
criminal, depraved, worthless, 
profligate; as noun, scoundrel. 

perdo, -ere, perdidi, perditum 
[do], tr., ruin. 

perduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
tum [duco], tr., lead through, 
bring. 

peregrinor, -ari, -atus sum 
[peregrinus], dep., go abroad, 
travel. 

peregrinus, -a, -um [per, ager], 
foreign, strange, provincial. 

pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., 



perfectus, -a, -um [perficio], 
finished; perfect, ideal. 

perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 
[fero], tr., (bear through), 
carry, bring; report; suffer, 
endure, tolerate. 

perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
[facio], tr., do thoroughly, ac- 
complish, complete, bring about, 
cause. 

perfringo, -fringere, -fregi, 
-fractum [frango], tr., break 
through, break down; violate. 

perfruor, -frui, -fructus sum 
[fruor], dep., enjoy fully. 

perfugium, -i, N. [perfugio], 
place of refuge, refuge, shelter. 

pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum 
[per + rego], intr., proceed, 
go on; continue. 



474 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



perhorrescd, -ere, perhorrul, — 

[horresco], tr., shudder at, 

tremble at the thought of, 

Cat., IV, 6. 
periclitor, -ari, -atus sum [peri- 

culum], dep., try, test; imperil, 

endanger, risk. 
periculosus, -a, -urn [pericu- 

lum], dangerous, perilous. 
periculum, -I, N., trial; danger, 

peril, risk; lawsuit. 
periniquus, -a, -um [per + in 

+ aequus], very (or most) 



peritus, -a, -um, skillful, skilled, 
experienced (in). 

permagnus, -a, -um, very great, 
very large. 

permaneo, -manere, -mansi, 
-mansum [maneo], intr., re- 
main. 

permitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum [mitto], tr., let go, give 
up, surrender, intrust; permit. 

permodestus, -a, -um [modes- 
tus], very modest. 

permoveo, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
tum [moveo], tr., move deeply; 
influence, impel, actuate. 

permulti, -ae, -a, very many, in 
great numbers. 

permultum, adv. [permultus], 
very much. 

pernicies, -ei, F., destruction, 
ruin, disaster, calamity. ■ 

perniciosus, -a, -um [pernicies], 
destructive, ruinous; danger- 
ous, traitorous. 

pernocto, -are, -avi, -atum [nox], 
intr., spend the night. 

perpetuus, -a, -um [peto], con- 



tinuous, perpetual, permanent, 
lasting; in perpetuum, forever. 

persaepe, adv. [saepe], very 
often, many times. 

perscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
-scriptum [scribo], tr., write 
out, write in full. 

persequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 
[sequor], dep., follow up, pur- 
sue, prosecute, revenge, avenge, 
P. 5. 

Perses, -ae, M. (App. 11), 
Perses, king of Macedonia. 

perseverantia, -ae, F. [perse- 
vero], perseverance. 

persona, -ae, F. [per, sono], 
(mask), character, person. 

perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn [specio], tr., see through, 
perceive, observe, see clearly. 

persuadeo, -suadere, -suasi, 
suasum, intr., persuade, con- 
vince. 

perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum 
[terreo], tr., frighten thor- 
oughly, terrify. 

pertimesco, -timescere, -timui, 
— [timesco], tr. and intr., be 
thoroughly frightened, become 
alarmed; dread, fear. 

pertineo, -ere, -ui, — [teneo], 
intr., extend, reach, tend; con- 
cern, pertain, belong, relate. 

perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
[turbo], throw into confusion, 
disturb, agitate, alarm. 

pervado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum 
[vado], tr., go through, spread 
through, penetrate, reach, per- 
vade, fill. 

pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



475 



turn [venio], intr., arrive, come, 

reach, attain. 
pes, pedis, M., foot. 
pestis, pestis, F., plague; ruin, 

destruction; pest, curse, bane. 
petitio, -onis, F. [peto], thrust, 

blow, attack. 
peto, -ere, petivi, petitum, tr., 

seek, ask, beg; aim at, attack. 
petulantia, -ae, F. [petulans], 

impudence, wantonness. 
Philippus, -I, M., Philippus, 

Philip; especially Philip V., 

king of Macedonia ; L. Philip- 
pus, consul 91 b.c. 
philosophus, -i, M., philoso- 
pher. 
Picenus, -a, -um, of Pice'num, 

a district northeast of Rome. 
pietas, -tatis, F. [pius], devotion, 

piety, righteousness; filial 

affection. 
pila, -ae, F. ball, ball-playing, 

game of ball. 
pinguis, -e, fat, dull, stupid. 
Pius, -i, M., Pius, a surname, 
placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., 

please; impers., it pleases, it 

is agreed, it seems right, it is 

thought best. 
placo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 

appease, satisfy, reconcile, 

pacify. 
plane, adv. [planus, level], 

plainly, clearly. 
plebs, plebis or plebi (or plebes, 

-ei), F., the common people, 

the people. 
plenus, -a, -um, full. 
plerique, -aeque, -aque, pi. 

adj., very many, most. 



Plotius, -I, M. Plotius, a gentile 

name ; L. Plotius Gallus, a 

rhetorician, 
plurimus, -a, um, sup. of mul- 

tus, most; plurimum, adv. 

(multum), most, plurimum 

posse, be most (or very) 

powerful. 
plus, comp. adj. and adv. 

[multus], (App. 17), more; 

pi., more, many. 
poena, -ae, F., punishment, 

penalty. 
Poenus, -i, M., a Phoenician, a 



iian. 

poeta, -ae, M., poet. 

polio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., 
polish, finish. 

polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum 
[pro + liceor], dep., promise, 
pledge. 

Pompeius (Pompei, Pompeio, 
Pompeium), Pompey, a 
nomen or gentile name ; Cn. 
Pompeius Magnus, the fa- 
mous general. 

Pomptinus, -i, M., Pompti'nus, 
a family name ; C. Pompti- 
nus, praetor 63 b.c. 

pono, ponere, posui, positum, 
tr., place, put, set; w. castra, 
pitch. 

pons, pontis, M., bridge. 

pontifex, -ficis, M. [pons, facio], 
priest, pontiff; pontifex maxi- 
mus, high priest. 

Pontus, -i, M., Pontus, a 
country of Asia Minor, south 
of the Pontus Euxinus (Black 
Sea) , from which the name is 
derived. 



476 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



popina, -ae, F., cookshop, eat- 
ing house, tavern. 

popularis, -e [populus], popular, 
of the people, devoted to the 
people, acceptable to the peo- 
ple. 

populus, -i, M., people, nation ; 
the citizens (opp. milites). 

porta, -ae, F., gate. 

portus, -us, M., harbor, port. 

posco, -ere, poposci, , tr., 

demand. 

positus, -a, -um [p6no], placed, 
situated, lying. 

possessio, -onis, F. [possideo], 
possession, property. 

possum, posse, potui [potis, 
able + sum], (App. 44), irr., 
be able, can; usually w. a 
complementary inf. 

post, prep. w. ace., after, be- 
hind; within; as adv., after- 
wards. 

postea, adv. [post + ea], after- 
wards. 

posteaquam, conj., after. 

posterities, -tatis [posterus], the 
future; posterity. 

posterus, -a, -um [post] (App. 
19), following ; pi. as noun, 
posterity, descendants; in 
posterum (tempus), for the 
future. 

posthac, adv. [hac], after this, 
hereafter. 

postquam, conj. [post + quam], 
after. 

postremo, adv. [postremus], 
finally, lastly. 

postremus, -a, -um [posterus], 
last. 



postulatum, -i, N. [postulo], a 
demand. 

postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
ask, demand, claim (with 
reasons of right) ; request. 

potens, potentis, adj., power- 
ful. 

potestas, -tatis, F. [potis], 
power, opportunity, permis- 
sion. 

potior, -iri, -itus sum, dep., get 
possession of, secure, become 
master of. 

potissimum [sup. of potius], 
especially, above all, in prefer- 
ence to all others, P. 10. 

potius, adv. comp., rather, 
more. 

prae, prep. w. abl., before, in 
front of; in comparison with, 
Cat, II, 3; as prefix, before, 
over. 

praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [prae 
+ habeo], tr., hold forth, offer, 
render, show, Cat, IV, 6; 
afford, furnish, Ar. 7. 

praeceps, -cipitis, adj. [prae + 
caput], (head foremost), rash, 
inconsiderate. 

praeceptum, -i, N. [praecipio], 
precept, rule. 

praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- 
tum [capio], take beforehand, 
advise, warn, direct. 

praecipue, adv. [praecipuus], 
especially. 

praecipuus, -a, -um [capio], 
(taken first), special, par- 
ticular. 

praeclarus, -a, -um [clarus], 
very bright, illustrious, re- 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



477 



workable, extraordinary ; fine, 
Cat, I, 11; noble, honorable. 

praeco, -onis, M. [prae, vocd], 
herald, eulogizer. 

praeconium, -I, N. [praeco], 
'proclaiming, publishing. 

praecurro, -currere, -cucurri, — 
[curro], intr., run before, excel. 

praeda, -ae, F., plunder, booty. 

praedator, -oris, M. [praedor], 
robber. 

praedicatio, -onis, F. [praedico], 
proclamation, praise. 

praedico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico], 
tr. and intr., declare, assert; 
proclaim, say, call, mention. 

praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum 
[died], tr., foretell, predict, say 
first, Cat., IV, 3. 

praeditus, -a, -urn [prae+datus], 
gifted, endowed, possessing, en- 
joying. 

praedium, -i, N., a farm, estate. 

praedo, -onis, M., robber, pi- 
rate. 

praefectura, -ae, F. [praefectus], 
prefecture, either the office of 
governor in a province, or a 
city governed by a prefect. 

praefero, -ferre, -tuli, latum 
[fero], tr., bear before, carry 
before; offer, present; prefer. 

praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
[facio], tr., set over, put in 
charge (of). 

praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum [mitto], tr., send ahead, 
send in advance. 

praemium, -i, N. [prae + emo], 
reward, gift. 

Praeneste, -is, N., Praeneste 



(pre-nes'te), a town in Latium 
now Palestrina. 

praepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tum [pono], tr., set over, put 
in charge (command) of. 

praescribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
-scriptum [scribo], tr., direct, 
enjoin upon, prescribe. 

praesens, -entis, adj. [praesum], 
at hand, present in one's 
midst, in person, evident, 
opportune. 

praesentia, -ae, F. [praesens], 
presence; the present time; 
in praesentia, at the present 
time. 

praesentio, -sentire, -sensi, sen- 
sum [sentio], tr., see in ad- 
vance, anticipate, look forward. 

praesertim, adv., especially. 

praesideo, -sidere, -sedi, — 
[sedeo], intr., guard, protect, 
watch over, preside over. 

praesidium, -i, N. [praesideo], 
defense, protection; guard, 
garrison ; force. 

1. praesto, adv., at hand, ready. 

2. praesto, -stare, -stiti, -sti- 
tum [sto], stand before, excel; 
guarantee, do, accomplish, 
keep. 

praestolor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 

await, wait for, expect. 
praesum, -esse, -fui, intr., be 

at the head of, be in command 

of. 
praeter, prep. w. ace, except, 

besides, contrary to, beyond; 

as prefix, by. 
praeterea, adv. [ea], besides, 

moreover. 



478 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



praetereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], 
tr., go by, pass over, omit. 

praeteritus, -a, -um [praetereo], 
gone by, past; neut. pi., the 
past. 

praetermitto, -mittere, -misi, 
-missum [mitto], tr., let go by, 
omit, pass over, overlook. 

praeterquam, adv., except, be- 
yond. 

praetextatus, -a, -um [praetexo], 
wearing the toga praetexta, in 
childhood. 

praetextus, -a, -um [praetexo], 
bordered; praetexta (sc. toga), 
the purple-bordered toga 
worn by Roman boys and 
magistrates ; in praetexta, in 
boyhood. 

praetor, -oris, M. [prae + eo], 
(one who goes ahead, com- 
mander), praetor, a Roman 
judge; see Introd. 34. 

praetorius, -a, -um [praetor], 
of a praetor, of a general; 
cohors praetoria, body guard. 

praetura, -ae, F. [praetor], 
praetorship. 

precor, -an, -atus sum [prex, 
prayer], dep., intreat, pray 
to, invoke. 

premo, -ere, pressi, pressum, 
tr., press, burden, oppress, 
distress, overwhelm. 

pretium, -i, N., worth, value, 
price; bribery; operae pre- 
tium, worth while. 

pridem, adv., long ago; iam 
pridem, long ago, for a long 
time. 

pridie, adv., the day before. 



primo, adv. [primus], at first, 

first. 
primum, adv. [primus], first, 

in the first place; for the first 

time; quam primum, as soon 

as possible. 
primus, -a, -um, first; in primis, 

especially. 
princeps, principis, adj., first in 

order, chief; as noun, chief, 

chief man, prince; leader, 

guide. 
principio, adv. [abl. of princi- 

pium], in the first place, first 

of all. 
principium, -i, N. [princeps], 

beginning. 
prior, prius (App. 19), former, 

preceding, first; prius, ace. as 

adv., before, first. 
pristinus, -a, -um, former, early. 
priusquam, conj. [prius + 

quam], before; often written 

prius . . . quam. 
privatus, -a, -um [privo], (apart 

from the state), personal, 

private, individual; as a noun, 

private citizen (opp. magis- 
trate), 
privo, -are, -avi, -atum [privus], 

tr., deprive. 

1. pro, prep. w. abl., before, in 
front of, instead of, as, accord- 
ing to, in accordance with, in 
behalf of, for, in defense of, 
on account of. 

2. pro, inter j., 0! 

proavus, -i, M. [avus], great- 
grandfather, ancestor. 

probo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
prove, approve, esteem, admire. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



479 



procedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum [cedo], intr., advance, 



procella, -ae, F., violent wind, 
storm, tempest. 

processio, -onis, F. [procedo], 
advance. 

procul, adv., afar off, at a dis- 
tance, far. 

procuratio, -onis, F. [procuro], 
(a caring for), charge, manage- 
ment, task. 

prodigium, -i, N., (prophetic 
sign), prodigy (of wicked- 
ness), Cat., II, 1. 

prodigus, -a, -urn, wasteful, 
lavish, prodigal; as noun, 
spendthrift. 

prodo, -ere, prodidi, proditum 
[do], tr., give forth; hand 
down, transmit. 

proelium, -i, N., battle. 

profectio, -onis, F. [proficiscor], 
departure. 

profecto, adv. [pro + facto], (for 
a fact), really, actually, cer- 
tainly, surely, truly. 

profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 
[fero], tr., bring forth, pro- 
duce, bring forward. 

professio, -onis, F. [profiteor], 
declaration, registration, Ar. 4. 

proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
[facio], tr. and intr., make 
progress, succeed; accomplish, 
gain. 

proficiscor, -I, profectus sum 

[proficio], dep., set out, depart, 

go forth, go ; begin, proceed, 

P. 2. 

profiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum 



[fateor], dep., declare publicly, 

profess, make declaration, 

register; offer, promise. 
profligatus, -a, -um [profligo], 

abandoned, unprincipled, pro- 
fligate. 
profligo, -are, -avi, -atum 

[pro + fligo], tr., strike down, 

overthrow, overwhelm. 
profugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , 

intr., flee. 
profunda, -fundere, -fudi, -fu- 

sum [fundo], tr., pour out, 

squander, dissipate. 
progredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 

[gradior], dep., go forward, 

advance, proceed. 
prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [pro + 

habeo], tr., hold back, check, 

restrain, cut off, prevent, pro- 
tect, preserve. 
proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 

[iacio], tr., cast forth, cast out, 

throw away. 
proinde, adv., therefore. 
prolato, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 

extend, put off, delay. 
promitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, tr., send forth, promise. 
promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum 

[mulgo], tr., bring forward, 

propose (a law). 
propago, -are, -avi, -atum 

[pango], tr., extend, prolong; 

add, Cat., II, 5; grant, Cat., 

Ill, 11. 
prope, prep. w. ace, near; 

adv., near, nearly, almost. 
propello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- 

sum [pello], tr., drive forward, 

drive away. 



480 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



propero, -are, -avl, -atum [pro- 

perus], intr., hasten. 
propono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 

tum [pono], tr., put forth, set 
before, keep before, propose. 

proprius, -a, -urn, one's own, 
special, peculiar, characteris- 
tic; in accordance with. 

propter, prep. w. ace, on 
account of; adv., near, near at 
hand. 

propterea, adv., [ea], for this 
reason; propterea quod, for 
the reason that. 

propugnaculum, -i, N. [pro- 
pugno], defense, fortification, 
bulwark. 

propulso, -are, -avl, -atum [freq. 
of propello], tr., drive back, 
ward off. 

proscriptio, -onis, F. [proscribo], 
(public notice of sale) ; pro- 
scription; confiscation, seiz- 
ure. 

prosequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 
[sequor], dep., follow, accom- 
pany, escort, attend. 

prosperus, -a, -um [pro, spes], 
prosperous, flourishing. 

prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn [specio], tr. and intr., 
look forward; look out for, 
provide for, foresee. 

prosterno, -sternere, -stravi. 
-stratum [sterno], tr., spread 
out, prostrate; subdue. 

prostratus, -a, -um [prosternus], 
prostrate; subdued. 

prosum, prodesse, profui, — , 
[sum], intr., be useful, bene- 
fit. 



proverbium, -I, N. [verbum], 
old saying, proverb. 

providentia, -ae, F. [providens], 
foresight, prudence. 

provided, -videre, -vidi, -visum 
[video], tr. and intr., foresee; 
provide (for), Cat., II, 9; 
take care, arrange; guard 
against. 

provincia, -ae, F., province. 

provincialis, -e [provincia], pro- 
vincial, in a province. 

provoco, -are, -avl, -atum [voco], 
tr., call forth; provoke, incite. 

proximus, -a, -um [prope,] (App. 
19), nearest, next, last, before. 

prudens, -entis, adj., foreseeing, 
wise, prudent. 

prudentia, -ae, F. [prudens], 
a foreseeing; prudence, wis- 
dom. 

pruina, -ae, F., frost. 

publicanus, -i, M. [publicus], 
publican, farmer or collector 
of revenue. 

publicatio, -onis, F. [publico], 
confiscation (seizure of private 
property for the state). 

publice, adv. [publicus], pub- 
licly, by the people. 

Publicius, -i, M., Publicius, a 
gentile name. 

publico, -are, -avl, -atum [pub- 
licus], tr., (make public), 
confiscate. 

publicus, -a, -um [populus], of 
the people, of the state, public; 
res publica, state, republic, 
commonwealth, affairs of state, 
interests of the country, public 
welfare. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



481 



Publius, -I, M., Publius, a 
praenomen or personal name. 

pudet, -ere, -uit, impers. [pudor] 
it shames, it causes shame in. 

pudlcitia, -ae, F. [pudicus], 
purity, chastity. 

pudor, -oris, M., shame, a sense 
of right, honor, modesty, modest 
worth, Ar. 12. 

puer, -eri, M., boy. 

puerilis, -e [puer], of a boy, of 
boyhood. 

pueritia, -ae, F. [puer], boy- 
hood. 

pugna, -ae, F., fight, battle. 

pugno, -are, -avi, -atum [pugna], 
intr., fight, contend. 

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beauti- 
ful, fair; noble, honorable. 

pulvinar, -aris, N. [pulvinus, a 
cushion], (cushioned seat 
spread at a feast of the gods), 
altar, shrine; for decl. see 
App. 7. 

punctum, -I, N. [pungo], punc- 
ture, point; punctum tem- 
poris, moment, point of time. 

Punicus, -a, -um [Poenus], 
Punic, Carthaginian. 

punio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [poena], 
tr., punish. 

puppis, -is, F., stern. 

purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
make clean, cleanse, purify; 
free, acquit. 

purpura, -ae, F., purple, purple 
robe. 

purpuratus, -a, -um [purpura], 
clad in purple; as noun, 
courtier, prime minister. 

purus, -a, -um, clean, pure. 



puto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
reckon, think, suppose. 



Q., see Quintus. 

qua, adv. [qui], by which way, 
where. 

quaero, -ere, -quaesivi, -quaesi- 
tum, tr., ask, ask for, seek, in- 
quire; aim at. 

quaesitor, -oris, M. [quaero], 
investigator, investigating offi- 
cer. 

quaeso, -ere, — , — , tr. and 
intr., beg, entreat, beseech; 
generally parenthetical, as in 
Cat., I, 11. 

quaestio, -onis, F. [quaero], in- 
quiry, investigation ; trial, law 
court. 

quaestor, -oris, M. [quaero], 
quaestor; see Introd. 36. 

quaestus, -us, M. [quaero], gain, 
profit, business; in quaestu, 
at interest, P. 13. 

qualis, -e, adj., interrog., of 
what sort, what; rel., such as, 
as. 

quam, adv. and conj., how, as; 
w. comparatives, than, rather 
than; w. superlatives, as . . . 
as. 

quamdiu, conj. adv. [quam + 
diu], as long as. 

quam ob rem, interrog. phrase, 
for what reason? why? rel., 
wherefore, why, for this reason. 

quamquam, conj., although; in 
transitions, and yet. 

quamvis, adv., however. 

quando, adv., at any time, ever, 



482 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



some day; conj., when, since, 
because. 

quantum, adv., how much; as 
far as. 

quantus, -a, -um, how great, 
how much, what; as great as, 
as much as; correl. w. tantus, 
as. 

quantuscumque, -tacumque, 
-tumcumque, rel. adj., however 
great, such as. 

quapropter, adv. [qua + prop- 
ter], wherefore. 

quare, adv. [qua + re], where- 
fore, why, for which; there- 
fore, and therefore. 

quartus, -a, -um, fourth. 

quasi, adv., as if, as it were. 

quattuor, indeel. adj., four. 

-que, enclitic conj., and. 

quern ad modum, interrog. 
phrase [modus], in what man- 
ner, how, as. 

querela, -ae, F. [queror], com- 
plaint. 

querimonia, -ae, F. [queror], 
complaint, accusation, re- 
proach. 

queror, queri, questus sum, dep., 
complain. 

qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, 
which, that; as. 

quia, conj., because. 

quicquam, see quisquam. 

quicquid, see quisquis. 

quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
cumque, indef. rel. pron. and 
adj., whoever, whatever. 

quidam, quaedam, quoddam 
(quiddam), indef. pron. and 
adj., a certain, a kind of, some; 



as it were; pi., certain, 

some. 
quid em, adv., indeed, to be sure; 

ne . . . quidem, not even. 
quies, quietis, F., rest, quiet. 
quiesco, -ere, quievi, quietum 

[quies], intr., rest; keep quiet, 

be still. 
quietus, -a, -um [quiesco], un- 
disturbed, quiet, peaceful. 
quin, conj. [qui + ne, how not], 

why not? but indeed; so that 

. . . not, that, but that, but; 

after words of hindering, from, 

w. verbal in -ing; quin etiam, 

why even, moreover. 
quintus, -a, -um [quinque], fifth. 
Quintus, -i, M., Quintus, a 

praenomen or personal name. 
Quirites, -ium, M. pi., Quirites 

(kwi-rl'tez), fellow citizens. 

1. quis, quid, interrog. pron. 
(App. 26), who? which? 
what ? as adj., qui, quae, quod, 
which? what? as adv., quid, 
why? quid is often used in 
exclamation and transition, 
what of this, what of the fact, 
again, but mark this. 

2. quis, quid, indef. pron. (App. 
27), any one, anything, some, 
any; as adj., qui, quae, quod, 
any; used chiefly after si, nisi, 
ne. 

quisnam (quinam), quaenam, 
auidnam (quodnam), inter- 
rog. pron. and adj., who, 
pray? who? more emphatic 
than quis. 

quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam 
or quodpiam, indef, pron. and 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



483 



adj., any one, any; some 
one. 

quisquam, quicquam, indef. 
pron. (App. 27), any one (at 
all), anything, any; used 
chiefly in neg. sentences or 
in questions involving a neg. 
answer. 

quisque, quidque, indef. pron. 
(App. 27), each, each one, 
every one. 

quisquis, quidquid, or quicquid, 
compound rel. pron., who- 
ever, whatever; only forms in 
common use are quisquis, 
quicquid, quoquo. 

1. quo [qui], adv., rel. and in- 
terrog., to what place, whither, 
where, to which; for which 
reason, wherefore; before com- 
paratives, by how much, the; 
quo usque, how far ? 

2. quo, conj. [= ut eo], (that 
thereby), that, in order that; 
because; quo minus or quo- 
minus, (by which the less), 
that not, from (doing any- 
thing) . 

quoad, conj. [quo + ad], as 

long as, until. 
quocirca, conj., wherefore. 
quocumque, adv., to whatever 

place, wherever, whichever way, 

Cat., IV, 3. 
quod, conj., because; that, the 

fact that, as to the fact that; 

quod si, but if, and if, now if. 
quominus, see 2. quo. 
quondam, adv., once, once upon 

a time, formerly. 
quoniam, conj. [quom(=cum) 



+ iam], since, because, seeing 

that. 
quoque, adv., also, too, even. 
quot, adj., indecl., how many, as 

many as, as. 
quotannis, adv. [annus], every 

year, yearly. 
quotiens, adv. [quot], how often, 

as often as. 
quotienscumque, adv. [quotiens 

+ cumque], just as often as, 

every time that. 



rapina, -ae, F. [rapio], robbery, 
plunder. 

rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, tr., 
carry off, seize; impel, drive 
hurry along, hurry off. 

ratio, -onis, F. [reor, think], 
reckoning, consideration, ac- 
count; reason, plan; course, 
system, way, method, means; 
theoretical knowledge; interest. 

re-, red-, prefix, back, again; 
sometimes not, un-. 

Reatinus, -a, -um, of Reate, an 
ancient town in central Italy. 

recens, -entis, adj., fresh, new, 
recent. 

recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
[capio], tr., take back, receive, 
admit, take upon (sibi), under- 
take; se recipere, return. 

recito, -are, -avi, -atum [cito], 
tr., read aloud, read. 

reclamo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[clamo], tr., cry out against, 
protest. 

recognosco, -cognoscere, -cog- 
novi, -cognitum [cognosco] 



484 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



tr., know again, recognize, 
recall; review. 

recolo, -ere, -ui, -cultum -[colo], 
tr., cultivate again, review. 

reconciliatio, -onis, F. [recon- 
cilio], restoration, renewal. 

recondo, -condere, -condidi, 
-conditum [condo], tr., put 
away, hide, conceal. 

recordor, -ari, -atus sum [cor, 
heart], dep., call to mind, re- 
call, remember, recollect. 

recreo, -are, -avi, -atum [creo, 
?nake], tr., renew, refresh, re- 
store, give strength to; se 
recreare, recover. 

recta, adv., [sc. via], straight- 
way, straight forward, right 
on, directly. 

recte, adv. [rectus], rightly, 
properly, wisely. 

recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
recover, regain. 

recurro, -currere, -curri, — 
[curro], intr., run back, re- 
turn. 

recusatio, -onis, F. [recuso], a 
declining, refusal. 

recuso, -are, -avi, -atum [re, 
causa], tr. and intr., object, 
refuse, decline. 

reded, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., 
go back, return. 

redimio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., 
crown, wreathe. 

redimo, -imere, -end, -emptum 
[emo], tr., buy back, redeem; 
buy up, contract for, P. 7; 
ransom, P. 12. 

reditus, -us, M. [redeo], a re- 
turn. 



reduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 

tr., bring back, bring home. 

redundo, -are, -avi, -atum 
[undo, surge], intr., overflow, 
redound, accrue; be filled. 

refercio, -fercire, -fersi, -fertum 
[farcio], tr., stuff, fill. 

refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum 
[fero], tr., bring back, return, 
report, refer; ad senatum re- 
ferre, lay before, refer to, the 
Senate; gratiam referre, show 



refert, -ferre, -tulit [res + fero], 
impers., it is of advantage, it 
concerns, it matters, P. 7. 

refertus, -a, -um [refercio], 
filled, crowded, swarming 
(with), abounding (in). 

reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
[facio], tr., make over, refresh. 

refuto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
refute, disprove. 

regalis, -e [rex], of a king, regal, 
royal. 

regie, adv. [regius], tyranni- 
cally. 

Regini, -orum, M., the inhab- 
itants of Regium, in southern 
Italy. 

regio, -onis, F. [rego], direction, 
line; boundary, region, dis- 
trict, country, territory, P. 18, 

regius, -a, -um [rex], of a king, 
royal. 

regno -are, -avi, -atum [regnum], 
tr., reign, rule. 

regnum, -i, N. [rego], royal 
power, kingdom. 

rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, tr., 
rule, direct, govern, manage. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



485 



reicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
[iacio], tr., throw back, reject. 

relaxo, -are, -avi, -atum [laxo], 
tr., ease, relax, release. 

relevo, -are, -avi, -atum [levo], 
tr., lift up, lighten; relieve, 
ease. 

religio, -onis, F., (reverence for 
the gods), piety, religion; re- 
ligious scruple, scrupulous 
honor. 

religiosus, -a, -um [religio], 
sacred, revered, holy. 

relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lic- 
tum [linquo], tr., leave behind, 
leave, abandon; desert, for- 
sake; pass over, Cat, III, 8; 



reliquiae, -arum, F., leavings, 
what is left over. 

reliquus, -a, -um [relinquo], re- 
maining, the rest of, the rest, 
other; the future; reliquum 
est, it remains. 

remaned, -manere, -mansi, — 
[maneo], intr., remain, stay 
behind; last. 

remex, remigis, M. [remus, 
ago], a rower. 

remissio, -onis, F. [remitto], 
mitigation, mildness; relaxa- 
tion, recreation. 

remissus, -a, -um [remitto], re- 
laxed, lax, indulgent. 

remitto, -ere, -misi, -missum 
[mitto], tr., send back. 

remoror, -ari, -atus sum [moror], 
dep., hold back, delay, keep 
waiting. 

removed, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
tum [moveo], tr., move back, 



remove, take away; reject, 
Cat, IV, 4. 

renovo, -are, -avi, -atum [novo] 
tr., renew. 

renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum [nun- 
tio], tr., report, return (of an 
election), declare elected. 

repello, repellere, reppuli, re- 
pulsum [pello], tr., drive back, 
repel, keep from. 

repente, adv. [repens], sud- 
denly. 

repentinus, -a, -um [repens], 
sudden. 

reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum 
[pario, secure], tr., find out, 
find (by seeking or inquiring). 

repeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum 
[peto], tr., demand, claim; 
recall (to mind), look back, 
claim in turn, Ar. 8. 

reporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto], 
tr., bring back, carry off. 

reprehendd, -ere, -hendi, hen- 
sum [prehendo], tr., lay hold 
of, blame, censure. 

reprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres- 
sum [premo], tr., press back, 
repress, check. 

repudio, -are, -avi, -atum [re- 
pudium], tr., cast off, reject, 
refuse, scorn, repudiate. 

repugno, -are, -avi, -atum 
[pugno], intr., fight against, 
oppose. 

requies, -etis, F., rest, repose. 

requiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- 
situm [quaero], tr., seek again, 
seek out, demand, ask; be at 
a loss for, miss, P. 2 ; beg for, 
P. 23. 



486 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



res, rei, F., thing, fact; circum- 
stance, situation, considera- 
tion, argument, plan, under- 
taking, event, incident, matter, 
affair, question, property ; qual- 
ity; see gerd, militaris, novus, 
publicus, secundus. 

resecd, -secare, -secui, -sectum 
[seed], tr., cut away, cut 
off- 

reservd, -are, -avi, -atum [servo], 
tr., keep back, reserve; keep, 
preserve. 

resided, -sidere, -sedi [seded], 
(sit back), remain behind, be 
left, remain. 

resignd, -are, -avi, -atum [signd], 
tr., unseal; destroy, Ar. 5. 

resistd, sistere, -stiti, — 
[sistd], intr., stand back, re- 
main; resist, withstand; sur- 
vive, Cat., Ill, 10. 

respicid, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn [specid], tr. and intr., 
look back, look back upon. 

responded, -spondere, -spondi, 
-spdnsum [sponded, promise], 
tr. and intr., answer, reply; 
be a match for, Cat, II, 11. 

respdnsum, -i, N. [responded], 
reply, answer. 

res publica, see publicus. 

restingud, -stinguere, -stinxi, 
-stinctum [stingud], tr., 
quench, extinguish. 

restitud, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- 
tum [statud], tr., (set up 
again), restore, renew. 

restd, -stare, -stiti, — [std], 
intr., withstand, oppose; im- 
pers., it remains. 



retardd, -are, -avi, -atum [tardd] 
tr., delay, hinder, retard. 

reticed, -ere, -ui, — [taced], 
tr. and intr., be silent, keep 
silence ; keep secret. 

retined, -ere, -ui, -tentum 
[tened], tr., hold back, pre- 
serve, maintain, uphold, keep. 

retorqued, -torquere, -torsi, 
-tortum [torqued], tr., (twist 
back), turn back. 

retundd, -ere, rettudi, retusum 
[tundd], tr., beat back, thrust 
back. 

reus, -i, M. [res], (one con- 
cerned in a thing), the defen- 
dant, accused, prisoner. 

revertd, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
sum [vertd], usually dep. in 
pres. system, return. 

revincd, -vincere, -vici, -victum 
[vincd], tr., convict. 

revocd, -are, -avi, -atum [vocd], 
tr., call back, recall; turn, 
restore. 

rex, regis, M., king. 

Rhodius, -a, -um, of Rhodes; 
pi. as noun, the Rhodians. 

ridiculus, -a, -um [rided], ridicu- 
lous, absurd. 

rdbur, rdboris, N., oak; strength. 

rdbustus, -a, -um [rdbur], (of 
oak), firm, solid, strong, vig- 
orous, robust. 

rogatus, -us, M. [rogd], request. 

rogd, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., ask, 
beg, request, implore; propose, 
enact, pass (laws). 

Roma, -ae, F., Rome. 

Rdmanus, -a, -um [Roma], 
Roman. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



487 



Romulus, -I, M., Romulus, the 
founder and first king of 
Rome. 

Roscius, -i, M., Roscius, a fam- 
ily name ; Quintus Roscius 
Gallus, a celebrated actor. 

Rudinus, -a, -um [Rudiae], of 
Rudiae, in southern Italy, 
the birthplace of Ennius. 

ruina, -ae, F. [ruo], a rushing 
down, fall, downfall, ruin. 

rumor, -oris, M., rumor, re-port. 

rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, tr., 
break. 

ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, intr., 
rush down, fall, go to ruin. 

rusticor, -ari, -atus sum [rusti- 
cus], dep., go to the country. 

rusticus, -a, -um [rus], rural, of 
the country, rustic; without 
culture, Ar. 10. 

S 

sacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred; 
sacra, -orum, pi. neut. as 
noun, sacred rites, ceremonies. 

sacrarium, -I, N. [sacrum]^ 
shrine, sanctuary. 

sacrosanctus, -a, -um [sacer + 
sanctus], sacred, inviolable. 

saeculum, -i, N., race, genera- 
tion; age; pi., ages, Cat, II, 
5. 

saepe, saepius, saepissime, adv- 
often. 

saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptum 
[saepes], tr., hem in, inclose. 

saevus, -a, -um, severe, cruel. 

sagax, -acis, adj., sagacious, 
keen, shrewd. 

Salaminii, -orum, M., the people 



of Sala?nis, a town of Cy- 
prus. 

salto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of 
salio, leap], intr., dance. 

saltus, -us, M., woodland pas- 
ture, pasture lands. 

salus, salutis, F. [salvus], sound- 
ness, good health; safety, wel- 
fare. 

saluto, -are, -avi, -atum [salus], 
tr., greet, salute, call upon, 
pay respects to. 

salvus, -a, -um, sound, safe, saved, 
solvent (financially) . 

Samos, -i, F., Samos (sa'mos), 
a city on the island Samos, 
in the Aegean. 

sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctum, tr., 
make sacred, ordain, enact. 

sanctus, -a, -um [sancio], sacred, 
holy; venerable; conscientious 
Ar. 5; inviolable, P. 14. 

sane, adv. [sanus], (soundly), 
by all means, if you wish; 
certainly, indeed, wholly, ut- 
terly. 

sanguis, sanguinis, M., blood, 
bloodshed. 

sano, -are, -avi, -atum [sanus], 
tr., make sound, cure, rem- 
edy. 

sanus, -a, -um, sound, whole* 
healthy; of the mind, rational, 
sane, sensible. 

sapiens, -entis, adj. [sapio], 
wise; as noun, wise man, 
philosopher. 

sapientia, -ae, F. [sapiens]' 
wisdom. 

Sardinia, -ae, F., Sardinia. 

satelles, -itis, M. or F., atten- 



488 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



dant; assistant, tool, accom- 
plice. 

satis, indecl. adj., often used as 
a noun, enough, sufficient; 
satis facio, do one's duty (to) ; 
adv., sufficiently, quite, very. 

Saturnalia, -idrum, N. [Satur- 
nus], the Saturnalia, feast of 
Saturn, beginning Dec. 17. 

Saturninus, -i, M., Saturninus, 
a family name ; L. Apuleius 
Saturninus, tribune 100 b.c. 

saucius, -a, -um, wounded. 

saxum, -i, N., rock. 

scaena, -ae, F., stage (of a 
theater). 

scaenicus, -a, -um [scaena], of 
the stage, dramatic. 

scelerate, adv. [sceleratus], 
wickedly, impiously. 

sceleratus, -a, -um [scelero], 
wicked, infamous, vicious; as 
noun, scoundrel. 

scelus, sceleris, N., crime, 
wickedness. 

sciens, -entis, adj. [scio], know- 
ing, acquainted (with), skilled. 

scientia, -ae,F. [scio], knowledge. 

scilicet, adv. [scire + licet], you 
may know, in fact, of course 
(ironical). 

scio, scire, scivi, sciturrij tr., 
know. 

Scipio, -onis, M., Scipio, a fam- 
ily name; 1. P. Cornelius 
Scipio Nasica, consul 138 b.c. ; 
2. P. Cornelius Scipio Africa- 
nus Maior, "the elder Scipio," 
conqueror of Hannibal 202 
b.c. ; 3. P. Cornelius Scipio 
Aemilianus Africanus Minor, 



destroyer of Carthage, 146 

B.C. 

scortum, -i, N., harlot, mis- 
tress. 

scriba, -ae, M. [scribo], clerk, 
secretary. 

scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum, 
tr., write, enroll, Ar. 5. 

scriptor, -oris, M. [scribo], 
writer, author. 

scriptura, -ae, F. [scribo], (writ- 
ing), pasture tax. 

se-, sed-, prefix, apart, aside. 

secedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 
[cedo], intr., go apart, go away, 
withdraw. 

secerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- 
tum [cerno], tr., separate, set 
apart. 

secundus, -a, -um [sequor], fol- 
lowing, second, favorable; se- 
cundae res, prosperity. 

securis, -is, F. [seed, cut], ax; 
see fasces. 

sed, conj., but. 

sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, intr., 
sit, remain. 

sedes, -is, F. [sedeo], seat, dwell- 
ing place, home, abode. 

seditio, -onis, F. [se, eo], (a going 
apart), dissension, insurrec- 
tion, sedition; trans, pi. as 
sing., Cat, I, 2. 

sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
(bring to rest), bring to an end, 
settle, check, stop. 

sedulitas, -tatis, F. [sedulus], 
industry, attention. 

segrego, -are, -avi, -atum 
[grego], tr., separate, exclude. 

seiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, iunc- 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



489 



turn [iungo], tr., disunite, 
separate, disconnect. 

selectus, -a, -um [seligo], singled 
out, selected. 

sella, -ae, F., seat, work stool, 
chair. 

semel, adv., once. 

semen, seminis, N. [serd, sow], 
seed. 

seminarium, -I, N. [semen], 
nursery, school. 

semper, adv., always. 

sempiternus, -a, -um [semper], 
everlasting, perpetual, eter- 
nal. 

Sempronius, -I, M., Sempronius, 
a gentile name; see Grac- 
chus ; Sempronius, -a, -um, 
Sempronian. 

senator, -oris [senex], M., 
senator. 

senatorius, -a, -um [senator], 
senatorial. 

senatus, -us, M. [senex], Senate, 
see Introd. 28. 

senectus, -tutis, F. [senex], old 
age. 

senex, senis, adj., old, aged; as 
noun (App. 10), an old man. 

sensus, -us, M. [sentio], feeling, 
senses, Ar. 7. 

sententia, -ae, F. [sentio], (way 
of thinking), opinion, decision, 
sentiment, idea, purpose; pur- 
port, tenor, vote. 

sentina, -ae, F., bilge water, 
dregs, refuse, rabble. 

sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, tr., 
feel; perceive, see, notice; 
think, understand, know; 
agree. 



sepelio, -ire, sepelivi, sepultus, 
tr., bury, ruin. 

sepulcrum, -i, N. [sepelio], (place 
of burial), tomb. 

sequor, sequi, secutus sum, 
dep., follow, comply with, 
accede to, adopt, obey. 

Sergius, -i, M., Sergius, a gen- 
tile name ; see Catilina. 

sermd, -onis, M. [sero, join], 
speech, discourse, talk, re- 
mark, conversation, rumor. 

sero, adv. [serus], late; comp. 
serius, too late. 

serpo, -ere, serpsi, serptum, 
intr., creep. 

serta, -drum, N. [sero, entwine], 
garlands, chaplets. 

Sertorianus, -a, -um, of Ser- 
torius, Sertorian. 

servilis, -e [servus], of a slave, 
of slaves, servile. 

Servilius, -i, M., Servilius, a 
gentile name; 1. Gaius Ser- 
vilius Ahala, master of horse 
439 b.c. ; 2. Gaius Servilius 
Glaucia, praetor 100 b.c. ; 
3. P. Servilius Vatia, consul 
79 b.c. 

servio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [servus], 
intr., be a slave, serve, labor 
for, minister to, be subject to, 
P. 14. 

servitium, -i, N. [servus], ser- 
vice, slavery; pi., slaves, Cat, 
IV, 2. 

servitus, -tutis, F. [servus], slav- 
ery, servitude. 

servo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
make safe, save, preserve; 
guard, keep, protect. 



490 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



servus, -I, M., slave, servant. 

sese, see sni. 

Sestius, -I, M., Sestius, a gen- 
tile name ; P. Sestius, quaes- 
tor in 63 b.c. 

severe, adv. [severus], severely. 

severitas, -tatis, F. [severus], 
strictness, severity, sternness, 
rigor. 

severus, -a, -um, serious, strict, 
stern, severe, impartial, Ar. 2. 

sex, indeel. adj., six. 

sexaginta, num. adj., sixty. 

si, conj., if. 

Sibyllinus, -a, -um [Sibylla, a 
prophetess], Sibylline. 

sic, adv., so, thus, in such a 
manner. 

sica, -ae, F. [seed, cut], dag- 
ger. 

sicarius, -i, M. [sica], assassin. 

Sicilia, -ae, F., Sicily. 

sicut or sicuti, conj. adv. [sic + 
ut], just as. 

Sigeum, -i, N., Sige'um, a prom- 
ontory near Troy. 

significatio, -onis, F. [significo], 
(a pointing out), expression, 
sign, token. 

significo, -are, -avi, -atum [sig- 
num, facio], indicate, repre- 
sent. 

signum, i, N., sign, standard, 
signal; seal; statue. 

Silanus, -i, M., Sila'nus, a fam- 
ily name ; D. Iunius Silanus, 
consul elect in 63 b.c. 

silentium, -i, N. [silens, still], 
silence, stillness. 

sileo, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and 
intr., be silent, seek silence; 



keep silent about, pass over in 
silence. 

Silvanus, -i, M., Silva'nus, a 
family name; M. Plautius 
Silvanus, tribune of the peo- 
ple 89 b.c. 

silvestris, -e [silva], overgrown 
with woods, wooded. 

similis, -e, similar, like. 

similiter, adv. [similis], in the 
same way, similarly. 

simpliciter, adv. [simplex], sim- 
ply, plainly. 

simul, adv., at the same time, at 
once; together, Ar. 11; as 
soon as (w. or without atque, 
ac). 

simulacrum, -i, N. [simulo], a 
likeness, image, statue, repre- 
sentation. 

simulatio, -onis, F. [simulo], 
pretense. 

simulo, -are, -avi, -atum [simi- 
lis], tr., make like, pretend. 

simultas, -tatis, F. [simul], en- 
mity, rivalry. 

sin, conj. [si + ne], but if. 

sine, prep. w. abl., without. 

singularis, -e [singuli], one only; 
unique, singular, matchless, 
unparalleled, extraordinary, 
special. 

singuli, -ae, -a, dist. adj., one at 
a time, single, each; in dies 
singulos, day by day. 

sino, -ere, sivi, situm, tr., set, 
place; allow, let, permit. 

Sinope, -es, (dat. -ae, ace. -en, 
abl. -e), F., Sinope (sin- o'pe), 
a city on the northern coast 
of Asia Minor. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



491 



sinus, -us, M., fold, fold of a 
toga; bosom; bay, inlet, P. 11. 

sitis, sitis, F., thirst. 

sive, or seu [si + ve], conj., or 
if, if; sive . . . sive, whether 
. . . or, either . . . or. 

Smyrnaei, -orum, M., the peo- 
ple of Smyrna, in Asia Mi- 
nor. 

sdbrius, -a, -um [se + ebrius], 
not drunk, sober. 

societas, -tatis, F. [socius], fel- 
lowship, association, alliance, 
Cat, I, 13. 

socius, -i, M., partner, associate, 
companion; ally, accomplice, 
confederate. 

sodalis, -is, M., F., associate, 
comrade, boon companion, 
table companion, crony. 

sol, solis, M., the sun. 

solarium, -i, N., comfort. 

soleo, -ere, solitus sum, semi- 
dep., be accustomed, use. 

solitudo, -inis, F. [solus], soli- 
tude, loneliness; desert, Ar. 8. 

sollicitatio, -onis, F. [sollicito], 
inciting, tampering with. 

sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum [solli- 
citus], tr., disturb, incite, in- 
stigate; tamper with, solicit, 
corrupt. 

sollicitus, -a, -um, worried, anx- 
ious, alarmed. 

solum, -i, N., soil. 

solum [solus], adv., only, merely; 
non solum, not only. 

solus, -a, -um, gen. solius, dat. 
soli, alone, only. 

solutio, -onis, F. [solvo], (loos- 
ing), payment. 



solutus, -a, -um [solvo], released, 
lax, remiss. 

solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum, tr., 
loose, release. 

somnus, -a, M., sleep, drowsi- 
ness, Cat., Ill, 7. 

sono, -are, -ui, -itum [sonus], 
tr., sound, utter. 

sonus, -i, M., noise, sound. 

soror, -oris, F., sister. 

sors, sortis, F., lot, allotment. 

Sp., see Spurius. 

spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsum, 
tr., scatter, sprinkle, mix. 

spatium, -i, N., space (of place 
or time). 

species, -ei, F. [specio], appear- 
ance. 

specto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
of specio], tr. and intr., look 
at, face, see, attend; consider. 

speculator, -oris, M. [speculor], 
spy. 

speculor, -ari, -atus sum [spec- 
ula, watchtower], dep., watch, 
spy out. 

spero, -are, -avi, -atum [spes], 
tr. and intr., hope, hope for, 
expect, trust. 

spes, spei, F., hope, expectation. 

spiritus, -us, M. [spiro, breathe], 
breath, air, spirit. 

splendor, -oris, M. [splendeo, 
shine], brilliancy, splendor. 

spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., de- 
prive, plunder. 

spolium, -i, N., of an animal 
skin, hide; pi., spoils, booty, 
prey. 

sponte, F. (abl. of obsolete 
spons), of one's own accord. 



492 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



Spurius, -I, M., Spurius, a prae- 

nomen or personal name, 
stabilio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itum [stabilis] , 

tr., make firm, establish. 

Statilius, -i, M., Statilius, a 
gentile name ; L. Statilius, 
one of Catiline's conspirators. 

statim, adv. [sto], (on the spot), 
straightway, immediately, at 
once. 

Stator, -oris, M. [sto], the Stayer, 
Defender, Protector; epithet 
of Jupiter. 

statua, -ae, F. [sto], statue. 

statuo, statuere, statui, stat- 
utum, tr., set, set up, place, 
put, establish; determine, de- 
cide, resolve, conclude. 

status, -us, M. [sto], state, con- 
dition, foundation, Cat, I, 1. 

stimulus, -i, M., spur, stimulus, 
incentive. 

stipendium, -i, N. [stips, coin + 
pendo, pay], tax, pay; service 
(military), campaigning, P. 
9; campaign. 

stirps, stirpis, F., stock, root; 
source, origin. 

sto, stare, steti, statum, intr., 
stand. 

strenuus, -a, -um, vigorous, 

. strenuous. 

strepitus, -us, M. [strepo], noise. 

studeo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., 
strive, be eager, aim at, desire. 

studiose, adv., eagerly, carefully. 

studiosus, -a, -um [studium], 
fond (of). 

studium, -i, N. [studeo], eager- 
ness, zeal, desire, attachment; 
devotion, enthusiasm, good will, 



sympathy; (party) spirit; 
pursuit, study. 

stultitia, -ae, F. [stultus], folly. 

stultus, -a, -um, foolish, stupid. 

stuprum, -i, N., defilement, im- 
purity, debauchery; intrigue, 
Cat., I, 10. 

suadeo, -ere, -suasi, suasum, 
tr. and intr., advise, recom- 
mend; persuade. 

suavitas, -tatis, F. [suavis], 
sweetness. 

sub, prep. w. ace. and abl., 
under. 

subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], tr., 
undergo, endure. 

subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
[iacio], tr., throw under, place 
under, hand up to, Ar. 10. 

subiector, -oris, M. [subicio], 
forger. 

subigo, -igere, -egi, -actum 
[ago], tr., put down, subdue; 
induce. 

subito, adv. [subitus], suddenly. 

sublatus, from tollo. 

subsellium, -i, N. [sella], (low 
bench), bench, seat. 

subsidium, -I, N., support, aid, 
means; pi., sinews, P. 2. 

succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum [sub + cedo], tr. and 
intr., follow, succeed. 

suffero, sufferre, sustuli, sub- 
latum [sub -\-ieto], tr., under- 
go, suffer. 

suffragium, -I, N. [sub, frango], 
(fragment), ballot, vote. 

sui, sibi, se, reflex, pron. (App. 
21), himself, herself, itself, 
themselves. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



493 



Sulla, -ae, M., Sulla, a family 
name; L. Cornelius Sulla, 
the famous general and dic- 
tator. 

Sulpicius, -i, M., a gentile 
name; 1. C. Sulpicius Galba, 
praetor 63 b.c. ; 2. P. Sul- 
picius Rufus, tribune 88 b.c. 

sum, esse, fui, fut. part, futu- 
rus, irr., be. 

summa, -ae, F. [summus], su- 
premacy, preeminence. 

summus, -a, -um, sup. of supe- 
rus, uppermost, highest; the 
top of; greatest, most impor- 
tant, most distinguished, ex- 
cellent, eminent, supreme, ex- 
treme 

sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum 
[sub + emo], tr., take, take 
to oneself, assume; w. sup- 
plicium, inflict. 

sumptuose, adv. [sumptuosus], 
expensively, extravagantly. 

sumptuosus, -a, -um [sumptus], 
sumptuous ; expensive. 

sumptus, -us, M. [sumo], ex- 
pense, cost; extravagance. 

superbe, adv. [superbus], 
proudly, insolently, arrogantly. 

superbia, -ae, F. [superbus], 
pride, haughtiness. 

superbus, -a, -um, proud. 

superior, -ius, comp. adj. [su- 
perus, App. 19], higher, upper; 
former, preceding, elder; su- 
perior nox, night before last. 

supero, -are, -avi, -atum [su- 
perus], tr., overcome, conquer, 
defeat, surpass, exceed, get 
the upper hand. 



supersum, -esse, -fui, -futurus 
[super + sum], intr., be over, 
be left, remain. 

superus, -a, -um [super], upper, 
higher. 

suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum 
[sub, pes], tr., supply, fur- 
nish. 

suppeto, -ere, -ivi, -itum [sub 
+ peto], intr., be at hand, be 
in store. 

supplex, -icis, adj. [sub, plico], 
bending under, beseeching; as 
noun, a suppliant. 

supplicatio, -onis, F. [supplied], 
(a public prayer), solemn 
thanksgiving, supplication. 

supplicium, -i, N. [supplex], 
punishment, penalty. 

supra, adv. and prep. w. ace, 
above, beyond; more. 

surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectum 
[sub + rego], intr., arise. 

suscenseo, -ere, -ui, — [sub 
+ censeo], intr., be angry 
(with). 

suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
[sub + capio], tr., undertake, 
incur, bring upon, adopt; 
suffer, P. 3; entertain, P. 4. 

suspectus, -a, -um [part, of sus- 
picio], distrusted, suspected; 
an object of suspicion. 

suspicio, -onis, F. [sub + specio, 
spy], suspicion. 

suspicor, -ari, -atus sum [sus- 
picio], dep., mistrust, suspect; 
surmise. 

sustento, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
of sustineo], tr., uphold, sup- 
port; defer, put off. 



494 



LATIN -ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- 
turn [sub + teneo], tr., hold 
up, sustain, bear, endure, re- 
lieve. 

sustuli, see tollo. 

suus, -a, -um, poss. pron., his 
(own) ?> /?e?*, its, their. 

Syria, -ae, F., Syria, a country 
of Asia, on the coast of the 
[Mediterranean. 



T., see Titus. 

tabella, -ae, F. [dim. of tabula], 

(little board), waxed tablet, 

letter, document. 
taberna, -ae, F., hut, booth, 

shop; tavern. 
tabesco, -ere, tabui, — [tabeo], 

intr., pine away, languish. 
tabula, -ae, P., tablet, record, 

account, list; painting. 
tabularium, -i, N. [tabula], 

record office. 
taceo, -ere, -ul, -itum, tr. and 

intr., be silent, keep silence; 

pass over in silence, be silent 

about. 
tacite, adv., silently. 
taciturnitas, -tatis, F. [tacitur- 

nus], silence. 
tacitus, -a, -um [taceo], silent, 

mute, in silence. 
tactus, see tango, 
taeter, taetra, taetrum, offen- 
sive, foul; shameful, disgrace- 
ful, abominable. 
talaris, -e [talus, ankle], of the 

ankles, reaching the ankles. 
talis, -e, adj., such, of such a 

nature. 



tarn, adv., so, so much. 
tamen, conj. adv., yet, never- 
theless, however. 
tametsi, conj. [tamen + etsi], 

although; and yet. 
tamquam, conj., just as, as if, 

as it were; as a sort of, Cat., 

IV, 2. 
tandem [tarn], adv., at length, 

finally, now; in questions 

and commands, pray, I 

ask. 
tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum, tr., 

touch; strike, Cat., Ill, 8. 
tanto, adv. [tantus], so much; 

tanto opere, so greatly, so 

much. 
tantum, adv. [tantus], so much, 

so far; tantum modo, only, 

merely. 
tantus, -a, -um, such, so great, 

so much; tanti, gen. of value, 

of such value; est tanti, it is 

worth while. 
tarde, adv. [tardus], slowly, 

tardily, late. 
tarditas, -tatis, F. [tardus], 

slowness, delay. 
tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 

delay, retard. 
Tarentini, -orum, M., the in- 
habitants of Tarentum, in 

southern Italy, 
tectum, -i, N. [tego], roof, 

shelter, house, home. 
tego, -ere, texi, tectum, tr., 

cover, protect. 
telum, -i, N., missile, weapon, 

javelin. 
temere, adv., rashly, without 

cause, heedlessly. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



495 



temeritas, -tatis, F. [temere], 
rashness. 

temperantia, -ae, F. [tem- 
perans], temperance, modera- 
tion, self-control, P. 13. 

tempestas, -tatis, F., season, 
weather, storm. 

tempestivus, -a, -um [tempes- 
tas], timely, seasonable, suit- 
able; early, protracted, Ar. 6. 

templum, -I, N. (in augury a 
place marked off by the 
augur's staff), a consecrated 
place, temple. 

tempto, -are, -avi, -atum [in- 
terna, of tendo], tr., make trial 
of, attempt; attack, assail, 
Cat, I, 10; tempt, disturb. 

tempus, -oris, N., time, season; 
time of need; pi., the times; 
the needs, Cat., I, 9; ex tem- 
pore, offhand, without prepa- 
ration, extempore. 

tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum, 
tr., stretch, stretch out. 

tenebrae, -arum, F., darkness, 
shades. 

Tenedos (us), -i F., Tenedos, 
an island in the Aegean Sea. 

teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum, tr., 
hold, holdfast, hold as prisoner ; 
preserve; memoria tenere, re- 
member. 

tenuis, -e, slender, thin; poor, 
humble, insignificant. 

ter, adv., three times, thrice. 

Terentia, -ae, F., Terentia, wife 
of Cicero. 

termino, -are, -avi, -atum [ter- 
minus], tr., limit, confine, ter- 
minate. 



terminus, -i, M., boundary line, 

limit. 
terra, -ae, F., land, country, 

earth, ground. 
terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., 

frighten, terrify. 
terror, -oris, M. [terreo], alarm, 

terror, scare. 
tertius, -a, -um, third. 
testamentum, -i, N. [testor], a 

will. 
testimonium, -i, N., [testis], 

proof, testimony, evidence. 
testis, -is, M. or F., witness. 
testor, -ari, -atus sum [testis], 

dep., call to witness, invoke. 
Teuton!, -orum, M., the Teu- 

tones, a nation of Germany. 
Themistocles, -is (-i), M., The- 

mis'tocles, the celebrated 

Athenian. 
Theophanes, -is, M., Theo'- 

phanes, a Greek writer of 

Mytilene, who accompanied 

Pompey in the East. 
Ti., see Tiberius. 
Tiberis, -is, M., the Tiber 

river. 
Tiberius, -i, M., Tiberius, a 

praenomen or personal name. 
Tigranes, -is, M., Tigra'nes, 

king of Armenia, son-in-law 

of Mithridates. 
timed, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and 

intr., fear, be afraid. 
timide, adv. [timidus], timidly; 

reverently, P. 16. 
timidus, -a, -um [timeo], 

timid. 
timor, -oris, M. [timeo], fear, 

dread, alarm. 



496 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



Titus, -I, M., Titus, a personal 

name, 
toga, -ae, F. [tego], toga (the 

citizen's cloak or flowing 

robe). 
togatus, -a, -um [toga], wearing 

the toga, in the garb of peace. 
tolerabilis, -e [tolero], endurable, 

tolerable. 
tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 

endure, bear. 
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, 

tr., lift up, exalt; take away, 

carry off, remove; destroy, 

P. 11. 
Tongilius, -i, M., Tongilius, a 

gentile name. 
Torquatus, -i, M., Torqua'tus, 

a family name ; L. Manlius 

Torquatus, consul 65 b.c. 
tot, indecl. adj., so many. 
totiens, adv. [tot], so often, so 

many times, as often. 
totus, -a, -um (App. 13), the 

whole, the whole of, all, entire; 

adverbially, altogether, wholly. 
tracto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 

of traho], tr., draw, manage, 

conduct, Cat., Ill, 12; present, 

Ar. 2, treat. 
trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum [trans 

+ do], tr., give up, give over, 

surrender, deliver; hand down, 

transmit, leave. 
traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, tr., 

draw; influence. 
tranquillitas, -tatis, F. [tran- 

quillus], stillness, tranquil 

state. 
tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tran- 
quil. 



Transalpinus, -a, -um, beyond 
the Alps, Transalpine. 

transcendo, -ere, transcendi, 
transcensum [scando], tr., 
climb over, cross. 

transfers, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 
[fero], tr., bear over, carry 
over; transfer, remove. 

transigo, -igere, -egi, -actum 
[ago], tr. (drive through), carry 
through, accomplish, execute, 
perform. 

transmarinus, -a, -um [mari- 
nus], beyond the sea. 

transmitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum [mitto], tr., send across, 
transmit; devote, intrust; intr., 
cross over, P. 12. 

tres, tria, three. 

tribunal, -alis, N. [tribunus], 

- judgment seat, tribunal. 

tribunus, -i, M. [tribus, tribe], 
tribune; see Introd. 37. 

tribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum [tribus, 
tribe], tr., assign, bestow, grant, 
give, devote; ascribe, attribute. 

triduum, -i, N. [tres -f dies], 
three days. 

triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum 
[triumphus], intr., triumph; 
rejoice. 

triumphus, -i, M., triumph, 
triumphal procession. 

Troiani, -drum, M., the Trojans. 

tropaeum, -i, N. (Greek), tro- 
phy. 

trucido, -are, -avi, -atum [trux, 
fierce + caedo], tr., cut to 
pieces, butcher, murder. 

tu, tui, pers. pron. (App. 21), 
thou, you, yourself. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



497 



tuba, -ae, F., trumpet. 

tueor, -eri, tutus (tuitus), sum, 
dep., look at, care for, protect, 
defend, uphold, preserve. 

Tullia, -ae, F., Tullia, the 
daughter of Cicero. 

Tullius, -I, M., Tullius, a gentile 
name; voc. Tulli. 

Tullus, -i, M., Tullus, a family 
name; L. Volcatius Tullus, 
consul 66 b.c. 

turn, adv., then, at that time; 
turn cum, at the time when; 
iam turn, at that very time, 
even then ; turn . . . turn, at 
one time . . . at another. 

tumultus, -us, M. [tumeo, swell], 
uprising, insurrection; up- 
roar, confusion, excitement, 
tumult, disturbance. 

tumulus, -i, M. [tumeo, swell], 
mound, hillock, tomb. 

tunica, -ae, F., tunic, the 
garment worn under the toga. 

turbulentus, -a, -um [turba], 
confused, miscellaneous. 

turpis, -e, disgraceful, base, in- 
famous, shameful. 

turpiter, adv. [turpis], disgrace- 
fully, shamefully. 

turpitiido, -inis, P. [turpis], dis- 
grace, dishonor, infamy. 

tuto, adv. [tutus], safely, in 
safety, in security. 

tutor, -ari, -atus sum [tueor], 
dep., protect, defend. 

tutus, -a, -um [tueor], guarded, 
safe, secure, in safety. 

tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., your; 
iste tuus, that of yours. 

tyrannus, -i, M., tyrant. 



U 

uber, -eris, N., teat; breast. 

ubertas, -tatis, F. [uber], fer- 
tility, productiveness. 

ubi, conjunctive adv., where, 
when. 

ubinam, adv. [ubi + nam], 
where ? 

ubique, adv., anywhere. 

ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, dep., 
take vengeance on, punish, 
avenge. 

ullus, -a, -um (App. 13), any. 

ultimus, -a, -um, sup. adj. 
[ultra, App. 19], farthest, 
most distant; earliest, last. 

ultra, adv., and prep. w. ace, 



ultro, adv., of one's own accord 

voluntarily. 
Umbrenus, -i, M., Umbre'nus, 

a family name ; P. Umbrenus, 

one of Catiline's followers, 
umquam, adv., ever, at any 

time. 
una, adv. [unus], along (with), 

together; at the same time, at 

the same place. 
unde, adv., whence, from which; 

how, P. 14; from whom. 
iindequinq agesimus, -a, -um, 

forty-ninth. 
undique, adv. [unde + que], 

from all sides, on all sides, 

everywhere. 
unguentum, -i, N. [unguo], 

ointment. 
unice, adv. [unicus], singularly, 

greatly, especially. 
universus, -a, -um [unus + 



498 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



versus], all together, whole, 
entire. 

unus, -a, -um (App. 13), one, 
alone, only. 

urbanus, -a, -urn [urbs], of the 
city, in the city. 

urbs, urbis, F., city, the city 
(i.e. Rome). 

iisquam, adv., anywhere. 

usque, adv., all the way, all the 
time, even, constantly; see 
1. quo. 

usura, -ae, F. [utor], use, enjoy- 
ment; interest, usury. 

usiirpd, -are, -avi, -atum [usus, 
rapio], tr., seize for use, 
employ, use, practice. 

usus, -us, M. [utor], use, prac- 
tice, experience. 

ut or uti, conj. w. subjv., that, 
in order that, so that; after 
a verb of fearing, that not; 
w. indie., as, when, ever 
since; in comparisons, as; 
ut primum, as soon as. 

uterque, utraque, utrumque 
[gen. utriusque ; dat., utri- 
que], adj. and pron., both, 
each, either. 

utilis, -e [utor], useful, advan- 
tageous, expedient. 

utilitas, -tatis, F. [utilis], use- 
fulness, expediency, advantage. 

utinam, adv. [uti + nam], oh 
that! I wish that! if only! 
would that. 

utor, uti, usus sum, dep., use, 
employ, enjoy. 

utrum, interrog. conj. [uter], 
1. introducing a double dir. 
question it has no English 



equivalent ; correlative of 
an; 2. in indir. questions, 
whether. 
uxor, -oris, F., wife. 



vacilld, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
(sway to and fro), stagger, 
totter. 

vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
tum [vacuus, + facio], tr., 
make empty, clear, free, vacate. 

vacuus, -a, -um [cf. vaco], 
empty, vacant, unoccupied, 
free, without. 

vadimonium, -i, N. [vas, bail], 
bail bond, bail, security. 

vagina, -ae, F., scabbard, sheath. 

vagor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
wander about. 

valde, adv. [validus], com- 
pletely, thoroughly, severely. 

valens, -entis [valeo], strong, 
powerful. 

valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., be 
strong, have power, have in- 
fluence; have weight, prevail, 
succeed, be strong enough, be 
able, be eminent, Cat., Ill, 5; 
vale, farewell. 

Valerius, -i, M., Valerius, a 
gentile name; L. Valerius 
Flaccus, consul w. Marius 

100 B.C. 

valetudo, -inis, F. [valeo], 

health. 
validus, -a, -um [valeo], strong, 

vigorous. 
vallo, -are, -avi, -atum [vallum], 

tr., intrench, fortify, defend. 
varietas, -tatis, F. [varius], 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



499 



variety, difference, dissent, di- 
versity, Ar. 9. 

varius, -a, -um, varied, various, 
versatile. 

vas, vasis, N., vessel; plate. 

vastitas, -tatis, F. [vastus], 
waste, desolation, devastation. 

vastatio, -onis, F. [vasto], de- 
vastation, destruction. 

vasto, -are, -avi, -atum [vastus], 
tr., (make empty), lay waste, 
ravage, destroy, devastate. 

vates, -is, M. and F., soothsayer, 
prophet, seer. 

vectigal, -alis, N. [veho], tax 
(on goods carried), revenue. 

vectigalis, -e [vestigal], tribu- 
tary; as noun, a tributary, 
tax payer. 

vehemens, -entis, adj., violent, 
forcible, emphatic, severe, 
earnest, strong, rigorous, Cat, 
IV, 6. 

vehementer, adv. [vehemens], 
violently, earnestly, strongly, 
greatly, exceedingly, vigorously. 

vel, conj. [volo], or; vel . . . 
vel, either . . . or; adv., even. 

velum, -i, N., sail. 

vena, -ae, F., vein. 

vendo, -dere, -didi, -ditum 
[venum, sale, + do], tr., sell. 

veneficus, -a, -um [venenum, 
facio], poisonous; as noun, 
poisoner. 

venenum, -I, N., poison. 

veneo, -ire, -ii, -itum [venum, 
sale + eo], intr., (go to sale), 
be sold. 

veneror, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
worship, adore, venerate. 



venia, -ae, F., indulgence, for- 
bearance, pardon. 

venio, -ire, veni, ventum, intr., 
come. 

ventus, -i, M., wind. 

venustas, -tatis, F., [venus], 
beauty, charm. 

ver, veris, N., the spring. 

verber, verberis,N., lash, whip; 
scourging. 

verbero, -are, -avi, -atum [ver- 
ber], tr., scourge. 

verbum, -i, N., word. 

vere, adv. [verus], truly, rightly, 
really. 

vereor, -eri, -itus sum, dep., 
fear, dread. 

Veritas, -tatis, F. [verus], truth. 

ver 6 [verus], conjunctive adv., 
(in truth), in fact, indeed, 
really; but, however, on the 
other hand; iam vero, further- 
more, but now; see immo. 

verso, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
of verto], tr., turn often, carry 
on (bellum) ; pass, as dep., 
move about, be employed, be 
engaged, be rife; be, exist, 
dwell, live, associate; be in- 
volved; be experienced, 
skilled, practiced; enjoy, Ar. 
5. 

versus, -us, M. [verto], line, 
verse. 

verum, conj. [versus], but, but 
in truth; verum etiam, but 
also, but even. 

verus, -a, -um, true, real, 
genuine, well-founded; proper, 
fitting, reasonable. 

vespera, -ae, F., evening. 



500 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



Vesta, -ae, F., Vesta, goddess 
of the hearth and household. 

Vestalis, -e [Vesta], of Vesta, 
Vestal. 

vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., 
your. 

vestigium, -i, N. [vestigo], foot- 
step, track, trace, vestige ; pi., 
Cat, IV, 6, ruins. 

vestimentum, -i, N., clothing, 
apparel. 

vestrum, (1) neuter of vester, 
(2) gen. pi. of tu. 

veto, -are, -ui, -itum, tr., for- 
bid. 

vetus, veteris, adj. (App. 16), 
old, long-standing, old-time, 
ancient. 

vetustas, -tatis, F. [vetus], old 
age, antiquity, Ar. 6; dura- 
tion, Ar. 12. 

vexatio, -onis, F. [vexo], harass- 
ing, troubling, distress, out- 
rage. 

vexo, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of 
veho], tr., toss violently; 
attack, Cat., I, 11; influence, 
disturb, annoy, injure, harass, 
distress, Cat, I, 10. 

via, -ae, F., road, way, course. 

vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
brandish. 

vicesimus, -a, -um, ordinal adj., 
twentieth. 

vicinus, -a, -um [vicus], neigh- 
boring; as noun, neighbor. 

victor, -oris, M. [vinco], victor, 
conqueror; as adj., victorious, 
P. 9. 

victoria, -ae, F. [victor], victory. 

vicus, -i, M., village. 



videlicet, adv. [videre, licet], 
(one may see), clearly, evi- 
dently, in truth; (w. irony), of 
course, forsooth, Cat, I, 8. 

video, -ere, vidi, visum, tr., 
see; pass., be seen, seem, seem 
good, seem best. 

vigilans, -antis, adj. [vigilo], 
watchful, vigilant, of active 
mind. 

vigilia, -ae, F. [vigil, awake], a 
watching, watch (a fourth part 
of the night) ; wakeful night, 
Ar. 11; want of sleep; pi., 
the watch, watchmen, sentinels. 

vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum [vigil, 
watchful), tr. and intr., watch, 
keep awake; watch for. 

vilis, -e, of little value, cheap. 

vilitas, -tatis, F. [vilis], cheap- 
ness. 

villa, -ae, F. country-seat, villa, 
farm. 

vinco, -ere, vici, victum, tr., 
conquer. 

vinculum, -i, N. [vincio], bond. 
chain, tie; pi., imprisonment; 
in vincula ducere, cast into 
prison. 

vindex, -icis, M. and F., aven- 
ger, punisher. 

vindico, -are, -avi, -atum [vin- 
dex], tr., lay claim to, demand, 
claim; punish; defend. 

vinum, -i, N., wine. 

violo, -are, -avi, -atum [vis], 
tr., treat with violence, injure, 
attack, dishonor. 

vir, viri, M., man (opp. mulier). 

virgo, -inis, F., maid, maiden, 
virgin. 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



501 



virtus, -tutis, F. [vir], (manli- 
ness), bravery, courage, valor; 
virtue, character, spirit, ex- 
cellence, merit, ability. 

vis, vis, F. (App. 10), force, 
strength, power, violence; 
amount; pi., vires, strength, 
vigor, force. 

viscera, -um, N., pi., vitals, 
vital organs. 

viso, -ere, visi, visum [freq. of 
video], tr., look at, witness; 
go to see, visit. 

vita, -ae, F., life. 

vitium, -i, N., fault, vice, of- 
fense. 

vito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
avoid, escape, evade. 

vituperatio, -onis, F. [vitupero], 
charge, reproach. 

vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, intr., 
live. 

vivus, -a, -um [vivo], alive, 
living. 

vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, 
hardly. 

vixdum, adv., scarcely yet, 
scarcely. 



voco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., call, 
summon, bring. 

volito, -are, -avi, -atum [void, 
fly], hover about, flit about. 

volo, velle, volui (App. 48), 
tr. and intr., be willing, wish, 
desire, intend, mean, determine. 

Volturcius, -i, M., Volturcius, 
one of Catiline's confederates. 

voluntas, -tatis, F. [volo], will- 
ingness, consent, will, good 
will, wish, desire, purpose, 
inclination. 

voluptas, -tatis, F. [volo], pleas- 
ure, delight. 

vosmet, emphatic form of vos. 

votum, -i, N. [voveo], vow. 

vox, vocis, F., voice, speech, 
utterance, word, saying. 

vulgo, adv. [vulgus], commonly, 
generally. 

vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum [vul- 
nus], tr., wound, injure. 

vulnus, vulneris, N., wound; 



vultus, -us, M., the expression 
of the countenance, looks; the 
face. 



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